Knowledge and Perceptions of Final-Year Nursing Students Regarding Antimicrobials, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Stewardship in South Africa: Findings and Implications to Reduce Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Response Rate
2.2. Knowledge and Education on Antimicrobials
2.3. Perceptions of Antimicrobial Resistance
2.4. Knowledge and Perceptions of Antimicrobial Stewardship
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Population and Sample Size
4.2. Data Collection Instrument and Procedures
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Activity | Reference |
---|---|
National Action Plan/Antimicrobial Resistance National Strategy Framework 2014–2024; regular monitoring of its implementation with updates together with active surveillance of AMR | [14,43,44,45,46] |
Developing and broadcasting a national manual to improve infection prevention and control across all sectors of care in South Africa | [47] |
Updating the Standard Treatment Guidelines/Essential Medicine List (STG/EML), including recommendations for the management of COVID-19 as well as the general management of infections in ambulatory care, including UTIs | [48,49,50] |
Assessment and monitoring of the prescribing of antibiotics in ambulatory care vs. recommendations in the STG/EML | [42,51,52,53] |
Encouraging and assessing antimicrobial stewardship activities across the sectors, including implementing ASPs among public healthcare facilities in South Africa | [42,54,55,56] |
Encouraging South African citizens to become antibiotic guardians | [57] |
| [58,59,60,61] |
Statements Posed to Participants | Response; n (%) | |
---|---|---|
A strong knowledge of antimicrobials is important in my career. | Agree | 121 (97.6%) |
Not sure | 1 (0.8%) | |
Disagree | 2 (1.6%) | |
I have received sufficient education in pharmacology to select the best antibiotic(s) for a specific infection. | Agree | 92 (74.2%) |
Not sure | 19 (15.3%) | |
Disagree | 13 (10.5%) | |
I have received sufficient education to select an appropriate regimen (dose, route, frequency) of antibiotic therapy. | Agree | 80 (64.5%) |
Not sure | 33 (26.6%) | |
Disagree | 11 (8.9%) |
Statements Posed to Participants | Response; n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Agree | Not Sure | Disagree | |
Aspirin is an antibiotic. | 11 (8.9%) | 12 (9.7%) | 101 (81.4%) |
Ceftazidime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. | 42 (33.9%) | 63 (50.8%) | 19 (15.3%) |
Ceftazidime is a good choice to cover Gram-positive organisms. | 65 (52.4%) | 50 (40.3%) | 9 (7.3%) |
Antibiotics are used to treat cold and flu symptoms. | 23 (18.5%) | 9 (7.3%) | 92 (74.2%) |
Antibiotics are useful in treating viral infections. | 12 (9.7%) | 12 (9.7%) | 100 (80.6%) |
Antibiotics are indicated to reduce any kind of pain and inflammation. | 54 (43.6%) | 16 (12.9%) | 54 (43.5%) |
Antibiotics can cause secondary infections after killing good bacteria present in our body. | 64 (51.6%) | 28 (22.6%) | 32 (25.8%) |
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic. | 72 (58.1%) | 7 (5.6%) | 45 (36.3%) |
Antibiotics can cause allergic reactions. | 116 (93.6%) | 5 (4.0%) | 3 (2.4%) |
Patients may stop the use of antibiotics as soon as they feel better. | 12 (9.7%) | 7 (5.6%) | 105 (84.7%) |
Two different types of antibiotics may not be prescribed for simultaneous use. | 39 (31.5%) | 16 (12.9%) | 69 (55.6%) |
Antibiotics should always be prescribed as prophylaxis to prevent future infections. | 57 (45.97%) | 10 (8.08%) | 57 (45.97%) |
Antibiotics cannot treat Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). | 96 (77.4%) | 11 (8.9%) | 17 (13.7%) |
Clavulanic acid is given with amoxicillin (AMOXICLAV) to decrease inflammation at the site of infection. | 41 (33.1%) | 63 (50.8%) | 20 (16.1%) |
Inappropriate use of antimicrobials can harm patients. | 106 (85.5%) | 11 (8.9%) | 7 (5.6%) |
Statements Posed to Participants | Response; n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Agree | Not Sure | Disagree | |
Prescribing a broad-spectrum antibiotic increases antibiotic resistance. | 73 (58.9%) | 35 (28.2%) | 16 (12.9%) |
Poor infection control practices by healthcare professionals cause the spread of antibiotic resistance. | 84 (67.7%) | 15 (12.1%) | 25 (20.2%) |
Exposure to antibiotics appears to be the principal risk factor for the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. | 43 (34.7%) | 69 (55.6%) | 12 (9.7%) |
Antibiotic resistance can be minimised by using narrow-spectrum therapy after identification and susceptibility testing of infectious bacteria. | 103 (83.1%) | 18 (14.52%) | 3 (2.42%) |
Bacteria may acquire efflux pumps that extrude the antibiotic from the cell. | 28 (22.6%) | 84 (67.7%) | 12 (9.7%) |
Improving bacterial diagnostics will allow combating antibiotic resistance. | 105 (84.7%) | 13 (10.5%) | 6 (4.8%) |
Accredited University in Gauteng Offering Bachelor of Nursing | Number of Students per Intake |
---|---|
University A | Sixty (60) |
University B | Sixty (60) |
University C | Fifty (50) |
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Teague, E.; Bezuidenhout, S.; Meyer, J.C.; Godman, B.; Engler, D. Knowledge and Perceptions of Final-Year Nursing Students Regarding Antimicrobials, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Stewardship in South Africa: Findings and Implications to Reduce Resistance. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121742
Teague E, Bezuidenhout S, Meyer JC, Godman B, Engler D. Knowledge and Perceptions of Final-Year Nursing Students Regarding Antimicrobials, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Stewardship in South Africa: Findings and Implications to Reduce Resistance. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(12):1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121742
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeague, Elisma, Selente Bezuidenhout, Johanna C. Meyer, Brian Godman, and Deirdré Engler. 2023. "Knowledge and Perceptions of Final-Year Nursing Students Regarding Antimicrobials, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Stewardship in South Africa: Findings and Implications to Reduce Resistance" Antibiotics 12, no. 12: 1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121742