Phytochemical Analyses, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Varieties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Moringa Leaf Extract (MLE) Preparation
2.3. Estimation of Sugar Content
2.4. Estimation of Total Soluble Protein (TSP)
2.5. Estimation of Chlorophyll Content
2.6. Estimation of Mineral Content
2.6.1. Nitrogen
2.6.2. Calcium
2.6.3. Carbon
2.6.4. Sodium and Potassium
2.6.5. Sulphur
2.6.6. Phosphorous
2.7. FRAP Assay
2.8. HPLC Analysis
2.9. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide MTT Assay
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total Sugar Content
3.2. Protein Content
3.3. Chlorophyll Content
3.4. Mineral Content
3.5. Frap Antioxidant Activity
3.6. HPLC Analysis
3.7. MTT Assay
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mineral | Jaffna (a) | PKM-1 (b) | PKM-2 (c) | ODC (d) | Conventional (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | 15.14 ± 1.1 | 11.07 ± 1 a * | 8.50 ± 1 a ** b * | 6.77 ± 1 a ** b * | 4.94 ± 0.5 a ** b **c * |
Na | 10.98 ± 1 | 9.77 ± 1 | 8.90 ± 1 | 7.70 ± 1 a * | 6.61 ± 1 a * b * |
Ca | 5.90 ± 0.2 | 4.96 ± 0.2 a * | 3.96 ± 0.3 a ** b ** | 3.02 ± 0.1 a * b **c * | 2.32 ± 0.1 b ** c **d * |
C | 5.70 ± 0.1 | 4.99 ± 0.1 a ** | 4.17 ± 0.1 a * b ** | 3.79 ± 0.1 b ** c * | 2.89 ± 0.1 c ** d ** |
N | 2.32 ± 0.1 | 2.08 ± 0.1 | 1.68 ± 0.1 a ** b * | 1.34 ± 0.1 a ** b ** c * | 0.99 ± 0.1 a ** b ** c ** d * |
P | 1.11 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.02 a ** | 0.78 ± 0.05 a ** | 0.63 ± 0.04 a ** b *c * | 0.51 ± 0.02 a ** b ** c ** |
S | 1.13 ± 0.09 | 0.84 ± 0.03 a * | 0.76 ± 0.05 a ** | 0.58 ± 0.06 a ** b* | 0.43 ± 0.06 a ** b ** c ** |
Variety | Quantified Compound | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-Sitosterol | Quercetin | Kaempferol | Moringin | |||||
Area | % Content | Area | % Content | Area | % Content | Area | % Content | |
Jaffna | 154,084 | 0.244 | 355,765 | 0.216 | 663,751 | 0.013 | 1,254,800 | 0.063 |
PKM-1 | 149,743 | 0.236 | 234,489 | 0.155 | 652,556 | 0.012 | 1,133,682 | 0.057 |
PKM-2 | 129,271 | 0.204 | 204,488 | 0.127 | 239,864 | 0.004 | 898,404 | 0.046 |
ODC | 72,338 | 0.110 | 118,729 | 0.073 | 111,264 | 0.002 | 864,931 | 0.043 |
Conventional | 35,945 | 0.056 | 94,796 | 0.030 | 71,290 | 0.001 | 671,978 | 0.03 |
Varieties | Cytotoxicity at Different Concentrations (mg/mL) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | p Value | IC50 (mg/mL) | |
Jaffna | 48.37 ± 0.001 | 56.97 ± 0.002 | 63.86 ± 0.001 | 67.01 ± 0.003 | 68.64 ± 0.009 | 72.27 ± 0.008 | 74.28 ± 0.021 | p < 0.001 | 0.15 |
PKM-1 | 43.97 ± 0.001 | 45.94 ± 0.003 | 48.66 ± 0.004 | 50.38 ± 0.004 | 60.2 ± 0.007 | 67.20 ± 0.004 | 71.22 ± 0.004 | p < 0.001 | 0.35 |
PKM-2 | 36.13 ± 0.046 | 40.63 ± 0.002 | 46.94 ± 0.004 | 48.66 ± 0.004 | 53.25 ± 0.003 | 63.09 ± 0.001 | 68.64 ± 0.025 | p < 0.001 | 0.65 |
ODC | 27.53 ± 0.005 | 35.37 ± 0.007 | 41.49 ± 0.001 | 46.36 ± 0.004 | 52.10 ± 0.001 | 60.80 ± 0.003 | 63.19 ± 0.008 | p < 0.001 | 0.90 |
Conventional | 22.37 ± 0.014 | 32.31 ± 0.009 | 35.37 ± 0.007 | 40.63 ± 0.002 | 51.62 ± 0.008 | 54.58 ± 0.002 | 57.83 ± 0.002 | p < 0.001 | 1.22 |
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Farooq, B.; Koul, B.; Mahant, D.; Yadav, D. Phytochemical Analyses, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Varieties. Plants 2021, 10, 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112348
Farooq B, Koul B, Mahant D, Yadav D. Phytochemical Analyses, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Varieties. Plants. 2021; 10(11):2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112348
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarooq, Bilques, Bhupendra Koul, Deveshi Mahant, and Dhananjay Yadav. 2021. "Phytochemical Analyses, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Varieties" Plants 10, no. 11: 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112348