Development and the Effect of Weather and Mineral Fertilization on Grain Yield and Stability of Winter Wheat following Alfalfa—Analysis of Long-Term Field Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Weather Development (1954–2022)
2.2. Relationship between Weather and Grain Yield
2.3. Grain Yield Stability
2.4. Effect of Fertilization on Grain Yield and N Rate Optimization
3. Discussion
3.1. Weather
3.2. Yield Stability
3.3. Effect of Fertilization on Wheat Grain Yield
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Trial Description
4.2. Weather Analysis
4.3. Data Analyses
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- Weather was changing significantly at the trial site. Mean, maximal, and minimal temperatures annually rose by 0.05 °C, 0.05 °C, and 0.06 °C, respectively. The change in temperatures was dated to the period 1987–1988. Before these years, the mean temperature was 7.8 °C, while the following period was characterised by a mean temperature of 9.6 °C. The average maximal temperature increased from 20.6 °C to 22.5 °C and the minimal temperature from −4.0 °C to −1.8 °C between these time periods. On the other hand, precipitation remained unchanged, with an insignificantly increasing trend of 0.5 mm per annum, thus, from these years onwards, crops had to cope with higher temperatures with generally the same amount of water as before these years.
- (ii)
- A positive relationship between temperatures in November, May, and July and grain yield was recorded, especially in treatments with higher doses of nutrients. Warmer temperatures in November increased chances for seedling emergence and crops had better conditions for proper development before winter with, consequently, better prospects for overwintering. Higher temperatures in May promoted development after winter and reduced the risk of spring frosts, while warmer temperatures in July sped up ripening and reduced the risk of root and stem lodging.
- (iii)
- Lowest inter-annual yield variability was recorded in NPK3 treatment, followed by lower doses of nutrients (NPK2 and NPK1), while lower stability was recorded in NPK4 and Control treatments. Without proper fertilization, crops are more vulnerable to weather fluctuations, while proper nutrition increases environmental adaptability. On the other hand, too many nutrients can be counter-productive under unsuitable weather conditions, especially in the case of wheat (concave progress of quadratic response model).
- (iv)
- Wheat following alfalfa in the crop rotation required lesser doses of mineral fertilizers and offered higher yields in comparison with other preceding crops (such as potatoes). In comparison with previous studies that evaluated wheat yields in the same trial, but with potatoes as preceding crop [90], the mean grain yield of SS varieties following alfalfa was 300–400 kg ha−1 higher, with N rates being 43 kg ha−1 lower. The average wheat grain yields in the unfertilized Control treatment were 3.8 (LS) and 4.7 (SS) t ha−1 after potatoes [90], while 5.1 (LS) and 6.8 (SS) t ha−1 after alfalfa. This yield from the SS Control treatment (6.8 t ha−1) even exceeded the average wheat grain yield harvested in the Czech Republic between 2017 and 2021 (5.85 t ha−1). The application of mineral fertilizers slightly increased wheat grain yield (by 300–400 in LS varieties and 600–700 kg ha−1 in SS varieties), but the difference between the Control and NPK treatments was insignificant for both groups (LS and SS varieties). The application of 44 kg ha−1 N led to an average yield of 7.4 t ha−1, representing a 600 kg ha−1 (SS varieties) increase in comparison with the unfertilized Control. The application of higher doses did not lead to significant grain yield increases.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LS Varieties | SS Varieties | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | Mean | SD | |
Control | 3.1 | 7.2 | 5.1 A | 1.2 | 4.7 | 9.8 | 6.8 B | 1.3 |
NPK1 | 3.3 | 7.6 | 5.5 A | 1.4 | 4.4 | 10.4 | 7.4 B | 1.6 |
NPK2 | 3.6 | 8.0 | 5.5 A | 1.4 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 7.4 B | 1.8 |
NPK3 | 3.6 | 7.2 | 5.5 A | 1.3 | 5.0 | 10.6 | 7.5 B | 1.6 |
NPK4 | 3.6 | 7.4 | 5.4 A | 1.3 | 3.6 | 10.6 | 7.5 B | 1.8 |
Mean | 3.4 | 7.5 | 5.4 A | 4.5 | 10.4 | 7.3 B |
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Hlisnikovský, L.; Menšík, L.; Kunzová, E. Development and the Effect of Weather and Mineral Fertilization on Grain Yield and Stability of Winter Wheat following Alfalfa—Analysis of Long-Term Field Trial. Plants 2023, 12, 1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061392
Hlisnikovský L, Menšík L, Kunzová E. Development and the Effect of Weather and Mineral Fertilization on Grain Yield and Stability of Winter Wheat following Alfalfa—Analysis of Long-Term Field Trial. Plants. 2023; 12(6):1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061392
Chicago/Turabian StyleHlisnikovský, Lukáš, Ladislav Menšík, and Eva Kunzová. 2023. "Development and the Effect of Weather and Mineral Fertilization on Grain Yield and Stability of Winter Wheat following Alfalfa—Analysis of Long-Term Field Trial" Plants 12, no. 6: 1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061392