Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Signaling in Acute Inflammation and Neural Differentiation Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Induction of Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury TBI
2.3. Experimental Groups
- TBI WT group: mice were subjected to CCI as described above.
- TBI Fpr1 KO group: Fpr1 KO mice were subjected to CCI as well as the WT group.
- Sham WT group: Mice were subjected to the surgical procedures as per the above group (anesthesia and craniotomy) except that the impact tip was not applied.
- Sham Fpr1 KO group: Mice were subjected to the surgical procedures as per the above group (anesthesia and craniotomy) except that the impact tip was not applied.
- Exp 1—to investigate the early stage of acute inflammation, animals were sacrificed at 24 h after TBI.
- Exp 2—to investigate the neurogenesis, animals were sacrificed four weeks after the injury.
2.4. Open Field
2.5. Social Interaction Test
2.6. Novel Object Recognition Test
2.7. Morris Water Maze Test
2.8. Histological Examination
2.9. Assessment of Lesion Volume
2.10. Myeloperoxidase Activity
2.11. Western Blot Analysis
2.12. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) Treatment
2.13. Immunohistochemical Analysis
2.14. ELISA Analysis of IL-1 β and IL-18
2.15. Materials
2.16. Statistical Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Severity of Tissue Damage 24 h Following Traumatic Brain Injury
3.2. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on MPO Activity 24 h Following Traumatic Brain Injury
3.3. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on MAPK Pathway 24 h Following Traumatic Brain Injury
3.4. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on COX-2 and Prostaglandin Expression 24 h Following Traumatic Brain Injury
3.5. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on IκB-α and NF-κB Expression 24 h after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.6. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Inflammasome Components 24 h after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.7. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Oxidative Stress Activation 24 h after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.8. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Astrocytes Activation 24 h after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.9. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Microglia Activation 24 h after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.10. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Severity of Tissue Damage Four Weeks Following Traumatic Brain Injury
3.11. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on iNOS, COX-2 and Prostaglandin Expression Four Weeks after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.12. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Cell Proliferation Four Weeks after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.13. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Behavioral Performance Four Weeks after Traumatic Brain Injury
3.14. Effect of Absence of Fpr1 on Self-Renewal and Neurogenesis Four Weeks after Traumatic Brain Injury
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fusco, R.; Gugliandolo, E.; Siracusa, R.; Scuto, M.; Cordaro, M.; D’Amico, R.; Evangelista, M.; Peli, A.; Peritore, A.F.; Impellizzeri, D.; et al. Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Signaling in Acute Inflammation and Neural Differentiation Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury. Biology 2020, 9, 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090238
Fusco R, Gugliandolo E, Siracusa R, Scuto M, Cordaro M, D’Amico R, Evangelista M, Peli A, Peritore AF, Impellizzeri D, et al. Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Signaling in Acute Inflammation and Neural Differentiation Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury. Biology. 2020; 9(9):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090238
Chicago/Turabian StyleFusco, Roberta, Enrico Gugliandolo, Rosalba Siracusa, Maria Scuto, Marika Cordaro, Ramona D’Amico, Maurizio Evangelista, Angelo Peli, Alessio Filippo Peritore, Daniela Impellizzeri, and et al. 2020. "Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Signaling in Acute Inflammation and Neural Differentiation Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury" Biology 9, no. 9: 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090238