Next Article in Journal
A Novel Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Protein Gene, CmnsLTP6.9, Enhanced Osmotic and Drought Tolerance by Regulating ROS Scavenging and Remodeling Lipid Profiles in Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume)
Next Article in Special Issue
Alien Plants of Kyrgyzstan: The First Complete Inventory, Distributions and Main Patterns
Previous Article in Journal
Effects of Ecological Restoration and Climate Change on Herbaceous and Arboreal Phenology
Previous Article in Special Issue
The Main Medicinal Plants in Arid Regions of Uzbekistan and Their Traditional Use in Folk Medicine
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 12
Issue 22
10.3390/plants12223915
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation in the Subrange of the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang

by
Qiumei Cao
1,2,3,
Yan Wei
1,*,
Wenjun Li
2,3,
Ying Feng
2,3 and
Ozodbek S. Abduraimov
4
1
Grassland College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830011, China
2
CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China
3
The Specimen Museum of Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
4
Institute of Botany, Academy Science Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100126, Uzbekistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3915; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223915
Submission received: 13 September 2023 / Revised: 7 November 2023 / Accepted: 15 November 2023 / Published: 20 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mapping Asia Plants)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The Altai Mountains are an important center of biodiversity and are a major habitat for threatened and endemic species in Asia. Moreover, the Altai Mountains are a valuable site for the study of the evolution of central Asian vegetation. The Xinjiang Altai subrange represents the largest part of the southern Altai Mountains and has many unique plant communities. After conducting a thorough literature review and field investigation, we utilized the Chinese vegetation categorization system to identify the dominant plant communities in the Xinjiang Altai subrange and report their composition and distribution characteristics. Our results show that (1) the natural plant communities present in the Xinjiang Altai subrange can be divided into eight vegetation types, eighteen vegetation subtypes, and 50 communities. Among these, two communities—Form. Calligonum rubicundum and Form. Seriphidium borotalense-Festuca valesiaca—are present only in the Xinjiang Altai subrange. (2) The Xinjiang Altai subrange is located at the junction of three major biomes containing unique vegetation types (coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, and desert). Thus, the Xinjiang Altai subrange is distinct in its staggered transition from mountainous boreal taiga to temperate desert. This research provides textual data to contextualize the cultural heritage of the Xinjiang Altai subrange and also provides a scientific basis for the protection and sustainable management of natural resources found in the Xinjiang Altai.

1. Introduction

Vegetation classification is an important part of biogeographical research and also comprises one of the research’s most complex problems [1,2]. Vegetation classification can improve our understanding of the structural characteristics of vegetation, along with the species composition and the relationship between different plant species and their environment [3,4]. Meanwhile, the research results of vegetation classification can provide a scientific basis for the formulation of and measures within laws and regulations related to the protection and rational utilization of vegetation [5,6,7].
The Altai (synonym: Altay) Mountain Range spans much of Central Asia and crosses Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia. It is the largest mountain range in the Western Siberian biogeographic region and is an important center of biodiversity for many species found in ecosystems throughout northern and central Asia [8,9,10,11]. The Xinjiang Altai Mountains are located on the southern side of the middle portion of the range. This subrange is among the most abundant in plant diversity and vegetation in the whole Altai range and marks the most southerly distribution of many species of Europe–Siberian flora [12,13]. Moreover, the Xinjiang Altai subrange is the most important migration channel for wildlife in the Altai Mountains. In addition to seasonal tourist activities and grazing, there is no interference from industrial projects or agricultural production in the mountains, and the Altai Mountains have preserved a unique natural and original vegetation landscape. From west to east, a series of natural altitudinal zones are present along the southern slope of the Xinjiang Altai subrange. This has created a succession of zonal landscapes from Arctic tundra, alpine meadow, subalpine meadow, Europe–Siberian taiga forest, and the north forest steppe to the Central Asia desert steppe [14,15]. These zonal landscapes are typical of the southeastern Altai Mountains, and they exhibit gradual changes in response to different atmospheric conditions [16]. The geographical distribution of endemic flora and the presence of special vegetation types, as well as an unbroken vertical zone in the Xinjiang Altai subrange, result in this area being ideal for studying many characteristics of different plant species. In addition to its scientific value, the Xinjiang Altai subrange is also important for the conservation of wild species.
However, since the end of the 20th century, the disorderly development taking place over successive years, grassland overgrazing, grassland degradation, local forest overcutting, aging of forests, and the vigorous development of tourism have all caused serious deterioration in the ecological environment of the Xinjiang Altai subrange [17]. Meanwhile, the forest vegetation has degraded, important biological resources have been sharply reduced, and rare species have become endangered [18]. The problem of vegetation restoration and sustainable utilization of resources is a prominent one that places serious restrictions on the sustainable development of society. Research on the vegetation of the Xinjiang Altai subrange has mostly focused on small local areas within the mountain system. Some scholars have explored the relationship between pollen assemblage, vegetation, and the climatic environment on a macroscale [19,20,21] and have studied the response of local vegetation cover and major coniferous tree species to climate change [22,23,24]. So far, there have been no systematic studies of the biogeographical distribution of the vegetation present in the Xinjiang Altai subrange, which is regarded as a natural geographical unit [25,26,27]. Therefore, the characteristics of the vegetation types and the community composition of the Xinjiang Altai subrange were the subject of this research in order to provide a scientific basis for the selection of vegetation restoration species, community construction, protection, and sustainable management of natural resources found in the Xinjiang Altai subrange. At the same time, the third scientific expedition to Xinjiang was launched in 2021, so this research also provided textual data for the third scientific investigation of the Irtysh River basin in Xinjiang.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

The Xinjiang subrange of the Altai Mountains (approximate coordinates: 45–49° N, 86–94° E) is located 750 km long and 60–140 km wide along the northern border of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The subrange spans from the China–Kazakhstan border in the west to Mulei County, Xinjiang Province in the east, Russia in the north, and the Gurbantunggut Desert (China) in the south (Figure 1). The average annual temperature is −0.2 °C, and the average annual precipitation is 200–1000 mm. The main soil types in the Xinjiang Altai subrange are brown calcium-rich soil, chestnut soil, mountain grey forest soil, subalpine meadow soil, alpine meadow soil, and mountain tundra soil. The soil type, morphological characteristics, and vertical belt structure of the Xinjiang Altai subrange are typical of mountainous soils and provide a suitable habitat for the occurrence and succession of vegetation in this area and the proliferation of wild plant populations.

2.2. Survey Methods

Based on the interpreted remote sensing images of the Altai Mountains and the vegetation map of Xinjiang, seven vertical transects were selected in the survey area from 2012 to 2021 (Figure 2). The typical sample plots were set up in the area with a uniform distribution of dominant species around each sample line [28,29]. The sample area was determined as per the minimal area method of phytocoenology [30]. The area of the sample plot was 100 × 100 m. Five 25 × 25 m arbor plots, five 10 × 10 shrub plots, and five 1 × 1 herb plots were arranged in the four corners and the center of the sample plot. The types and numbers of trees, shrubs, and herbs in the quadrant were counted, and three to five standard plants were selected for each plant. The plants’ height, crown width, and coverage were measured. The longitude, latitude, and altitude were recorded as environmental variables.
The important value (calculated below) was used to evaluate the dominance of the plant population within the community.
The important value of each species was calculated as follows: IV(%) = (Relative height + relative density + relative frequency+ relative coverage)/4.

2.3. Vegetation Map Compilation

We drew the vegetation map with 3S technology [31,32]. The specific process is as follows: The vegetation map was based on the topographic map of 1:10,000 in the Aletai region of Xinjiang and the Landsat 7TM image of the Altai region with a resolution of 30 m in June 2021. The topographic map of 1:10,000 in the study area was geometrically corrected with the software ERDAS IMAGINE (version 9.0), and the satellite imagery was corrected using the corrected 1:10,000 topographic map. The vegetation distribution data (including natural environment data, field sample field surveys, GPS sample surveys, and vegetation distribution literature data) were vectorized using the ArcGIS software (version 10.2). The GPS sample, topographic map, and satellite image map were superimposed by ArcGIS software to mark the spot attributes. According to the main basis of ground-landscape type discrimination, the remote sensing satellite imagery was visually interpreted and mapped (Figure 3). Finally, through ground verification, the original image of the visual interpretation was modified several times, and the vegetation map was completed.

2.4. Data Processing

Montane vegetation was classified according to species composition as well as the ecological and geographical characteristics of the plant communities. We used the Chinese vegetation classification method, which classifies plant distribution according to a type-subtype-formation/community system [1,33]. For instance, a forest type (e.g., deciduous broadleaf forest) can be divided into multiple subtypes (e.g., mountain and river valley deciduous broadleaf forests). We performed plant dominance assessments to identify the dominant species in each plot type [34]. We compiled survey data to classify the natural vegetation found in the Xinjiang Altai subrange according to this system.

3. Results

3.1. The Floral Diversity of the Xinjiang Altai Subrange

Our results suggest that the natural vegetation found in the Xinjiang Altai subrange can be divided into eight vegetation types, eighteen vegetation subtypes, and 50 formations or communities (Table 1).
The zonal vegetation of cold-temperate needleleaf forests, mainly distributed on hillsides and river valleys that face wet air currents, accounts for 15.89% of the total area and consists of cold-temperate tree species (Figure 4). Cold-temperate needleleaf forests include two vegetation subtypes: cold-temperate evergreen needleleaf forests and cold-temperate deciduous needleleaf forests. The main species present in cold-temperate needleleaf forests include Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Picea obovata Ledeb., Abies sibirica Ledeb. and Larix sibirica Ledeb.
Deciduous broadleaf forests are located in valleys and on the lower parts of the slopes of older mountains in the Xinjiang Altai subrange; these areas account for 0.30% of the total area of the subrange. Deciduous broadleaf forests contain two vegetation subtypes: mountain and river valley deciduous broadleaf forests. The predominant species present in this vegetation type include Populus tremula L. and Populus nigra L.
The evergreen conifer and deciduous broadleaf shrub vegetation types each included only a single vegetation subtype. These are cold-temperate evergreen coniferous shrubs and temperate deciduous broadleaf shrubs, respectively. Shrub vegetation in the Xinjiang Altai subrange is generally not zonal but is instead widely distributed and accounts for ~0.11% of the total area. The most predominant shrubs present in the Xinjiang Altai subrange include Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., Potentilla fruticosa (L.) Rydb. and Cotoneaster spp.
The desert vegetation type is narrowly distributed in the Xinjiang Altai subrange and is only present along riverside terraces, mountainous alluvial fans, and mountain plains along the Irtysh and Wulungu Rivers at an altitude of 600–800 m. These zones contain shrubby desert, semi-shrubby desert, and dwarf semi-shrubby desert vegetation subtypes.
Steppe vegetation communities in the Xinjiang Altai subrange are zonal and generally consist of perennial herbaceous plants. Steppe vegetation is an important part of the vertical vegetation belt of the Xinjiang Altai subrange, is mainly distributed in the frontal mountain belt at an altitude of 1100–2300 m, and accounts for 30.56% of the total area. Steppe vegetation has four vegetation subtypes and 15 distinct communities.
Meadow vegetation in the Xinjiang Altai subrange is generally not zonally distributed. Meadow vegetation is widely distributed in the mountains, from subalpine to plains areas, which account for 44.24% of the total area surveyed. Four vegetation subtypes were found to be present: alpine swamp meadow vegetation, alpine meadow vegetation, subalpine meadow vegetation, and typical meadow vegetation. These subtypes contain 20 formations, and together they are the most abundant type of vegetation present in the Xinjiang Altai Mountain subrange. Perennial grasses and moss grasses are the most important structural species in meadows.
Alpine vegetation is distributed in the alpine zone at an elevation of 2600–3300 m in screes, alpine rocks, and tundra. This accounts for 6.53% of the total area of the Xinjiang Altai subrange. This vegetation type contains two vegetation subtypes: alpine tundra and alpine sparse vegetation. Alpine vegetation contains various mosses and lichens, as well as a small number of alpine grasses and small shrubs scattered in the alpine tundra. These plant species are typical of the alpine vegetation found throughout Siberia.

3.2. Structural Characteristics of the Main Vegetation Communities Found in the Xinjiang Altai Subrange

Affected by climate and habitat environment, the vegetation composition of the Altai Mountains in Xinjiang is dominated by temperate montane plants, and the typical vegetation community structure characteristics are obviously different (Table 2).

4. Discussion

Significant differences in topography, local microclimate, hydrothermal conditions, and soil content provide suitable conditions for the development and maintenance of multiple vegetation types in the Xinjiang Altai subrange [35]. This climatic variability is due to the influences of the cold and humid airflows from the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, the Siberian–Mongolian high-pressure dry anticyclone system, and the variability in landform types [36,37]. The types of vegetation found in the Xinjiang Altai subrange can be divided into eight main types, eighteen subtypes, and 50 formations/communities. Many types of vegetation had obvious zonal characteristics. Cold-temperate coniferous forests constitute the largest part of the total vegetation present; meanwhile, both grassland and meadow vegetation were also widely developed in the Xinjiang Altai subrange. The Calligonum rubicundum, Seriphidium borotalens, and Festuca valesiaca desert steppe communities were present only in the Xinjiang Altai subrange, and they represent a special type of abundant vegetation in the whole Altai Mountains.
The zonal vegetation is cold-temperate coniferous forest, which belongs to the Southern Taiga Forest; the distribution elevation of this vegetation is varied greatly with climatic factors. It is distributed in the northwestern part of the mountain at 1100–2300 m. However, in the southeastern part of the mountain, the distribution altitude has increased, between 1300 and 2600 m, which is influenced by two factors: the low trend of the mountain itself and the arid airflow in Mongolia. From the west to the east of the mountain, the vegetation type not only changes its distribution range but also changes its composition, from Picea obovata Ledeb. and Abies sibirica Ledeb., to Larix sibirica Ledeb., which is the adapted cold and wet climate to the continental climate. The distribution of vegetation communities throughout the Xinjiang Altai subrange is affected by the local microclimate and the arid airflow from Mongolia; here, cold-tolerant mesophytes gradually give way to drought-tolerant mesoxerophytes as the latitude increases [38,39]. This pattern conforms to the patterns of plant community spatial distribution—i.e., from cold to warm- and dry-adapted plants; this is as predicted by community ecology theory [40,41]. The bio-ecological process of plant community type evolution from cold to warm–dry type on the south slope of Altai Mountain was fully demonstrated.
Vertical vegetation zones are an important feature of alpine vegetation distributions [42,43]. As the elevation of the mountain rises, the temperature decreases, the sunshine and wind increase, and precipitation increases. In the Xinjiang Altai subrange, the vegetation shows a complete vertical sequence along the southern slope of the Altai Mountains, with noticeable elevation gradients. From top to bottom, the altitudinal zones are as follows: ice/snow, alpine tundra, alpine sparse vegetation, alpine meadow, subalpine meadow, forest steppe, mountain steppe, and desert steppe. The natural altitudinal zones in the Xinjiang Altai subrange and along the north slope of the Altai Mountains constitute a complete and natural vertical spectrum of the Altai Mountains.
The Altai Mountains are oriented from the northwest to the southeast. The higher the temperature, the smaller the precipitation in the southeast. Therefore, the vegetation vertical belt structure in the Xinjiang Altai Mountains also shows a difference. The main performance is as follows: (1) The base belt of the vertical natural zone of the Kanas area is the forest steppe zone, which is located within the more humid western region of the Xinjiang Altai Mountains. Meanwhile, throughout the southeastern Fuyun and Qinghe areas with relatively little precipitation, the vegetation vertical natural zone is developed on the relatively arid desert steppe zone; (2) The vertical boundary of each zone in the vertical zone of the vegetation rises, the mountain steppe zone expands upwards, and the meadow vegetation zone is narrow. (3) The southern Taiga occupies the largest proportion, which is adapted to the cold and humid climate in the western part of the Altai Mountains; in the middle of the mountain, the steppe and semi-desert vegetation are extensively developed, and the forest is dominated by relatively drought-tolerant deciduous coniferous forest; the mountainous vegetation to the southeast is more afflicted by drought; the forest steppe zone in the southeast has replaced the forest meadow zone in the west; and the subalpine vegetation in the southeast shows different degrees of grassing. Therefore, many scholars have summarized this type of vertical belt structure as the vertical belt structure-type group of the Siberian–Mongolian mountain vegetation [44].
The distribution of vegetation is not only affected by environmental factors, which are dominated by heat and moisture, but is also related to plants’ individual adaptability and variability to the environment and its location and geological history [45]. Therefore, due to the heterogeneity of the environment in different regions, there are also obvious differences in the flora. Due to the complex and ever-changing geological features of the mountainous areas, the altitude changes greatly and the climate is divided, resulting in a large difference in the flora of each mountain system.
In this large-scale pattern, the Altai Mountains developed a variety of vegetation types. The Russian Altai Mountains, located on the northern slopes of the Altai Mountains, are the distribution center of the dark Taiga vegetation type, which is the typical Siberian jungle consisting of Abies sibirica Ledeb., Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don, and Populus davidiana Dode et al. [29]. Due to the influence of the Atlantic airstream, the area is home to a large number of sub-alpine meadows and alpine meadows that are rare in other Siberian mountain regions. The flora in the area is dominated by elements of Siberian flora. The Altai Mountains of Mongolia are located on the western edge of the Mongolian Plateau and on the southeast slope of the Altai Mountains. Due to the mountains that surround the Mongolian Plateau, the entry of humid airflow is blocked. Therefore, due to the local Mongolian high pressure, the main vegetation types on this slope are desert and desert grasslands [46]. The low slopes and valleys of the Altai Mountains of Mongolia are dotted with mountainous sub-desert belts. Due to the combined effects of geographical location and climate, the forest belt has disappeared in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia and is only scattered in the valley. The slope is dominated by drought-tolerant ancient Mediterranean components. The Kazakh Altai subrange in the southwestern slope of the Altai Mountains is located in the European–Central Asian grassland area, which has developed a wide range of temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests and typical grassland vegetation types [47]. The forest and grassland vegetation types on this slope are mainly Pinus sylvestris L., Populus tremula Linn., Betula pendula Roth., Stipa spp., Koeleria spp., Festuca spp., etc. The forest steppe is dotted with more wetland marshes. Plants are mainly comprised of species in the frigid zone, subfrigid zone, and grassland area. In the southeastern mountain belt and plains of the Kazakhstan Altai Mountains, a large number of mesophytes and mesoxerophytes desert plants are distributed, and some ephemeral plants have been added. In the middle of the southern slope of the Altai Mountains, the Xinjiang Altai subrange is at an intersection zone of three major vegetation types: taiga forest, temperate broadleaf forest, and desert. Due to the control of the arid continental climate of central Asia and the Siberian–Mongolian anticyclone, the slope has provided a good foundation for the occurrence and development of various vegetation types. Due to the close proximity of Russia to the northwest, the climate is relatively humid; in the Xinjiang Altai subrange, the taiga-type coniferous forest of the northern coniferous forest belt enters Xinjiang and forces hard limits on the distribution area of the Eurasian grassland. It is entirely absent, only in a narrow band at the south of the subrange [46,48].
As the Xinjiang Altai Mountains are located at the intersection of the Siberian Circum–North Taiga, Holarctic coniferous forest, Eurasian mountain broad-leaved forest, Central Asian grassland belt, and Mongolian desert basin, the vegetation of this slope is not as single as the dark taiga of Russia’s Altai Mountains, unlike the Altai Mountains in Kazakhstan, which dominate most of the mountains by the real steppe. Unlike the Mongolian Altai Mountains, which have disappeared from the forest belt. This special geographical location makes it possible for the Xinjiang Altai subrange to host a wide variety of plant communities. It has obvious features of interlacing and transitioning the cold temperate zone of the taiga forest in the mountainous area and the middle temperate desert zone, thereby causing a unique and irreplaceable change in the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation in the Altai Mountains.
Throughout the Altai Mountains, the extension of the mountain results in each slope being at a different latitude, which, coupled with the diverse geological and geomorphological forms of the mountain and the high difference between precipitation and local photothermal conditions of the mountain, has led to the diversification of vegetation types in the region. The vegetation from the south to the north is transformed from the humidity- and shade-tolerant dark taiga vegetation type to the mesophytes and mesoxerophytes of the steppes and desert steppes; the vegetation from west to east is changed from the dark taiga forest to the typical meadow and then temperate broadleaf forest in the Altai Mountains of Xinjiang, and finally turned into the Gobi grassland in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia.

5. Conclusions

In our study, we identified eight vegetation types, 18 vegetation subtypes, and 50 formations, demonstrating a diverse range of vegetation types within the Xinjiang Altai subrange. Among them is the Form. Calligonum rubicundum and Form. Seriphidium borotalense. Festuca valesiaca is present only in the Xinjiang Altai subrange, which is unique among the rich vegetation types in the Altai Mountains. The Xinjiang Altai subrange is located at the junction of three major biomes containing unique vegetation types (coniferous forests, temperate broadleaf forests, and deserts). The Xinjiang Altai subrange is distinct in its staggered transition from mountainous boreal taiga to temperate desert. Therefore, it is both unique and irreplaceable in the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation in the Altai Mountains.

Author Contributions

The individual contributions of the authors in this paper are as follows: Investigation, Q.C. and W.L.; data curation, Q.C.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.C.; Resources, Y.W.; writing—review and editing, Y.F. and O.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the project Investigation of Exotic Species in the Erqi River Basin during the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition (2021xjkk0606), and Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition “Construction of biological resources collection and conservation platform in arid area” (2022xjkk1505), and the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition “Investigation on Resources and Environment of Mount Taishan Cross border Protected Area” (2022xjkk0801).

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Yan-Fen Zhao (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS) for their help with data analysis. We also thank Lin-Ke Yin (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS) for providing guidance and advice for this paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. The Editorial Committee of Vegetation of China. Vegetation of China; Science Press: Beijing, China, 1983. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  2. Kolbek, J.; Šrůtek, M.; Box, E.O. Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia; Springer Science + Business Media: New York, NY, USA, 2003; pp. 409–423. [Google Scholar]
  3. Groves, C.R.; Game, E.T.; Anderson, M.G.; Cross, M.; Enquist, C.; Ferdana, Z.; Girvetz, E.; Gondor, A.; Hall, K.R.; Higgins, J.; et al. Incorporating climate change into systematic conservation planning. Biodivers. Conserv. 2012, 21, 1651–1671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Song, Y.C. Recognition and proposal on the vegetation classification system of China. Chin. J. Plant Ecol. 2011, 35, 882–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Cantu, C.; Wright, R.G.; Scott, J.M.; Strand, E. Assessment of current and proposed nature reserves of Mexico based on their capacity to protect geophysical features and biodiversity. Biol. Conserv. 2004, 115, 411–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Guo, Z.L.; Li, Z.; Cui, G.F. Effectiveness of national nature reserve network in representing natural vegetation in mainland China. Biodivers. Conserv. 2015, 24, 2735–2750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Qian, Y.B.; Zhang, H.Y.; Wu, Z.N.; Wang, Z.C. Vegetation composition and distribution on the northern slope of Karlik mountain to Naomaohu basin, east Tianshan mountains. J. Arid Land 2011, 3, 15–24. [Google Scholar]
  8. Beket, U.; Knapp, H.D. Nature conservation and cultural heritage in the Mongolia Altai. Biodivers. Res. Mong. 2012, 16, 25–29. [Google Scholar]
  9. Cermak, J.; Opgenoorth, L.; Miehe, G. Isolated Mountain Forests in Central Asian Deserts: A Case Study from the Govi Altay, Mongolia; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005; pp. 253–273. [Google Scholar]
  10. Makunina, N.I. Botanical and geographical characteristics of forest steppe of the Altai-Sayan mountain region. Contemp. Probl. Ecol. 2016, 9, 342–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Olonova, M.V.; Zhang, D.Y.; Duan, S.M.; Yin, L.K.; Pan, B.R. Rare and endangered plant species of the Chinese Altai Mountains. J. Arid Land 2010, 2, 222–230. [Google Scholar]
  12. Chen, W.L.; Yang, C.Y. A floristic study on the seed plant in Mts. Altai China. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 2000, 22, 371–378. [Google Scholar]
  13. Pan, X.L. Floristic analysis of seed plant genera in Xinjiang. Bull. Bot. Res. 1999, 19, 249–258. [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen, X.Y.; Yan, S. A vegetational survey of valley forests in the pediment plant of Altai district of Xinjiang. Acta Phytoecol. Et Geobot. Sin. 1989, 13, 66–72. [Google Scholar]
  15. Yang, Z.P.; Zhang, X.L. Scientific Research on the Kanas Natural Heritage; Science Press: Beijing, China, 1988. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  16. Yuan, G.Y. Regional differences and economic significance of vertical natural belts in mountainous regions of Xinjiang. Environ. Prot. Xinjiang 1993, 15, 14–17. [Google Scholar]
  17. Liao, C.; Morreale, S.J.; Kassam, K.A.S.; Sullivan, P.J.; Fei, D. Following the Green: Coupled pastoral migration and vegetation dynamics in the Altay and Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, China. Appl. Geogr. 2014, 46, 61–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Shayila, S.; Jiao, S.Y. The measures of grassland ecological protection and construction in Aletai region, Xinjiang. Pratacultural Sci. 2008, 25, 46–50. [Google Scholar]
  19. Yao, F.L.; Wang, X.C.H.; Wang, X.T.; Yang, H.J. Study on the surface pollen of western Altay Mountains, China. Ecol. Sci. 2023, 42, 213–222. [Google Scholar]
  20. Zhang, D.L. Variation characteristics of sporopollen type diversity in arid Central Asia under the Holocene westerly mode: A case study of the Altai Mountains. Arid Zone Res. 2021, 39, 667–675. [Google Scholar]
  21. Li, Y.Y.; Zhang, Y.; Kong, Z.C.; Yang, Z.J. Surface sporopollen and modern vegetation in Hongshanzui area, Altai, Xinjiang, China. Acta Phytoecol. Sin. 2021, 45, 174–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Xue, R.H.; Jiao, L.; Liu, X.P.; Chen, K. Evaluation of the stability of the radial growth of Larix sibirica at different altitudes in response to climate changein Altai Mountains, Xinjiang. Chin. J. Ecol. 2021, 40, 1275–1284. [Google Scholar]
  23. Kang, J.; Jiang, S.W.; Huang, J.G. Radial growth response of four dominant tree species to climate factors in the Sayan Range of the Altai Mountains, Russia. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2020, 40, 6135–6146. [Google Scholar]
  24. Yeernaer, H.; Xu, X.; Dilinuer, T.; Li, H. Response of Vegetation Coverage to Climate Change in Altai Mountain Forest and Grassland Ecological Function Area in Xinjiang, China. J. Ecol. Rural Environ. 2019, 35, 307–315. [Google Scholar]
  25. Xinjiang Altay Mountain Forestry Bureau. Two-Riversource Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Altay Mountains in Xinjiang; Xinjiang Science and Technology Press: Urumqi, China, 2004. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  26. Feng, M.; Ren, M.L. Scientific Investigation of Hanasse in Xinjiang; Science Press: Beijing, China, 1990. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  27. Feng, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X. Comparison on composition and flora of shrubs between north and south of Xinjiang. J. Plant Resour. Environ. 2014, 23, 94–99. [Google Scholar]
  28. Chytrý, M.; Danihelka, J.; Kubešová, S.; Lustyk, P.; Ermakov, N.; Hájek, M.; Hájková, P.; Kočí, M.; Otýpková, Z.; Roleček, J.; et al. Diversity of forest vegetation across a strong gradient of climatic continentality: Western Sayan Mountains, southern Siberia. Plant Ecol. 2008, 196, 61–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Krestov, P.V.; Ermakov, N.B.; Osipov, S.V.; Nakamura, Y. Classification and phytogeography of Larch forests of northeast Asia. Folia Geobot. 2009, 44, 323–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Song, Y.C. Ecology of Vegetation; East China Normal University Press: Shanghai, China, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  31. Yao, J. The Study of RS&GIS-Based Forest Landscape Classification and Distribution Pattern in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Master’s Thesis, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, 2008. [Google Scholar]
  32. Jing, X.H. Study on Landscape Pattern of Vegetation and Spatial Variation of Biodiversitv in the Irtvsh River Basin, Xinjiang. Ph.D. Thesis, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China, 2008. [Google Scholar]
  33. Xinjiang Complex Expert Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Vegetation and Its Utilization in Xinjiang; Science Press: Beijing, China, 1978. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  34. Wang, W.; Pei, H.; Wang, X. A logistic analysis on vegetation classification system based on dominant species with an illustrational scheme. Biodivers. Sci. 2016, 24, 136–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Chytrý, M.; Ermakov, N.; Danihelka, J.; Hajek, M.; Hájková, P.; Horsák, M.; Kočí, M.; Kubešová, S.; Lustyk, P.; Otýpková, Z.; et al. High species richness in hemiboreal forests of the northern Russian Altai, southern Siberia. J. Veg. Sci. 2012, 23, 605–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Walter, H. Vegetation of the Earth and Ecological Systems of the Geo-Biosphere, 2nd ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1979. [Google Scholar]
  37. Zhang, X.S. Vegetation Map of China and Its Geographic Pattern; Geological Publishing: Beijing, China, 2007. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  38. Feng, Z.; Sun, A.; Abdusalih, N.; Ran, M.; Kurban, A.; Lan, B.; Zhang, D.; Yang, Y. Vegetation changes and associated climatic changes in the southern Altai Mountains within China during the Holocene. Holocene 2016, 27, 683–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Schlütz, F.; Dulamsuren, C.; Wieckowska, M.; Mühlenberg, M.; Hauck, M. Late Holocene vegetation history suggests natural origin of steppes in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 261, 203–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Rudaya, N.; Tarasov, P. Mechanisms driving the Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics in central Asia: Case study—The Altai Mountains. In Proceedings of the Egu General Assembly Conference, Vienna, Austria, 19–24 April 2009. [Google Scholar]
  41. Tchebakova, N.M.; Blyakharchuk, T.A.; Parfenova, E.I. Reconstruction and prediction of climate and vegetation change in the Holocene in the Altai–Sayan mountains, Central Asia. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 045025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Liu, B. Vertical patterns in plant diversity and their relations with environmental factors on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (middle section) in Xinjiang (China). J. Mt. Sci. 2017, 14, 742–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Quintana, C.; Girardello, M.; Barfod, A.S.; Balslev, H. Diversity patterns, environmental drivers and changes in vegetation composition in dry inter-Andean valleys. J. Plant Ecol. 2017, 10, 461–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. German, D.; Neuffer, B.; Friesen, N.; Hurka, H. Contribution to the knowledge of the Flora of the Mongolian Altai II. Feddes Repert. 2003, 114, 632–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Ermakov, N.; Morozova, O. Syntaxonomical survey of boreal oligotrophic pine forests in northern Europe and Western Siberia. Appl. Veg. Sci. 2011, 14, 524–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Neuffer, B.; Oyuntseg, B.; Schamsran, Z. Contribution to the knowledge of the Flora of the Mongolian Altai. Feddes Repert. 2003, 114, 358–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Polyakova, M.A.; Dembicz, I.; Becker, T.; Becker, U.; Demina, O.N.; Ermakov, N.; Filibeck, G.; Guarino, R.; Janišová, M.; Jaunatre, R.; et al. Scale- and taxon-dependent patterns of plant diversity in steppes of Khakassia, South Siberia (Russia). Biodivers. Conserv. 2016, 25, 2251–2273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Beket, U. The Vegetation of Mongolia Altai. Problems of Sustainable Land Use and Nature Conservation; BfN-Skripten: Boon, Germany, 2009; pp. 267–315. [Google Scholar]
Plants 12 03915 g001
Figure 1. The location of the study area.
Figure 1. The location of the study area.
Plants 12 03915 g001
Plants 12 03915 g002
Figure 2. The plot map.
Figure 2. The plot map.
Plants 12 03915 g002
Plants 12 03915 g003
Figure 3. The specific process of Vegetation map compilation.
Figure 3. The specific process of Vegetation map compilation.
Plants 12 03915 g003
Plants 12 03915 g004
Figure 4. Vegetation map of Xinjiang Altai subrange.
Figure 4. Vegetation map of Xinjiang Altai subrange.
Plants 12 03915 g004
Table 1. The vegetation types of Altai Mountain, Xinjiang.
Table 1. The vegetation types of Altai Mountain, Xinjiang.
Vegetation TypeVegetation SubtypeFormation/CommunityProportion of Total Area (%)
I. Cold-temperate needleleaf forests1. Cool-temperate evergreen needleleaf forests(1) Pinus sibirica communities15.89
(2) Picea obovata communities
2. Cool-temperate deciduous needleleaf forests(3) Larix sibirica communities
II. Deciduous broadleaved forest3. Mountain deciduous broadleaved forest(4) Populus tremula communities0.30
4. River-valley deciduous broadleaved forest(5) Populus nigra communities
(6) Populus laurifolia communities
III. Evergreen needleleaf shrubs5. Cool-temperate evergreen needleleaf shrubs(7) Juniperus sibirica scrub0.11
IV. Deciduous broadleaved shrubs6. Temperate deciduous broadleaved shrubs(8) Potentilla fruticosa scrub1.15
(9) Rosa spp. scrub
V. Desert7. Shrubby desert(10) Calligonum rubicundum communities0.81
8. Semi-shrubby desert and dwarf semi-shrubby desert(11) Seriphidium santolinum communities
(12) Seriphidium gracilescens communities
VI. Steppe6. Alpine steppe(13) Festuca kryloviana alpine steppe30.56
10. Meadow steppe(14) Festuca valesiacavarii forb meadow steppe
(15) Poa angustifolia, Festuca valesiaca, Helictotrichchon schellianum meadow steppe
(16) Carex liparocarpos forb meadow steppe
(17) Stipa capillata forb meadow steppe
(18) Leymus angustus forb shrubby meadow steppe
11. Typical Meadow(19) Artemisia frigida, Festuca valesiaca steppe
(20) Artemisia frigida (dwarf needlegrass) steppe
(21) Festuca valesiaca steppe
(22) Festuca ovina steppe
(23) Stipa capillata steppe
(24) Stipa capillata, Artemisia frigida steppe
12. Desert steppe(25) Seriphidium borotalense, Festuca valesiaca desert steppe
(26) Stipa sareptana desert steppe
(27) Stipa capillata dwarf semi-shrubby desert steppe
VII. Meadow13. Alpine Swamp Meadow(28) Carex stenocarpa forb swamp/meadow44.24
14. Alpine meadow(29) Festuca kurtschumica, Anthoxanthum alpinum alpine meadow
(30) Polygonum viviparum alpine meadow
(31) Kobresia spp. alpine meadow
(32) Kobresia royleana alpine meadow
(33) Kobresia capillifolia alpine meadow
(34) Carex stenocarpa alpine meadow
(35) Festuca ovina forb alpine meadow
(36) Carex spp. alpine meadow
(37) Poa qinghaiensis, Littledalea racemosa alpine meadow
(38) Carex atrofusca alpine meadow
(39) Poa alpina alpine meadow
15. Subalpine meadow(40) Festuca spp., forb meadow
(41) Carex spp., forb meadow
16. Upland meadow(42) Calamagrostis epigeios tall grass meadow
(43) Stipa spp. meadow
(44) Stipa spp., Achemilla spp. meadow
(45) Festuca ovina, Deyeuxia pyramidalis forb meadow
(46) Hordeum bogdanii, Leymus paboanus meadow (with Betula pendula)
(47) Dacylis glomerata meadow
VIII. Alpine vegetation17. Alpine tundra(48) Etraria nivalis tundra6.53
18. Alpine sparse vegetation(49) Saussurea involucrata, Callianthemum alatavicum sparsely vegetated community
(50) Elymus kamoji, Polygonum alpinum sparsely vegetated community
Table 2. Structural characteristics of the typical vegetation communities in the Xinjiang Altai subrange.
Table 2. Structural characteristics of the typical vegetation communities in the Xinjiang Altai subrange.
Formation/CommunityDistribution RegionsAltitude (m) Soil TypeDistribution AreaMain RepresentativePopulation Density (%) Community Height (m) Canopy Closure
(1) Pinus sibirica communitiesIn the upper reaches of Kanas Lake and the Homer River1600–1900Mountain gray forest soil0.58Tree layers: Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Picea obovata Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb.; shrub layer: Lonicera caerulea var. altaica Pall., Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., Vaccinium myrtillus L; herbaceous layer: Caltha palustris L., Pyrola spp., Moneses uniflora (Linn.) A. Gray, and Luzula pallescens (Whlb.) Sw.; the moss layer: was widely developed, covering more than 25% of the area, and the main moss present was Dicranum spurium Hedw.7015.00–25.000.70–0.80
(2) Picea obovata communitiesDistributed along low-elevation valley margins or in the moist valley terraces of the forest steppe1300–2100Peat mire or dark gray forest soil2.37Tree layers: Picea obovata Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Betula pendula Roth.; shrub layer: Rosa acicularis Lindl. RoL Monr., Ribes nigrum L.; herbaceous layer: Pyrola spp., Corallorhiza trifida Chatel, and Adoxa moschatellina L.; the moss layer: were widespread, covering 75–85% of the area. Brachythecium albicans (Hedw.) B. S. G. and Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B. S. G., were the most common.8014.00–20.000.6
(3) Larix sibirica communitiesWidely distributed on the shaded and half-shaded slopes along the central and southeastern parts of the Xinjiang Altai subrangewest: 1300–2300; southeastern: 1700–2600 mMountain gray forest soil, and turfgrass predominated the soil was highly strengthened13.01Tree layers: Larix sibirica Ledeb., Picea obovata Ledeb., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Betula pendula Roth., Populus tremula L., Sorbus sibirica Hedl., shrub layer: Cotoneaster spp., Lonicera spp., Spiraea spp., Betula rotundifolia Spach; Herbaceous layer: Kobresia spp., Dactylis glomerata L., Deyeuxia pyramidalis (Host) Veldkamp, Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv.; The distribution of mosses in the forest was limited.8015.00–17.000.70–0.90
(4) Populus tremula communitiesOn the slopes of valleys and lakeside terraces or the edge of patches of the Larix sibirica formation.1500Brown coniferous soil0.07Tree layers: Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Picea obovata Ledeb.; shrub layer: Cotoneaster spp., Spiraea spp., Lonicera caerulea var. altaica Pall.; Herbaceous layer: Calamagrostis epigeios (Linn.) Roth, Elymus repens Desv., Dactylis glomerata L., Geranium pseudosibiricum J.; Moss was occasionally also seen in this formation.6015.00–25.000.30–0.50
(5) Populus nigra communitiesAlong the banks of the Irtysh River in the south of the Altai Mountains600Brown forest soil0.10Tree layers: Populus nigra L., Populus alba, Populus × jrtyschensis, Populus alba L., shrub layer: Rosa acicularis Lindl. and different willow shrubs (Salix pentandra L., Salix triandra L., Salix turanica Nas.); Herbaceous layer: Poa nemoralis L., Aquilegia glandulosa Fisch. ex Link., Geum aleppicum Jacq.60–7010.00–15.000.2
(6) Populus laurifolia communitiesLow-altitude plains in the Xinjiang Altai subrange600–900Brown calcium-rich soil0.14Tree layers: Populus laurifolia Ledeb., Populus alba L., Betula pendula Roth.; shrub layer: Rosa acicularis Lindl., Ribes pulchellum Turcz., Cotoneaster oliganthus Pojark.; Herbaceous layer: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., Juncus spp., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski60–7510.00–12.000.20–0.40
(7) Juniperus sibirica scrubIn the middle of shady slopes1400–1600Rocky shrubby-meadow soil0.11Shrub layer: Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Pall., Cotoneaster uniflorus Bge., Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Roem. et Schult, Rosa acicularis Lindl.; Herbaceous layer: Iris ruthenica Ker-Gawl., Phlomis oreophila Kar., Poa pratensis L.50–600.50–1.00
(8) Dasiphora fruticosa scrubOn sunny slopes southwest of the Altai Mountains2400–2600Alpine shrub meadow soil0.21Shrub layer: Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb., Salix sclerophylla Anderss., Spiraea alpina Pall., Dasiphora parvifolia (Fisch. ex Lehm.) Juz.; Herbaceous layer: Stipa purpurea Griseb., Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth., Carex atrofusca Schkuhr., etc.50–650.50–1.00
(9) Rosa spp. scrubOn the northern slope of mountains1300–1800Mountain chernozem0.94This community type is also one of the most typical communities in temperate deciduous shrubland. shrub layer: Rosa spinosissima Linn., Rosa acicularis Lindl., Rosa platyacantha Schrenk, Rosa laxa Retz., Spiraea hypericifolia L., Cotoneaster melanocarpus Lodd. and various Ribes spp.; Herbaceous layer: Calamagrostis epigeios (Linn.) Roth, Geum aleppicum Jacq., Achillea millefolium Linn.701.50–2.00
(10) Calligonum rubicundum communitiesNarrowly distributed along the south bank of the Irtysh River600Sand or gravel soil0.03This formation is usually constituted a sparse mono-dominant community of Calligonum rubicundum Bunge, and it included few companion species. shrub layer: Astragalus gebleri Fisch. ex Bong., Atraphaxis frutescens (L.) Eversm., Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.; Herbaceous layer: Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge, Stipa caucasica subsp. glareosa (P. A. Smirn.) Tzvelev>10%1.00–1.50
(11) Seriphidium santolinum communitiesIn sandy areas in the riparian terrace of the Irtysh and Ulungur rivers600–700Sandy soil0.05The species composition of the community was simple and often included many grasses. Herbaceous layer: Seriphidium santolinum (Schrenk) Poljak., Bassia prostrata (L.) Beck, Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge, Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski20–300.20–0.30
(12) Seriphidium gracilescens communitiesIt was rare and found only in mountain alluvial fan or mountain plain areas in mountain alluvial fan or mountain plain areas600–900Gravel and calcareous soil0.72The community structure was relatively simple. Herbaceous layer: Seriphidium gracilescens (Krasch. et Iljin) Poljak., Nanophyton erinaceum (Pall.) Bge.), Artemisia frigida Willd., Atraphaxis decipiens Jaub. et Spach10–180.15–0.30
(13) Festuca kryloviana alpine steppeIn the subalpine zone in the eastern central Altai Mountains2200–2600Subalpine meadow soil0.57Herbaceous layer: Festuca kryloviana Reverd., Draba nemorosa L., Bistorta officinalis Raf., Festuca kurtschumica E. Alexeev850.20–0.25
(14) Festuca valesiacavarii forb meadow steppeDistributed below the forest belt1200–1800Mountain chestnut soil3.08This community type was typical of mountain meadow grasslands found in the Xinjiang Altai subrange. Herbaceous layer: Festuca valesiaca subsp. sulcata (Hackel) Schinz et R. Keller, Heteropappus altaicus (Willd.) Novopokr., Dracocephalum nutans Linn. and Gagea fedtschenkoana Pasch.500.20–0.50
(15) Poa angustifolia, Festuca valesiaca, Helictotrichchon schellianum meadow steppeIn the frontal mountain belt and mid-mountain zone of the Xinjiang Altai subrange1200–1800Chestnut soil and chernozem1.18Herbaceous layer: Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia (L.) Lejeun., Festuca valesiaca subsp. sulcata (Hackel) Schinz et R. Keller, Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort., Phleum phleoides (L.) Karst., Geum rivale L., Thalictrum minus L.60–700.20–0.60
(16) Carex liparocarpos forb meadow steppeOn sunny and half sunny slopes1200–1800Chestnut soil2.00Herbaceous layer: Carex liparocarpos Gaudin, Myosotis suaveolens Waldst. et Kit., Campanula albertii Trautv., Aster altaicus Willd.40–550.15–0.30
(17) Stipa capillata forb meadow steppeIn mountain valleys1400–1800Mountain chernozem soil0.32This community type was dominant in the mountainous steppe of the Xinjiang Altai subrange. Herbaceous layer: Stipa capillata L., Alopecurus pratensis L., Phlomoides oreophila (Kar. & Kir.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Anemone sylvestris L.50–700.30–0.50
(18) Leymus angustus forb shrubby meadow steppeOn rocky and sunny mountain slopes near coniferous forests and grassland shrubs1400–2000Rocky mountain chernozem soil0.52This community was often present as invasive shrubs, and the plant cover of the shrub layer ranged from 15 to 20%. shrub layer: Spiraea hypericifolia L., Cotoneaster uniflorus Bge., Rosa spinosissima L.; Herbaceous layer: Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger, Phleum pratense L., Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia (Linnaeus Lejeun, Helictotrichon hookeri (Scribn.), Galium spurium L., Androsace septentrionalis L., Achillea millefolium L.40–600.15–0.20
(19) Artemisia frigida, Festuca valesiaca steppeIn the mid-mountain zones1400–1700Mountain chestnut soil0.41Shrub layer: Spiraea hypericifolia L., Lonicera caerulea L., Rosa spinosissima L.; Herbaceous layer: Artemisia frigida Willd., Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin, Koeleria spp., Stipa capillata L., Phleum pratense L.25–350.30–0.60
(20) Artemisia frigida (dwarf needlegrass) steppeIn the Altai steppe zone1300–2000Mountain chestnut soil Herbaceous layer: Artemisia frigida Willd., Carex liparocarpos Gaudin, Oxytropis spp. and Galium verum L.300.20–0.30
(21) Festuca valesiaca steppeThe most widely distributed type of steppe in the Xinjiang Altai subrange, appeared on sunny types1100–1300Mountain chestnut soil13.60Herbaceous layer: Festuca valesiaca Schleich ex Gaud, Carex spp., Artemisia frigida Willd., Oxytropis spp., Scorzonera spp., Leontopodium spp.50–600.10–0.30
(22) Festuca ovina steppeIn the forest-steppes1200–1800Brown calcium-rich soil1.45Herbaceous layer: Festuca ovina L., Artemisia frigida Willd., Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski, Sedum hybridum L., Astragalus spp., Patrinia intermedia (Horn.) Roem.50–650.15–0.25
(23) Stipa capillata steppeThe most common mountainous steppe in the Altai mountains, and is found on all (shady, semi-shady, and sunny) slopes in the mid-mountain zone600–1100Mountain chestnut soil2.75Shrub layer: Spiraea hypericifolia L.; Herbaceous layer: Stipa capillata L., Artemisia frigida Willd., Carex liparocarpos Gaudin, Agropyron cristatum P. Beauv.600.20–0.40
(24) Stipa capillata, Artemisia frigida steppeIn shady and semi-shady slopes in the Xinjiang Altai subrange1500–1700Mountain chestnut soil1.21Herbaceous layer: Stipa capillata L., Artemisia frigida Willd., Agropyron cristatum P. Beauv., Ephedra intermedia Schrenk, Elymus kamoji (Ohwi) S. L. Chen.50–600.10–0.30
(25) Seriphidium borotalense, Festuca valesiaca desert steppeIn the mountainous alluvial fan of the western end of the Xinjiang Altai subrange1000–1500Brown calcium-rich soil0.73In this community type, Seriphidium borotalense was the structural species and Festuca valesiaca was the main companion species. Herbaceous layer: Koeleria spp., Atraphaxis frutescens (L.) Eversm., Astragalus arbuscula Pall.300.10–0.30
(26) Stipa sareptana desert steppeOn hillsides and south-facing mountain fronts in the south of the Altai Mountains1000–1300Brown calcium-rich soil2.26Herbaceous layer: Stipa sareptana Becher, Koeleria spp., Leymus ovatus (Trin.) Tzvel., Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel.30–500.10–0.35
(27) Stipa capillata dwarf semi-shrubby desert steppeIn the lower mountain steppe in the southern Xinjiang Altai subrange1000–1300Brown calcium-rich soil0.23The structural layer of these communities was chiefly needlegrass, and the companion species included many small shrubs. shrub layer: Caragana leucophloea Pojark., Nanophyton erinaceum (Pall.) Bunge, Herbaceous layer: Stipa capillata L., Stipa sareptana Becher35–450.40–0.60
(28) Carex stenocarpa forb swamp/meadowalong shady slopes or glacier-formed valleys in the northwestern Xinjiang Altai subrange.1500–2000Deep alpine meadow soil2.01Herbaceous layer: Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V. Krecz., Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia (L.) Lejeun., Geranium rectum Trautv., Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama, Gentiana algida Pall., Phleum phleoides (Linn.) Karst.55–650.2–0.6
(29) Festuca kurtschumica, Anthoxanthum alpinum alpine meadowOn gentle hillsides or watersheds of alpine zones in the southern Xinjiang Altai subrange2400–2600Hypertrophic alpine meadow soils3.68Herbaceous layer: Festuca kurtschumica E. Alexeev, Anthoxanthum alpinum á. Love et D. Love, Ranunculus altaicus Laxm., Viola altaica Ker-Gawl., Silene graminifolia Otth, Phleum phleoides (Linn.) Karst.60–850.10–0.30
(30) Polygonum viviparum alpine meadowIn glacial valleys and valley lowlands in the western Xinjiang Altai subrange2400–2600Deep alpine meadow soil0.72Herbaceous layer: Polygonum viviparum L., Oreomecon nudicaulis (L.) Banfi, Bartolucci, J.-M. Tison & Galasso, Anemone sylvestris L., Phlomis pratensis Kar. et Kir., Phlomoides pratensis (Kar. & Kir.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm., Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama80%0.10–0.30
(31) Kobresia spp. alpine meadowOnly in the alpine belt in the southeast Xinjiang Altai subrange.2500Alpine meadow soil4.09Herbaceous layer: Kobresia myosuroides (Villars) Foiri, Kobresia royleana (Nees) Bocklr., Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Androsace filiformis Retz., Carex onoei Franch. et Savat., Potentilla chinensis Ser.50–65%0.10–0.20
(32) Kobresia royleana alpine meadowIn alpine meadow soil on shady slopes in the alpine and subalpine belts in the central portion of the Xinjiang Altai subrange2400–27,000Alpine meadow soil4.11Herbaceous layer: Kobresia royleana (Nees) Bocklr., Myosotis alpestris F. W. Schmidt, Primula nivalis Pall., Phleum phleoides (Linn.) Karst.60–750.10–0.15
(33) Kobresia capillifolia alpine meadowOnly in a small area in the northwest corner of the alpine zone of the Xinjiang Altai subrange2600Alpine meadow soil0.09Herbaceous layer: Kobresia capillifolia (Decne.) C. B. Clarke, Cardamine parviflora L., Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V. Krecz., Saussurea alpina (Linn.) DC.60–750.10–0.15
(34) Carex stenocarpa alpine meadowIn shady slopes and glacial valleys in the northern and southeastern Xinjiang Altai subrange.2300–2600Alpine meadow soil5.99Herbaceous layer: Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V. Krecz., Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray, Anthoxanthum odoratum Linn., Saxifraga hirculus L., Koenigia alpina (All.) T. M. Schust. & Reveal, Carex rhynchophysa Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.55–700.10–0.25
(35) Festuca ovina forb alpine meadowIn alpine and sub-alpine zones in the middle and south-central Xinjiang Altai subrange2100–2700Alpine meadow soil2.37Herbaceous layer: Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra L., Festuca kurtschumica E. Alexeev, Draba alpina L., Gentiana algida Pall.40–500.10–0.30
(36) Carex spp. alpine meadowFormed patches in the wet shady slopes or U-shaped valleys2400–2600Alpine meadow soil2.44Herbaceous layer: Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama, Carex dichroa Freyn, Carex turkestanica Rgl., Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V. Krecz., Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. et Mey., Ranunculus altaicus Laxm.50–650.10–0.20
(37) Poa qinghaiensis, Littledalea racemosa alpine meadowIn alpine gullies and elsewhere in alpine and sub-alpine zones in the north and southeastern parts of the Xinjiang Altai subrange2400–2800Alpine meadow soil3.21Herbaceous layer: Poa qinghaiensis Soreng et G. Zhu, Littledalea racemosa Keng, Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray, Erigeron eriocalyx (Ledeb.) Vierh., Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama45–600.15–0.30
(38) Carex atrofusca alpine meadowIn the shady slopes or valleys in the alpina and sub-alpine zones of the Xinjiang Altai subrange2500–2800Alpine meadow soil2.54Herbaceous layer: Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama, Cerastium spp., Geranium albiflorum Ledeb., Pedicularis elata Willd.60–700.1–0.2
(39) Poa alpina alpine meadowOn sunny slopes or watersheds2400–2600Alpine meadow soil1.55Herbaceous layer: Poa alpina L., Kobresia bellardii All., Elytrigia repens Desv., Poa sibirica Trin.400.1–0.3
(40) Grass and forb meadowIn the northwestern part of the Xinjiang Altai subrange in gentle watersheds or hillsides1800–2400Subalpine meadow soil0.46Herbaceous layer: Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Poa alpina L., Festuca rubra L., Campanula albertii Trautv., Gentiana karelinii Griseb., Erigeron eriocalyx (Ledeb.) Vierh.,60–900.1–0.3
(41) Carex spp., forb meadowAlong the slopes of hills and mountains in the Xinjiang Altai subrange2200–2400Subalpine meadow soil1.94Herbaceous layer: Carex dichroa Freyn, Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Poa altaica Trin., Trisetum sibiricum Rupr., Festuca rubra Linn., Primula algida Adam, Ranunculus altaicus Laxm., Viola biflora L.60–800.1–0.4
(42) Calamagrostis epigeios tall grass meadowMainly located in the floodplain and inter-valley regions in the northwest and southeast of the Xinjiang Altai subrange1600–1900Mountain chernozem1.42Herbaceous layer: Calamagrostis epigeios (Linn.) Roth, Trifolium lupinaster L., Leymus spp., Elymus spp.65–750.4–1.2
(43) Poa spp. meadowWidely distributed throughout the mid-mountain zones of the Xinjiang Altai subrange.1200–2100Mountain chernozem10.31Herbaceous layer: Sanguisorba alpina Bge., Poa sibirica Trin., Poa nemoralis L., Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia (L.) Lejeun., Koenigia alpina (All.) T. M. Schust. & Reveal, Sanguisorba alpina Bge., Phlomoides pratensis (Kar. & Kir.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.70–800.3–0.4
(44) Poa spp., Achemilla spp. meadowAlong shady slopes in the Liangheyuan Nature Reserve1700–2300Mountain chernozem0.54Herbaceous layer: Poa glauca subsp. altaica (Trin.) Olonova et G. Zhu, Anthoxanthum alpinum á. Love et D. Love, Festuca rubra Linn., Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama, Carex onoei Franch. et Savat., Carex obtusata Liljebl., Alchemilla sibirica Zam., Alchemilla pinguis Juz., Thalictrum minus Linn.700.3–0.5
(45) Festuca ovina, Deyeuxia pyramidalis forb meadowOnly in the mountain depressions near Lake Kanas1200–1600Mountain chernozem0.08Herbaceous layer: Festuca ovina L., Deyeuxia pyramidalis (Host) Veldkamp, Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray, Carex duriuscula subsp. rigescens (Franch.) S. Y. Liang et Y. C. Tang, Festuca rubra L.55–650.3–0.5
(46) Hordeum bogdanii, Leymus paboanus meadow (with Betula pendula) Only two areas: in a small area in the low valley in the Qinghe area in the eastern part of the Xinjiang Altai subrange, and in the valley of the Qingli River1200–1400Mountain chernozem0.17Shrub layer: Betula pendula Roth., Salix pentandra L., Salix triandra L., Herbaceous layer: Elymus spp., Leymus paboanus (Claus) Pilger, Calamagrostis epigeios (Linn.) Roth, Elytrigia repens Desv.80–900.6–0.9
(47) Dacylis glomerata meadowIn mountainous areas between Fuhai and Fuyun Counties in the mid-west Xinjiang Altai subrange1500–1700Fertile mountain meadow soil0.80 Herbaceous layer: Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus inermis Leyss, Geranium pratense L., Sanguisorba alpina Bunge80–900.6–1.3
(48) Flavocetraria nivalis tundraLocated on gravel hillsides in the Kanas region of the northwestern Xinjiang Altai subrange.2600Alpine ice marsh soil3.06Herbaceous layer: Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell, Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & A., Parmelia spp., Potentilla nivea L., Waldheimia tridactylites Kar. et Kir, Gentiana algida Pall.5–100.05–0.1
(49) Saussurea involucrata, Callianthemum alatavicum sparsely vegetated communityIn alpine rock slopes3000Alpine ice marsh soil3.41Herbaceous layer: Echeveria laui Moran & J. Meyrán, Callianthemum coriandrifolium Rchb., Cortusa brotheri Pax. ex Lipsky, Pedicularis spp., Poa spp.<50.1–0.3
(50) Elymus kamoji, Polygonum alpinum sparsely vegetated communityOnly in a small area in the rocky northwest corner of the Kanas region3200Alpine ice marsh soil0.07Herbaceous layer: Elymus kamoji (Ohwi) S. L. Chen, Koenigia alpina (All.) T. M. Schust. & Reveal, Gentiana algida Pall., Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. et Mey., Smelowskia calycina (Steph.) C. A. Mey.5–100.1–0.3
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cao, Q.; Wei, Y.; Li, W.; Feng, Y.; Abduraimov, O.S. The Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation in the Subrange of the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang. Plants 2023, 12, 3915. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223915

AMA Style

Cao Q, Wei Y, Li W, Feng Y, Abduraimov OS. The Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation in the Subrange of the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang. Plants. 2023; 12(22):3915. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223915

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cao, Qiumei, Yan Wei, Wenjun Li, Ying Feng, and Ozodbek S. Abduraimov. 2023. "The Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation in the Subrange of the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang" Plants 12, no. 22: 3915. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223915

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop