Impact of Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and Obesity on Hearing Loss in Asymptomatic Individuals: A Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Measurement of Audiometric Measurements
2.4. Definition of Pre-Sarcopenic Obesity
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Hearing Threshold in Pre-Sarcopenia, Obesity, Pre-Sarcopenia Obesity Groups
3.3. Association between Hearing Loss and Pre-Sarcopenic Obesity
3.4. Subgroup Analyses by Sex and Age
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Control | Pre-Sarcopenia Alone | Obesity Alone | Pre-Sarcopenic Obesity | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 42.3 ± 9.4 | 42.1 ± 8.9 | 40.4 ± 10.1 | 43.2 ± 9.8 | 46.0 ± 13.1 | <0.001 * |
Men (%) | 54.6 | 54.0 | 16.2 | 69.4 | 35.0 | <0.001 † |
Screening center (Seoul, %) | 60.4 | 59.6 | 63.6 | 60.7 | 59.8 | <0.001 † |
Height (cm) | 167.5 ± 8.6 | 168.3 ± 8.2 | 160.4 ± 6.2 | 168.8 ± 8.4 | 159.9 ± 7.5 | <0.001 * |
Weight (kg) | 67.2 ± 13.5 | 64.8 ± 10.4 | 49.4 ± 4.9 | 77.9 ± 12.3 | 57.2 ± 5.7 | <0.001 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 22.7 ± 2.3 | 19.2 ± 1.4 | 27.2 ± 3.0 | 22.4 ± 1.4 | <0.001 * |
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 20.6 ± 5.0 | 20.8 ± 4.6 | 14.6 ± 2.4 | 22.4 ± 4.5 | 15.2 ± 3.0 | <0.001 * |
SMI (kg/m2) | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 7.8 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | <0.001 * |
Smoking status (current smoker, %) | 16.2 | 15.80 | 6.50 | 20.50 | 9.70 | <0.001 † |
Heavy drinker (%) | 20.1 | 19.5 | 9.5 | 25.1 | 12.9 | <0.001 † |
Regular physical activity (%) | 14.9 | 16.90 | 9.60 | 13.10 | 9.60 | <0.001 † |
Hypertension (%) | 10.4 | 8.2 | 4.1 | 16.3 | 12.1 | <0.001 † |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 3.5 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 5.1 | 4.9 | <0.001 † |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 16.4 | 14.5 | 9.0 | 22.4 | 18.6 | <0.001 † |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 97.9 ± 16.3 | 96.4 ± 13.7 | 92.8 ± 13.6 | 102.5 ± 19.9 | 98.2 ± 19.2 | <0.001 * |
HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | <0.001 * |
Trigrlycerides (mg/dL) | 119.1 ± 84.2 | 107.8 ± 74.8 | 83.1 ± 43.9 | 152.6 ± 99.8 | 112.3 ± 69.8 | <0.001 * |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.4 ± 34.4 | 188.7 ± 32.9 | 186.0 ± 32.4 | 197.9 ± 36.4 | 198.2 ± 37.4 | <0.001 * |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 126.8 ± 33.2 | 124.0 ± 32.0 | 116.2 ± 30.9 | 135.4 ± 34.3 | 132.3 ± 35.7 | <0.001 * |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59.7 ± 16.1 | 61.7 ± 16.0 | 70.5 ± 16.0 | 52.6 ± 13.1 | 61.9 ± 15.3 | <0.001 * |
AST (IU/L) | 22.7 ± 14.7 | 21.4 ± 13.7 | 19.6 ± 13.4 | 26.2 ± 16.4 | 22.3 ± 11.6 | <0.001 * |
ALT (IU/L) | 24.7 ± 21.3 | 21.3 ± 16.7 | 16.0 ± 13.6 | 34.0 ± 27.3 | 22.0 ± 16.3 | <0.001 * |
Control | Pre-Sarcopenia Alone | Obesity Alone | Pre-Sarcopenic Obesity | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classification according to hearing loss | <0.0001 | ||||
Normal (%) | 98.2 | 97.5 | 97.0 | 93.8 | |
Hearing loss (%) | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 6.2 |
Control 1 | Pre-Sarcopenia Alone | Obesity Alone | Pre-Sarcopenic Obesity | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.27 (1.15–1.39) | 1.70 (1.61–1.80) | 3.77 (3.34–4.25) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 1.27 (1.19–1.36) | 1.33 (1.14–1.57) | <0.0001 |
Model 3 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) | 1.30 (1.10–1.56) | <0.0001 |
Control 1 | Pre-Sarcopenia Alone | Obesity Alone | Pre-Sarcopenic Obesity | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Women (n = 120,552) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.23 (1.03–1.41) | 1.29 (1.14–1.45) | 1.44 (1.16–1.80) | <0.0001 |
Men (n = 145,240) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.21 (1.00–1.46) | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | |
Age (years) | |||||
<60 (n = 253,149) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.17 (1.01–1.38) | 1.24 (1.14–1.35) | 1.43 (1.11–1.84) | <0.0001 |
≥60 (n = 12,643) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) |
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Park, C.-H.; Yoon, K.J.; Lee, Y.-T.; Jin, S.M.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, T.H. Impact of Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and Obesity on Hearing Loss in Asymptomatic Individuals: A Population-Based Study. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102022
Park C-H, Yoon KJ, Lee Y-T, Jin SM, Lee SH, Kim TH. Impact of Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and Obesity on Hearing Loss in Asymptomatic Individuals: A Population-Based Study. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102022
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Chul-Hyun, Kyung Jae Yoon, Yong-Taek Lee, Sung Min Jin, Sang Hyuk Lee, and Tae Hwan Kim. 2022. "Impact of Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and Obesity on Hearing Loss in Asymptomatic Individuals: A Population-Based Study" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102022