Melatonin Reverses High-Temperature-Stress-Inhibited Photosynthesis in the Presence of Excess Sulfur by Modulating Ethylene Sensitivity in Mustard
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Melatonin with Excess-S Reduces High-Temperature-Associated Oxidative Stress
2.2. Melatonin and Excess-S Accelerate Antioxidative Enzymes’ Activity under High Temperature Stress
2.3. Melatonin and Excess-S Effect on S-Assimilation and GSH Content under High Temperature Stress
2.4. Effect of Melatonin and Excess-S on Root and Leaf Sulfate Content and the Sulfur Transport Index under High Temperature Stress
2.5. Impact of Melatonin and Excess-S on 1-Aminocyclopropane Carboxylic Acid Synthase (ACS) Activity and Ethylene Evolution under High Temperature Stress
2.6. Effect of Melatonin and Excess-S on Rubisco Activity and Photosynthetic Sulfur Use Efficiency (p-SUE) under High Temperature Stress
2.7. Effect of Melatonin and Excess-S on Gas Exchange and Growth Attributes under High Temperature Stress
2.8. Application of NBD Suppresses Melatonin Effects under High Temperature Stress
2.9. Principal Component Analysis
2.10. Pearson Correlation
3. Discussion
3.1. Melatonin along with Excess-S Reverses the Heat-Stress-Associated Negative Impact on Plants’ Photosynthetic Attributes and Growth
3.2. Melatonin Alone and with Excess-S Regulates S-Assimilation for Heat Tolerance
3.3. Melatonin with Excess-S Enhanced the Antioxidant Defense System to Reduce Oxidative Stress under High Temperature Stress
3.4. Melatonin and Excess-S under Heat Stress Regulate Ethylene Sensitivity for the Maximum Response
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
4.2. Measurement of Photosynthetic and Growth Parameters
4.3. Measurement of S-Assimilation-Related Enzymes and Biomolecules
4.4. Measurement of ACS Activity and Ethylene Evolution
4.5. Measurement of Oxidative Stress and Activity of Antioxidative Enzymes
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | H2O2 (nmol g−1 FW) | TBARS (nmol g−1 FW) | SOD (U mg−1 Protein min−1) | APX (U mg−1 Protein min−1) | GR (U mg−1 Protein min−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 21.8 ± 0.9 d | 08.0 ± 0.5 d | 6.73 ± 0.35 g | 2.03 ± 0.14 g | 0.14 ± 0.008 g |
HS | 37.4 ± 1.7 a | 14.8 ± 1.2 a | 12.5 ± 0.58 f | 3.20 ± 0.19 f | 0.21 ± 0.014 ef |
S | 26.6 ± 1.3 b | 9.88 ± 0.8 b | 13.9 ± 0.66 e | 2.70 ± 0.25 e | 0.28 ± 0.015 e |
Melatonin | 11.4 ± 0.5 f | 3.66 ± 0.2 g | 14.7 ± 0.84 d | 4.50 ± 0.16 d | 0.34 ± 0.016 d |
HS + S | 24.3 ± 1.3 c | 08.9 ± 0.5 cd | 17.8 ± 0.99 c | 7.09 ± 0.38 c | 0.39 ± 0.017 c |
Melatonin + HS | 20.5 ± 1.2 d | 07.3 ± 0.2 de | 19.1 +1.15 b | 8.01 ± 0.4 b | 0.44 ± 0.018 b |
Melatonin + S + HS | 15.3 ± 0.8 e | 4.94 ± 0.2 f | 22.6 ± 1.27 a | 9.4 ± 0.71 a | 0.52 ± 0.023 a |
Treatments | ATPS (U mg−1 Protein min−1) | SAT (U mg−1 Protein min−1) | Cys (nmol g−1 FW) | Meth (nmol g−1 FW) | GSH (nmol g−1 FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.59 ± 0.79 g | 1.04 ± 0.39 g | 38.7 ± 1.3 g | 14.3 ± 0.5 f | 244 ± 13.7 f |
HS | 1.73 ± 0.98 f | 1.28 ± 0.77 f | 43.2 ± 1.5 f | 48.2 ± 1.7 a | 287 ± 14.8 e |
S | 1.91 ± 1.17 e | 1.44 ± 0.85 e | 48.9 ± 1.9 e | 34.7 ± 1.9 b | 292 ±15.9 e |
Melatonin | 2.38 ± 1.46 b | 1.99 ± 0.98 b | 56.7 ± 2.3 d | 21.5 ± 2.1 e | 345 ± 19.6 c |
HS + S | 2.09 ± 1.31 d | 1.69 ± 1.05 d | 49.2 ± 1.8 c | 22.11 ± 2.3 e | 318 ± 20.6 d |
Melatonin + HS | 2.21 ± 1.38 c | 1.81 ± 1.29 c | 60.3 +2.5 b | 26.9 ± 2.4 d | 366 ± 22.4 b |
Melatonin + S + HS | 2.74 ± 1.85 a | 2.26 ± 1.46 a | 69.5 ± 2.7 a | 30.4 ± 3.3 c | 455 ± 25.4 a |
Treatments | Root SO42− Content (mg kg−1 DW) | Leaf SO42− Content (mg kg−1 DW) | STI (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.00 ± 0.02 e | 2.99 ± 0.28 e | 33.44 ± 5.44 f |
HS | 0.74 ± 0.01 g | 2.05 ± 0.14 f | 36.10 ± 6.24 e |
S | 0.88 ± 0.32 f | 3.08 ± 0.56 e | 28.57 ± 4.83 g |
Melatonin | 1.54 ± 0.51 a | 3.68 ± 0.78 a | 41.85 ± 7.19 ab |
HS + S | 1.23 ± 1.21 d | 3.17 ± 0.64 d | 38.8 ± 6.48 d |
Melatonin + HS | 1.35 ± 1.46 c | 3.31 + 0.83 c | 40.78 ± 6.21 bc |
Melatonin + S + HS | 1.44 ± 0.78 b | 3.43 ± 0.96 b | 41.98 ± 8.19 a |
Treatments | Net Photosynthesis (µmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | Intercellular CO2 Concentration (µmol CO2 mol−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 11.1 ± 0.78 d | 342 ± 14.2 b | 193 ± 10.11 c |
HS | 6.9 ± 0.22 g | 245 ± 13.4 e | 141 ± 6.99 f |
S | 8.3 ± 0.66 f | 289. ± 12.3 d | 152 ± 13.68 e |
Melatonin | 15.7 ± 0.83 a | 429 ± 10.4 a | 278 ± 10.67 a |
HS + S | 10.3 ± 0.71 e | 310 ± 13.8 c | 156 ± 14.4 d |
Melatonin + HS | 13.4 ± 0.62 c | 329 ± 17.1 b | 200 + 11.12 c |
Melatonin + S + HS | 14.4 ± 0.81 ab | 418 ± 19.6 a | 261 ± 12.6 ab |
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Iqbal, N.; Sehar, Z.; Fatma, M.; Khan, S.; Alvi, A.F.; Mir, I.R.; Masood, A.; Khan, N.A. Melatonin Reverses High-Temperature-Stress-Inhibited Photosynthesis in the Presence of Excess Sulfur by Modulating Ethylene Sensitivity in Mustard. Plants 2023, 12, 3160. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173160
Iqbal N, Sehar Z, Fatma M, Khan S, Alvi AF, Mir IR, Masood A, Khan NA. Melatonin Reverses High-Temperature-Stress-Inhibited Photosynthesis in the Presence of Excess Sulfur by Modulating Ethylene Sensitivity in Mustard. Plants. 2023; 12(17):3160. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173160
Chicago/Turabian StyleIqbal, Noushina, Zebus Sehar, Mehar Fatma, Sheen Khan, Ameena Fatima Alvi, Iqbal R. Mir, Asim Masood, and Nafees A. Khan. 2023. "Melatonin Reverses High-Temperature-Stress-Inhibited Photosynthesis in the Presence of Excess Sulfur by Modulating Ethylene Sensitivity in Mustard" Plants 12, no. 17: 3160. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173160