Synthetic Seed Technology Development and Production Studies for Storage, Transport, and Industrialization of Bracken Spores
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. SFS Characteristics
2.2. Effect of SFS on Seed Size and Spore Density
2.3. Effect of Long-Term Cold Storage of Spores on SFS Performance
2.4. Optimal Temperature for Germination of SFS
2.5. Effect of Packing Conditions for Short-Term Transport of SFS
2.6. Effect of Plug Seedling Period and Transplanting Period on the Growth of SFS Sporophytes
2.7. Sporophyte Production Process by SFS
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Spore Materials
4.2. Synthetic Seed Production
4.3. Determination of Optimal Germination Temperature
4.4. Short-Term Storage and Transport of SFS
4.5. Effects of Plug-Tray Cell Volume, Plug Seedling Period and Transplanting Period on Growth of SFS Seedlings
4.6. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Syringe Tip Size | Spore Density (mg/100 mL) | No. of Gametophytes/SFS Seed | Sporophyte Formation (%) | No. of Sporophytes/SFS Seed |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.5 mm | 0.1 | 0.85 ± 0.10 b | 27.8 ± 4.7 fg | 1.19 ± 0.08 e |
0.2 | 1.41 ± 0.10 b | 61.8 ± 4.3 cd | 1.88 ± 0.10 cd | |
0.5 | 2.65 ± 0.12 a | 69.4 ± 3.6 bc | 1.98 ± 0.14 bc | |
1.0 | 3.30 ± 0.24 a | 91.0 ± 1.3 a | 2.67 ± 0.20 a | |
4 mm | 0.1 | 1.07 ± 0.09 b | 16.7 ± 5.2 g | 1.18 ± 0.07 e |
0.2 | 1.48 ± 0.23 b | 42.4 ± 6.1 ef | 1.55 ± 0.11 de | |
0.5 | 2.52 ± 0.05 a | 52.8 ± 9.4 de | 1.29 ± 0.11 e | |
1.0 | 3.00 ± 0.82 a | 78.5 ± 1.7 ab | 2.29 ± 0.08 b | |
Significance z | ||||
Size (A) | NS | *** | *** | |
Density (B) | *** | *** | *** | |
A × B | NS | NS | NS |
Syringe Tip Size | Spore Density (mg/100 mL) | No. of Leaves/Plant | Leaf Length (mm) | No. of Roots/Plant | Root Length (mm) | Shoot F.W. (mg/Plant) | Root F.W. (mg/Plant) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.5 mm | 0.1 | 2.70 ± 0.13 b | 15.78 ± 1.25 cd | 2.95 ± 0.26 bc | 24.98 ± 3.30 a | 10.61 ± 1.96 bc | 2.28 ± 0.80 bc |
0.2 | 3.40 ± 0.14 a | 18.02 ± 0.81 b–d | 3.75 ± 0.26 ab | 26.20 ± 4.04 a | 14.77 ± 1.05 ab | 3.42 ± 0.71 bc | |
0.5 | 3.55 ± 0.17 a | 20.17 ± 0.78 a–c | 4.30 ± 0.30 a | 29.42 ± 1.50 a | 18.93 ± 2.11 ab | 4.70 ± 0.66 ab | |
1.0 | 3.35 ± 0.21 a | 21.84 ± 2.62 ab | 3.70 ± 0.40 ab | 25.62 ± 5.30 a | 23.47 ± 6.25 a | 4.23 ± 1.62 ab | |
4 mm | 0.1 | 2.45 ± 0.05 b | 13.36 ± 2.07 d | 2.20 ± 0.18 c | 13.46 ± 3.35 b | 4.13 ± 0.35 c | 0.41 ± 0.11 c |
0.2 | 3.80 ± 0.18 a | 23.94 ± 0.97 a | 4.05 ± 0.25 a | 34.58 ± 2.18 a | 25.69 ± 3.78 a | 7.32 ± 1.24 a | |
0.5 | 3.45 ± 0.10 a | 22.52 ± 1.63 ab | 3.75 ± 0.21 ab | 31.39 ± 3.32 a | 18.40 ± 2.16 ab | 4.80 ± 1.16 ab | |
1.0 | 3.70 ± 0.13 a | 22.21 ± 2.42 ab | 3.85 ± 0.17 a | 30.02 ± 2.51 a | 23.43 ± 4.80 a | 5.59 ± 1.36 ab | |
Significance z | |||||||
Size (A) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
Density (B) | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | ** | |
A × B | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | NS |
Spore Storage (Years) | No. of Gametophytes/SFS Seed | Wings Width of Gametophyte (mm) | Sporophyte Formation (%) | No. of Sporophytes/SFS Seed | No. of Leaves/Plant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−16 | 1.16 ± 0.09 e | 2.66 ± 0.33 b | 23.6 ± 5.01 b | 1.38 ± 0.07 b | 3.67 ± 0.24 b |
−10 | 1.46 ± 0.09 d | 2.54 ± 0.20 b | 30.6 ± 2.78 b | 1.31 ± 0.10 b | 3.60 ± 0.12 b |
−7 | 1.86 ± 0.09 c | 4.32 ± 0.35 a | 81.9 ± 3.67 a | 2.38 ± 0.14 a | 4.33 ± 0.13 a |
−1 | 2.13 ± 0.06 b | 5.11 ± 0.36 a | 80.6 ± 6.05 a | 1.99 ± 0.15 a | 4.27 ± 0.13 a |
0 | 2.38 ± 0.03 a | 4.69 ± 0.26 a | 84.7 ± 5.56 a | 2.33 ± 0.12 a | 4.33 ± 0.13 a |
Spore Storage (Years) | Leaf Length (mm) | No. of Roots/Plant | Root Length (mm) | Shoot FW (mg/Plant) | Root FW (mg/Plant) |
−16 | 19.66 ± 3.60 c | 3.92 ± 0.42 c | 26.90 ± 4.06 a | 21.59 ± 5.66 b | 4.15 ± 1.11 a |
−10 | 22.69 ± 1.06 c | 4.47 ± 0.07 c | 29.66 ± 1.62 a | 23.70 ± 2.24 b | 4.03 ± 0.50 a |
−7 | 29.78 ± 1.12 b | 4.73 ± 0.18 bc | 31.65 ± 4.88 a | 29.44 ± 3.12 ab | 4.06 ± 0.32 a |
−1 | 34.42 ± 1.84 ab | 5.80 ± 0.23 a | 32.29 ± 3.02 a | 35.36 ± 4.94 ab | 6.51 ± 1.19 a |
0 | 36.99 ± 1.86 a | 5.67 ± 0.48 ab | 35.90 ± 2.05 a | 40.26 ± 3.64 a | 6.95 ± 1.14 a |
Packing (Days) | No. of Gametophytes/SFS Seed | Sporophyte Formation (%) | No. of Sporophytes/SFS Seed | No. of Leaves/Plant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.94 ± 0.14 a | 79.2 ± 4.17 a | 1.80 ± 0.11 a | 3.83 ± 0.08 a | |
3 | 2.05 ± 0.06 a | 73.2 ± 3.15 a | 1.69 ± 0.06 a | 3.40 ± 0.12 b | |
5 | 2.47 ± 0.34 a | 72.2 ± 4.01 a | 1.72 ± 0.12 a | 3.33 ± 0.18 b | |
7 | 2.13 ± 0.17 a | 74.4 ± 9.49 a | 2.18 ± 0.27 a | 3.87 ± 0.13 a | |
30 | 2.19 ± 0.25 a | 71.1 ± 5.88 a | 1.95 ± 0.13 a | 3.67 ± 0.08 ab | |
Packing (Days) | Leaf Length (mm) | No. of Roots/Plant | Root Length (mm) | Shoot FW (mg/Plant) | Root F.W. (mg/Plant) |
1 | 25.67 ± 1.36 a | 4.75 ± 0.14 a | 29.38 ± 2.08 a | 21.43 ± 1.66 a | 3.23 ± 0.55 ab |
3 | 19.46 ± 1.66 b | 3.40 ± 0.23 c | 24.73 ± 1.49 a | 12.42 ± 1.06 b | 1.83 ± 0.11 b |
5 | 17.30 ± 0.24 b | 3.73 ± 0.07 bc | 22.28 ± 3.04 a | 13.80 ± 0.67 b | 2.51 ± 0.14 b |
7 | 26.32 ± 1.82 a | 4.47 ± 0.35 ab | 25.38 ± 2.89 a | 19.90 ± 3.05 a | 2.88 ± 0.43 ab |
30 | 24.48 ± 0.89 a | 4.25 ± 0.25 ab | 22.37 ± 3.24 a | 20.99 ± 0.68 a | 4.15 ± 0.63 a |
Packing Condition | No. of Gametophytes/SFS Seed | Sporophyte Formation (%) | No. of Sporophytes/SFS Seed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types | Temp. (°C) | Period (Days) | |||
Soakage | 4 | 1 | 2.97 ± 0.15 ab | 88.9 ± 5.01 ab | 2.24 ± 0.14 ab |
3 | 2.44 ± 0.05 c–e | 86.1 ± 7.73 a–c | 2.14 ± 0.12 b | ||
5 | 1.79 ± 0.15 f | 76.4 ± 1.39 cd | 1.58 ± 0.04 c | ||
25 | 1 | 3.19 ± 0.14 a | 94.4 ± 2.78 ab | 2.64 ± 0.09 a | |
3 | 2.33 ± 0.10 de | 88.9 ± 3.67 ab | 2.18 ± 0.07 b | ||
5 | 2.70 ± 0.13 a–d | 93.1 ± 3.67 ab | 2.10 ± 0.22 b | ||
Vacuum | 4 | 1 | 2.95 ± 0.14 a–c | 94.4 ± 2.78 ab | 2.08 ± 0.08 b |
3 | 1.97 ± 0.29 ef | 76.4 ± 1.39 cd | 1.89 ± 0.11 bc | ||
5 | 1.54 ± 0.21 f | 65.3 ± 2.78 d | 1.62 ± 0.16 c | ||
25 | 1 | 3.11 ± 0.15 ab | 91.7 ± 2.41 ab | 2.24 ± 0.27 ab | |
3 | 2.62 ± 0.15 b–d | 98.6 ± 1.39 a | 2.14 ± 0.15 b | ||
5 | 2.40 ± 0.18 de | 83.3 ± 4.17 bc | 1.88 ± 0.05 bc | ||
Significance z | |||||
Packaging (A) | NS | NS | NS | ||
Temperature (B) | *** | *** | ** | ||
Period (C) | *** | *** | *** | ||
A × B | NS | NS | NS | ||
A × C | NS | NS | NS | ||
B × C | * | * | NS | ||
A × B × C | NS | * | NS |
Plug z (Weeks) | Trans. y (Weeks) | Sporophyte Survival/Cell | Total Bud x Number/Cell | Total Root Number/Cell | Root Length (cm) | Root FW (g/Plant) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 8 | 2.00 ± 0.32 ab | 4.60 ± 0.40 e | 56.00 ± 4.42 b–d | 10.86 ± 1.52 de | 0.91 ± 0.19 c |
10 | 2.20 ± 0.20 ab | 11.80 ± 0.80 bc | 79.00 ± 10.02 bc | 14.52 ± 2.05 a–d | 2.69 ± 0.52 ab | |
12 | 2.50 ± 0.29 a | 21.00 ± 2.38 a | 127.75 ± 17.25 a | 16.45 ± 0.88 ab | 3.89 ± 0.55 a | |
10 | 8 | 2.50 ± 0.65 a | 5.75 ± 0.75 de | 84.75 ± 8.63 b | 9.44 ± 1.40 e | 1.36 ± 0.55 bc |
10 | 2.00 ± 0.00 ab | 15.75 ± 3.09 b | 65.50 ± 13.93 b–d | 13.19 ± 0.76 b–e | 2.64 ± 0.34 ab | |
12 | 2.75 ± 0.25 a | 21.25 ± 1.89 a | 126.75 ± 6.71 a | 15.73 ± 2.06 a–c | 3.84 ± 0.64 a | |
12 | 8 | 2.20 ± 0.37 ab | 8.00 ± 2.16 c–e | 47.75 ± 5.36 d | 11.43 ± 1.35 c–e | 1.42 ± 0.25 bc |
10 | 1.20 ± 0.20 b | 10.75 ± 1.11 b–d | 53.25 ± 5.02 cd | 19.15 ± 1.53 a | 2.69 ± 0.61 ab | |
12 | 1.20 ± 0.20 b | 13.00 ± 2.04 bc | 61.00 ± 2.94 b–d | 18.36 ± 0.75 a | 2.74 ± 0.47 ab | |
Significance w | ||||||
Sowing (A) | *** | NS | *** | * | NS | |
Seedling (B) | NS | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
A × B | NS | * | * | NS | NS |
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Jang, B.K.; Cho, J.S.; Lee, C.H. Synthetic Seed Technology Development and Production Studies for Storage, Transport, and Industrialization of Bracken Spores. Plants 2020, 9, 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091079
Jang BK, Cho JS, Lee CH. Synthetic Seed Technology Development and Production Studies for Storage, Transport, and Industrialization of Bracken Spores. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091079
Chicago/Turabian StyleJang, Bo Kook, Ju Sung Cho, and Cheol Hee Lee. 2020. "Synthetic Seed Technology Development and Production Studies for Storage, Transport, and Industrialization of Bracken Spores" Plants 9, no. 9: 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091079