Expression of Nutritional Traits in Vegetable Cowpea Grown under Various South African Agro-Ecological Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Evaluated
2.2. Trial Environments and Their Description
2.3. Experimental Design, Trial Establishment and Management
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analytical Results and Trait Heritabilities
3.2. Performance of Cowpea Entries
3.3. Guidance to Future Breeding Efforts
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genotype | Origin | Growth Habit | Notable Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|
Veg cowpea 1 | South Africa | Semi-upright | Grain yield and related traits |
TVU-14196 | Nigeria | Semi-upright | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the immature pods |
Veg cowpea 2 | South Africa | Semi-upright | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the fresh leaves |
Meter long bean | South Africa | Prostrate | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the fresh leaves |
Vigna Onb | South Africa | Prostrate | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the fresh leaves |
Kisumu mix | Kenya | Prostrate | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the fresh leaves |
M217 | South Africa | Upright | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the fresh leaves |
Ukaluleni | South Africa | Prostrate | Grain yield and agronomic traits |
VCDC * | South Africa | Upright | Grain yield and agronomic traits |
5431 | South Africa | Upright | Grain yield and agronomic traits |
Chappy | South Africa | Prostrate | Grain yield and agronomic traits |
Mamlaka | South Africa | Semi-upright | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the immature pods |
IT96D-602 | Nigeria | Upright | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the immature pods |
98K-5301 | Nigeria | Upright | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the immature pods |
ITOOK-1060 | Nigeria | Upright | Protein, Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the immature pods |
Environments | Year | Soil Type | Soil pH | Soil Nutrients (mg kg−1) | Fertiliser Applied | Altitude (m.a.sl) | Total Annual Rainfall (mm) | Average Annual Temperature (°C) | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mafikeng | 2016 | Red sandy loam | 7.1 | P (11), K (290), Ca (390), Mg (163), Na (5), N (376), C (0.37), S (4) | None | 1369 | 730.0 | 23.8 | 25°85’ N | 25°64’ E |
Potchefstroom (Potch) | 2016 | Sandy clay loam | 5.8 | N-NO3 (2.25), N-NH4 (1.5), P (41), K (248) | None | 1340 | 666.0 | 23.9 | 26°71’ S | 27°09’ E |
Potchefstroom (Potch) | 2017 | Sandy clay loam | 5.8 | N-NO3 (2.25), N-NH4 (1.5), P (41), K (248) | None | 1340 | 542.0 | 22.3 | 26°71’ S | 27°09’ E |
Roodeplaat (RPT) | 2016 | Clay loam | 7.1 | P (92), K (147), Ca (1413), Mg (548), Na (62), Zn (8.97), Fe (38.0), Cu (6.72), Mn (98.4), S (139.2), exchangeable cation Ca (%) = 60.2, exchangeable cation Mg (%) = 29.2, exchangeable cation K (%) = 8.5, exchangeable cation Na (%) = 2.2 | None | 1168 | 772.4 | 24.4 | 17°49’ S | 31°04’ E |
Roodeplaat (RPT) | 2017 | Clay loam | 7.1 | P (92), K (147), Ca (1413), Mg (548), Na (62), Zn (8.97), Fe (38.0), Cu (6.72), Mn (98.4), S (139.2), exchangeable cation Ca (%) = 60.2, exchangeable cation Mg (%) = 29.2, exchangeable cation K (%) = 8.5, exchangeable cation Na (%) = 2.2 | None | 1168 | 711.2 | 23.9 | 17°49’ S | 31°04’ E |
Venda | 2016 | Red loam | 6.06 | N (0.19), P (10.1), K (311.0), Na (0.12 cmol kg−1), Fe (126.7), Mg (2.5 cmol kg−1), Ca (5.8 cmol kg−1), (CEC, 23.04) | None | 2126 | 400.0 | 16.3 | 23°05’ S | 29°49’ E |
SOV | DF | MS | EMS |
---|---|---|---|
Environment (E) | e − 1 | MSenviron | Verror + gVB/E + rgVenviron |
Block/E | e(r − 1) | MSblock/environ | Verror + gVB/E |
Genotype (G) | g − 1 | MSgenotype | Verror + rVGE + reVgenotype |
GE | (g − 1)(e − 1) | MSGE | Verror + rVGE |
Error | (g − 1)(r − 1)e | MSerror | Verror |
Total | gre − 1 |
Source of Variation | df | Protein (%) | Fe (mg.100.g−1) | Zn (mg.100.g−1) | Mn (mg.100.g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | 5 | 660.38 *** | 37,690.37 *** | 76.33 *** | 743.66 *** |
Block (Env) | 12 | 17.39 *** | 1013.99 * | 9.91 *** | 26.34 *** |
Genotype | 14 | 23.33 *** | 1973.21 *** | 0.65 * | 36.21 *** |
Genotype × Environment | 70 | 10.78 *** | 1733.12 *** | 0.59 ** | 16.00 *** |
2016 vs. 2017 | 142.31 *** | 57,062.53 *** | 132.66 *** | 6.72 | |
Error | 168 | 5.62 | 475.45 | 0.34 | 7.54 |
Total | 269 | 5535.30 | 429,438.73 | 608.17 | 6928.47 |
FE | 5 | 37.89 *** | 37.17 *** | 7.70 ** | 28.25 *** |
F2016 vs. 2017 | 25.34 *** | 120 *** | 391.24 *** | 0.89 | |
FG | 14 | 4.15 *** | 4.15 *** | 1.92 * | 4.80 *** |
FGxE | 70 | 1.92 *** | 3.65 *** | 1.75 ** | 2.12 *** |
σ2G | 0.697 | 13.338 | 0.003 | 1.123 | |
σ2GxE | 1.72 | 419.223 | 0.083 | 2.820 | |
σ2P | 1.296 | 109.623 | 0.036 | 2.012 | |
H2 | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.56 |
Genotype | Protein (%) | Fe (mg.100.g−1) | Zn (mg.100.g−1) | Mn (mg.100.g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Veg cowpea 1 | 28.92 | 54.78 | 4.05 | 18.45 |
TVU-14196 | 29.74 | 48.63 | 4.39 | 18.01 |
Veg cowpea 2 | 31.12 | 60.94 | 4.35 | 16.71 |
Meter long bean | 27.98 | 68.04 | 4.70 | 19.63 |
Vigna Onb | 30.71 | 49.65 | 4.20 | 16.84 |
Kisumu mix | 31.88 | 33.11 | 4.14 | 14.40 |
M217 | 28.68 | 59.97 | 4.00 | 17.51 |
Ukaluleni | 28.91 | 44.51 | 4.07 | 16.49 |
VCDC * | 30.44 | 69.03 | 4.55 | 16.34 |
5431 | 28.72 | 63.32 | 4.30 | 18.42 |
Chappy | 29.41 | 54.58 | 4.15 | 16.56 |
Mamlaka | 31.22 | 41.18 | 4.22 | 17.22 |
IT96D-602 | 28.60 | 46.45 | 4.25 | 15.06 |
98K-5301 | 29.55 | 46.49 | 4.19 | 18.70 |
ITOOK-1060 | 29.73 | 42.33 | 4.39 | 15.78 |
LSD | 2.04 | 14.30 | 1.45 | 2.41 |
CV (%) | 7.98 | 41.77 | 13.66 | 16.08 |
GM | 29.71 | 52.20 | 4.26 | 17.08 |
Trait | Mean ± sd | Range | RDA# | Content wrt RDA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 29.71 ± 2.37 | 27.98–31.22 | 46–56 g | One 100 g serving of cowpea leaves delivers about half of the RDA for protein |
Fe | 52.20 ± 21.80 | 33.11–68.04 | 8 mg (man), 18 mg (woman), 27 mg pregnant women | All genotypes were above RDA; One serving of cowpea leaves delivers all of the RDA for Fe |
Zn | 4.26 ± 0.58 | 4.00–4.70 | 8.0 (woman)–11.0 (man) mg | All genotypes were below RDA; One serving of cowpea leaves delivers about half of the RDA for Zn |
Mn | 17.08 ± 2.75 | 14.40–19.63 | 1.8 mg (woman)–2.3 mg (man) | All genotypes were above RDA; One serving of cowpea leaves delivers all of the RDA for Mn |
Traits | Protein | Fe | Zn | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 1 | |||
Fe | 0.07 | 1 | ||
Zn | 0.20 *** | 0.14 * | 1 | |
Mn | −0.46 *** | −0.27 *** | −0.06 | 1 |
Traits | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 0.59 | −0.29 | 0.43 | 0.62 |
Fe | 0.40 | 0.36 | −0.78 | 0.33 |
Zn | 0.33 | 0.80 | 0.43 | −0.25 |
Mn | −0.62 | 0.39 | 0.14 | 0.67 |
Eigenvalue | 1.64 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.47 |
% Variation | 41.07 | 23.98 | 23.30 | 11.65 |
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Gerrano, A.S.; Mbuma, N.W.; Mumm, R.H. Expression of Nutritional Traits in Vegetable Cowpea Grown under Various South African Agro-Ecological Conditions. Plants 2022, 11, 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111422
Gerrano AS, Mbuma NW, Mumm RH. Expression of Nutritional Traits in Vegetable Cowpea Grown under Various South African Agro-Ecological Conditions. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111422
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerrano, Abe Shegro, Ntombokulunga W. Mbuma, and Rita H. Mumm. 2022. "Expression of Nutritional Traits in Vegetable Cowpea Grown under Various South African Agro-Ecological Conditions" Plants 11, no. 11: 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111422