Spatial Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Soil Parameters under Integrated, Organic, and Biodynamic Viticulture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Spatial Differentiation of Management Effects
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Site
4.2. Soil Sampling
- in the under-vine area which has been kept free of vegetation by herbicide or mechanical means
- in the tractor track of the cover cropped inter-row (which was also the draining zone of the canopy)
- in the middle of the cover cropped inter-row between the two main tractor tracks.
4.3. Soil Physical Analysis
4.4. Chemical Parameter Analysis
4.5. Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pmanagement | Integrated | Organic | Biodynamic | pposition | Under-Vine | Tractor Track | Inter-Row | pmanagement:position | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk density (g cm−3) | 0.042 * | 1.53 ± 0.09 a | 1.51 ± 0.07 ab | 1.47 ± 0.1 b | 2.40 × 10−5 * | 1.43 ± 0.09 c | 1.57 ± 0.03 a | 1.51 ± 0.07 b | 0.324 |
AWC (%) | 0.179 | 15 ± 1.25 | 14.9 ± 1.68 | 15.9 ± 1.99 | 8.88 × 10−3 * | 14.8 ± 1.4 b | 14.6 ± 1.6 b | 16.4 ± 1.6 a | 0.107 |
pH | 0.257 | 7.13 ± 0.32 | 7.23 ± 0.13 | 7.15 ± 0.08 | 0.32 | 7.19 ± 0.22 | 7.21 ± 0.19 | 7.12 ± 0.21 | 0.992 |
N (%) | 0.6 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.357 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.867 |
SOC (%) | 5.23 × 10−3 * | 1.09 ± 0.24 b | 1.15 ± 0.24 b | 1.41 ± 0.24 a | 0.071 | 1.13 ± 0.31 | 1.17 ± 0.22 | 1.35 ± 0.25 | 0.564 |
C/N | 0.073 | 10.15 ± 1.36 | 10.2 ± 2.39 | 12.31 ± 2.99 | 0.853 | 10.76 ± 3.57 | 11.22 ± 1.98 | 10.68 ± 1.73 | 0.943 |
Total Cu (mg kg−1 soil) | 1.52 × 10−4 * | 74.3 ± 20.4 b | 87 ± 16.9 a | 87.4 ± 18.9 a | 7.01 × 10−3 * | 88.5 ± 18.9 a | 78.5 ± 22.1 b | 81.1 ± 16.6 b | 0.879 |
Bioavailable Cu (mg kg−1 soil) | 1.33 × 10−3 * | 19.2 ± 6.5 b | 24.6 ± 5.3 a | 22.3 ± 5.3 a | 1.28 × 10−2 * | 24.5 ± 6.1 a | 20.6 ± 6.6 b | 21.1 ± 4.7 b | 0.992 |
Integrated | Organic | Biodynamic | |
---|---|---|---|
cover crop | sward (every 2nd row cultivated) | multi-species mixture (every 2nd row cultivated) | |
under-vine-management | herbicides | mechanically | |
fertilization | green waste compost + mineral fertilizers (according to Nmin analysis) | farmyard manure + rolling or cultivation of cover crop | farmyard manure with biodynamic preparations (or cow pat pit preparation) + rolling or cultivation of cover crop |
plant protection | systemic fungicides botryticides | copper (max. 3 kg/ha and year), wettable sulfur plant resistance improvers | |
mating disruption method against grape berry moth | |||
biodynamic preparations | - | - | horn manure, horn silica compost preparations |
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Hendgen, M.; Döring, J.; Stöhrer, V.; Schulze, F.; Lehnart, R.; Kauer, R. Spatial Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Soil Parameters under Integrated, Organic, and Biodynamic Viticulture. Plants 2020, 9, 1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101361
Hendgen M, Döring J, Stöhrer V, Schulze F, Lehnart R, Kauer R. Spatial Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Soil Parameters under Integrated, Organic, and Biodynamic Viticulture. Plants. 2020; 9(10):1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101361
Chicago/Turabian StyleHendgen, Maximilian, Johanna Döring, Verena Stöhrer, Fabian Schulze, Ruth Lehnart, and Randolf Kauer. 2020. "Spatial Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Soil Parameters under Integrated, Organic, and Biodynamic Viticulture" Plants 9, no. 10: 1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101361