Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Six Plants: Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Rumen Protozoa, Ammoniagenesis, and α-Glucosidase
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plants Collection and Proximate Analysis
2.2. Chemical Analysis of Plants
2.2.1. Plant Sample Preparation and Extraction
2.2.2. Quantification of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Alkaloid of the Crude Extract
2.2.3. Reversed-Phase HPLC for Quantification of Individual Plant Metabolites
2.3. In Vitro Culture of Rumen Protozoa and Evaluation of Plant Effects
2.3.1. Ethics Statement
2.3.2. Collection of Rumen Fluid and Preparation of Concentrated Rumen Protozoa
2.3.3. In Vitro Culture of Rumen Protozoa with Plant Supplementation
2.3.4. Microscopic Counting of Rumen Protozoal Cells
2.3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Protozoal Cells Surface
2.4. Detection of Ammonia Nitrogen Concentration
2.5. α-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay
2.6. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Proximate Composition and Total Polyphenols of the Analyzed Plants
3.2. Quantification of Some Individual Phytochemical Compounds
3.3. Effects on Rumen Protozoal Counts and Ammoniagenesis in the In Vitro Cultures
3.4. Disruption of the Cells Surface of Entodinium by the Tested Plants
3.5. Inhibition of α-Glucosidase Activity by Phytochemical Extracts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plants Species | Nutrient Content (%, Mean ± SD) | Total Polyphenols | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM | CP | EE | NDF | ADF | Ash | CEY (%) | TPC (µg/g) | TFC (µg/g) | TAC (µg/g) | |
A. digitata | 21.5 ± 0.1 e | 19.8 ± 0.2 b | 1.9 ± 0.0 bc | 29.7 ± 0.9 c | 24.2 ± 1.0 e | 10.5 ± 0.2 de | 15.1 ± 0.5 c | 5947.0 ± 0.6 c | 715.2 ± 0.6 c | 410.6 ± 0.6 e |
K. indica | 22.3 ± 0.2 g | 28.5 ± 0.3 a | 1.8 ± 0.2 c | 53.2 ± 0.6 c | 45 ± 0.1 d | 12.8 ± 0.3 bc | 19.1 ± 0.5 b | 2766.7 ± 0.6 e | 580.0 ±0.6 d | 253.3 ± 0.6 f |
C. gigantea | 25.5 ± 0.1 f | 17.1 ± 0.2 c | 3.9 ± 0.1 a | 30.7 ± 2.1 b | 54.4 ± 0.6 c | 16.1 ± 0.2 a | 13.5 ± 0.5 c | 3266.7 ± 0.6 d | 1866.7 ± 0.6 a | 440.0 ± 0.6 d |
F. macrophylla | 31.9 ± 0.1 d | 10.5 ± 0.1 d | 0.9 ± 0.1 e | 49.0 ± 1.8 ab | 34.4 ± 1.0 b | 8.5 ± 1.4 f | 9.4 ± 0.5 d | 15,466.6 ± 0.6 a | 746.7 ± 0.6 b | 906.7 ± 0.6 a |
F.macrophylla # | 38.9 ± 0.2 b | 7.3 ± 0.2 e | 0.2 ± 0.1 f | 53.1 ± 1.8 a | 29.3 ± 1.0 a | 3.3 ± 0.1 g | 13.7 ± 0.5 c | 9166.0 ± 0.6 b | 546.7 ± 0.6 e | 840.0 ± 0.6 b |
P. oleracea | 32.4 ± 0.3 c | 16.6 ± 0.1 c | 1.4 ± 0.1 d | 59.3 ± 2.1 d | 19 ± 1 f | 9.5 ± 0.5 ef | 8.1 ± 0.5 d | 1413.3 ± 0.6 f | 540.0 ± 0.6 f | 133.3 ± 0.6 g |
B. rapa c. * | 29.4 ± 0.1 a | 10.0 ± 0.3 d | 0.4 ± 0.0 f | 20.7 ± 0.8 cd | 20 ± 0.8 f | 11.2 ± 0.1 cd | 40.4 ± 0.7 e | 1106.7 ± 0.7 g | 520.8 ± 0.7 g | 485.5 ± 0.6 c |
Name | Formula | MW | RT (min) | Concentration (µg/g Plant) | SEM | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. digitata | K. indica | C. gigantea | F. macrophylla | F. macrophylla# | P. oleracea | B. rapa * | ||||||
Quercetin | C16H10O7 | 302.24 | 15.34 | 157.53 b | NF | 5884.29 a | NF | 101.79 c | 96.17 c | 76.39 d | 3.34 | 0.001 |
Anthraquinone | C14H8O2 | 208.22 | 21.39 | 82.91 c | NF | 1121.77 a | NF | 100.20 b | NF | NF | 2.89 | 0.001 |
3-HOBA | C7H6O3 | 138.12 | 8.88 | 17,248.73 b | 40,026.80 a | 1020.31 d | 829.06 e | 4514.97 c | 283.02 f | 256.99 g | 3.09 | 0.001 |
Astragaloside | C28H32O17 | NF | 19.23 | 14,115.36 a | NF | NF | 11,521.21 d | 11,580.77 c | 11,177.09 e | 13,427.11 b | 2.89 | 0.001 |
Myricetin | C21H20O12 | 464.38 | 11.93 | 4756.89 a | 649.00 b | 451.31 c | 296.40 d | 237.58 e | 98.21 f | 103.892 f | 3.67 | 0.001 |
Plant Doses (mg/mL) | N-NH3 (mg/dL) | SEM | Trt | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | Linear | Quadratic | |||
A. digitata | 27.4 | 27.0 | 27.4 | 27.7 | 0.8 | 0.990 | 0.941 | 0.778 |
K.indica | 27.4 | 26.3 | 26.0 | 27.3 | 1.2 | 0.872 | 0.744 | 0.521 |
C. gigantea | 27.4 a | 26.7 a | 26.5 a | 18.5 b | 0.8 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.007 |
F. macrophylla | 27.4 b | 27.0 b | 27.2 b | 32.2 a | 0.6 | 0.021 | 0.053 | 0.013 |
F.macrophylla # | 27.4 b | 27.2 b | 27.3 b | 32.6 a | 0.7 | 0.034 | 0.066 | 0.023 |
P. oleracea | 27.4 | 27.0 | 27.1 | 27.7 | 1.8 | 0.990 | 0.941 | 0.778 |
B. rapa chinensis * | 27.4 | 27.4 | 31.4 | 30.7 | 0.6 | 0.056 | 0.023 | 0.248 |
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Ayemele, A.G.; Ma, L.; Li, X.; Yang, P.; Xu, J.; Yu, Z.; Bu, D. Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Six Plants: Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Rumen Protozoa, Ammoniagenesis, and α-Glucosidase. Biology 2021, 10, 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101055
Ayemele AG, Ma L, Li X, Yang P, Xu J, Yu Z, Bu D. Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Six Plants: Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Rumen Protozoa, Ammoniagenesis, and α-Glucosidase. Biology. 2021; 10(10):1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101055
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyemele, Aurele Gnetegha, Lu Ma, Xiumei Li, Peilong Yang, Jianchu Xu, Zhongtang Yu, and Dengpan Bu. 2021. "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Six Plants: Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Rumen Protozoa, Ammoniagenesis, and α-Glucosidase" Biology 10, no. 10: 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101055