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Article

Spatial Distribution of Salmonella in Soil near Municipal Waste Landfill Site

by
Krzysztof Frączek
,
Dariusz Roman Ropek
* and
Jacek Kozdrój
†
Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Currently not employed.
Agriculture 2022, 12(11), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111933
Submission received: 15 October 2022 / Revised: 12 November 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Published: 17 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contamination and Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils)
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Abstract

:
Due to the heterogeneous origin of municipal waste, different substrates support the growth of many microorganisms, including those hazardous to humans. In consequence, landfills collecting these refuses are regarded as serious sources of infectious material contaminating the environment. In this study, we aimed to assess how waste may be related to the presence of Salmonella spp. in soil within a landfill and its surroundings. The numbers of these pathogens were estimated in soil samples collected at 17 different stands established in the municipal waste landfill of Barycz (near Kraków, Poland) and the surrounding area. The analysis showed that in all soil samples, Salmonella spp. did not exceed 270 cfu g−1 in dry soil (i.e., the active landfill sector). Salmonella spp. was found in 57% of the tested soil samples in spring, 88% in summer, 45% in autumn, and was not detected in winter. A spatial distribution visualized by graphical maps allowed determination of the influence of the active sector on the surrounding areas. The graphical maps showed the impact of seasons on the spread of Salmonella spp. in the soil near the landfill. Detection and estimation of Salmonella spp. distribution in soil within the landfill area distinctly confirms the hazardous impact of collected wastes on hygienic characteristics of the soil.

1. Introduction

In recent years, municipal waste collected in landfills and related dangers has become one of the most serious problems of modern civilization. These wastes are almost always treated as a significant threat to the plant and animal world and human health, regardless of their origin, properties, and usefulness, including ecological [1,2]. They are a potential source of infectious material and their deposits in the landfill are a serious source of environmental pollution [3,4,5,6,7]. It has been shown that in terms of microbiological contamination, municipal waste does not differ much from sewage sludge under real conditions present in a landfill. In both types of waste, pathogenic bacteria, including opportunistic pathogens, are detected. Many species of bacteria from the genera, e.g., Salmonella, Klebsiella, Herellea, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Pasteurella, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Aerococcus, Nocardia, and Stenotrophomonas are isolated from these wastes [8,9]. This indicates not only a significant number of microorganisms present within the material collected in the landfill but above all their great taxonomic diversity [8,9,10]. There are also bacteria of faecal origin that colonize the digestive system of humans and animals, and after their release from the body, they can be treated as indicators of the hygienic condition of the environment [9,11,12,13].
When assessing the sanitary and hygienic quality of the soil, it is understandable that examination to detect all pathogenic and potentially infective organisms that could enter the soil from the deposited waste is impossible, due to the costly and time-consuming nature of the analysis. The current normative guidelines in force in Poland recommend microbiological tests of soil for the presence of Salmonella spp. rods [14]. Undoubtedly, bacteria of the genus Salmonella play a special role and can be treated as models for other pathogenic microorganisms. These bacteria can be found in human and animal manures and are responsible for dangerous enteric diseases. When introduced into the soil as a waste or fertilizer component, they are a significant source of soil-origin infections, both directly or indirectly, by feeding contaminated plants [12,15]. As enteric bacteria, Salmonella is an allochthonous genus to the soil environment and is a good indicator of fresh pollution by manures. However, so far limited knowledge exists regarding biotic and abiotic factors affecting the persistence of Salmonella spp. in soil, including that used for agriculture [15]. More recently, Jechalke et al. [16] have found that loam soil amended with an organic fertilizer prolongs the persistence of Salmonella enterica, and its survival is also dependent on plant species growing in the soil. In turn, the treatment of soil with sewage sludge distinctly decreased the numbers of cultivable Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 that presumably entered into the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state [17]. Since Salmonella spp. and other human pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae family can adapt to environmental habitats without losing their virulence, there is an increased chance of exposure and transmission of these agents to people working or living within a contaminated area [18].
This study aimed to assess how municipal waste deposited in a refuse dump may be related to the presence of Salmonella spp. in soil within the landfill and its surroundings. To address this, it was necessary to consider whether the bacteria numbers differ between the samples collected at the stands located outside the landfill area and those marked within the refuse dump. The tested hypothesis was that the landfill significantly degrades the sanitary quality of soil in surrounding fields. The second hypothesis was that this sanitary degradation may depend on the season. We also aimed to determine whether routine operations conducted in the refuse dump may impact the numbers of Salmonella spp. both in the landfill itself and in its buffer zone. To visualize and assess the spatial distribution of the presence of Salmonella spp. in the soil in the municipal landfill and its surroundings, we aimed to determine the usefulness of a geographical information system (GIS) for the assessment of soil hygienic conditions in the studied area. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the GIS application to microbiological data refers to the soil environment.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Field studies were carried out in the area and the vicinity of the Barycz municipal waste landfill in Kraków (geographical coordinates 49°58′59.9988″ N, 20°1′0.0012″ E), which was selected as a model facility. It should be emphasized that the method of operation and the consistently implemented modern waste storage system means that at present it can be considered one of the best-organized landfills in Poland. It is also the largest and longest-operated municipal facility in the Malopolska region (established in 1974). Its target area is 37 ha and it covers the part currently exploited (10 ha) and reclaimed (i.e., partly and completely) with an area of 27 ha. The studied landfill is located in the area of the City of Kraków bordering the city of Wieliczka to the east, while on the south side it is surrounded by a forest, and on the other sides by a 35 to 80 m-wide insulating green belt, which reduces noise and odours from the landfill. Soils that predominate in the study area are Epidistric Cambisols and Disric Cambisols. In terms of type, they are light and medium loess, and in the minority area heavy loess.
Both the reclaimed and operated part of the landfill has installations for degassing complex waste. Since 1998, the studied landfill has been an over-level landfill. Exploitation is carried out in terraces by erecting further earth embankments supporting the waste deposits and filling the resulting basin with waste. At the foot of the embankments, from the inside, the leachate is drained with wells bringing the leachate to the network of sewage ditches discharging into the reservoir. Waste is deposited in separate mining fields with an area of approximately 300 m2. Every day, the deposited waste is kneaded with BOMAG compactors to a layer of approximately 2 m, disinfected with chlorinated lime, and insulated with a layer of earth with a thickness of approximately 20–25 cm or with Plastsoil insulation foam (water solution of formaldehyde urea resin). The average monthly consumption of land for insulation purposes is approximately 5500 tons.

2.2. Soil Sampling and Bacteriological Analyses

The study of the basic soil sanitary condition indicators, which are bacteria of the genus Salmonella, was carried out over a two-year study period, taking into account seasonal variability in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The research strategy involved taking soil samples at all designated points during the landfill’s operation and during its downtime, on two consecutive days. Soil samples for testing were taken from the soil surface layer (0–15 cm), from a grid of 17 stands located at various distances from 104 to 1187 m from the reference point (active sector) (S3). The stands S4–S9 were located in the adjacent forest; the stands S1, S10, S12, S13, and S15–S17 were placed on farmland, and the stands S2, S11, and S14 were on meadows [19]. Generally, the stands S1–S9 were located in the landfill, and stands S10–S17 were in its buffer zone. From each selected stand, soil samples (100 g) were collected in two replications using the envelope method from the surface layer, which, after mixing, constituted one average aggregate sample.
Microbiological analyses were performed by plating serial dilutions of 10 g soil samples [20]. They included the detection and determination of the total numbers of Salmonella spp., using the enriching medium SF (BTL, Warszawa, Poland), and differentiating and selecting SS agar for Salmonella spp. (BTL, Poland). Before counting, agar plates were incubated for two days at 37 °C, according to Atlas and Parks [21]. The bacterial numbers were estimated as cfu (colony forming units), converting the results of the determination into one gram of soil dry weight (cfu g−1 dry soil). The identification of bacterial colonies belonging to the genus of Salmonella was confirmed by a biochemical test (API 20E, Biomerieux, Lyon, France).
The numerical data was transferred to the program Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, Kraków, Poland) through which statistical analyses were performed. To assess the effect of the sampling site (location to the landfill) on the numbers of Salmonella spp., a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. The significance of differences between the means was tested using the Newman–Keuls multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05). The simultaneous influence of the sampling site (1st factor) and the month of the year (2nd factor) on the presence of the tested bacteria in the soil were investigated by performing a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The spatial distribution of Salmonella spp. in the landfill area and its surroundings was analyzed using the Surfer software version (Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA). It is a graphic program based on vector data for contour maps, which is used to illustrate the values of various parameters in a given area. The program interpolates irregularly distributed measurement points (data X, Y, Z) into regular grids, in which the points of the measured Z values are assigned to a uniform grid of coordinates of X and Y points. The analysis used ordinary kriging with a linear variogram. Using the vector map of the area of the studied landfill as the base layer, made based on analogue maps, the spatial distribution of the measured values of Salmonella spp. present in the soil was presented in the following order: spring, summer, autumn, and winter (averaged values).

3. Results and Discussion

The basic indicator of poor soil sanitation is the presence of bacteria representing the genus Salmonella [12,18]. Together with Shigella spp. and Yersinia spp., these bacteria are known as obligatory pathogens. In European Union countries, they are the second (after Campylobacter spp.) etiological factor of food infections [22]. These bacteria can colonize practically all living organisms, including animals, humans, and plants [23,24]. Although these bacteria cannot permanently colonize the soil due to their nutritional and thermal requirements, they can survive in this environment for some time [25]. Most often, the survival rate of Salmonella spp. is estimated at a few weeks [16]. When introduced with pig or poultry manure, Salmonella spp. has persisted in soil for 21 days or up to one year, respectively [26,27]. However, their activity in soil has been proven up to several months after contamination [15,28,29,30]. These findings suggest that agricultural soils can be regarded as a long-term reservoir of Salmonella spp. In addition, it should be emphasized that the inactivation of faecal bacteria in the soil environment depends on many factors, including temperature, pH, soil type, chemical characteristics, organic matter content, the presence of antagonistic microbiota, and the season of the year (i.e., weather and atmospheric conditions) [16,30,31,32]. Jechalke et al. [16] concluded that one of the major factors affecting the persistence of Salmonella spp. in the soil might be the availability and composition of nutrients. In turn, some authors have indicated that the survival of these bacteria in different soils is correlated with differences in microbial communities [33,34].
In this study, it was shown that in all soil samples the quantities of Salmonella spp. did not exceed 270 cfu g−1 in dry soil (Table 1), and fell within the range of values generally observed for this type of municipal facility [35,36]. However, the obtained results are not consistent with the results of other studies. For example, Kalwasińska et al. [37] and Flores-Tena et al. [3], did not find Salmonella spp. in the soil sampled nearby the studied municipal landfills. Our results showed that the numbers of Salmonella spp. in the active sector soil, the landfill area, and its buffer zone exceeded 4.9, 4.4, and 12.7 times those ascertained in the background area, respectively (Figure 1). For the landfill active sector, the numbers of Salmonella spp. were within the range of 0–270 cfu g−1 in dry soil over the year. For the measuring stands located within the landfill area, the numbers ranged from 0 to 184 cfu g−1 in dry soil, whereas outside the landfill area the bacteria were in the range of 0–164 cfu g−1 in dry soil (Table 1). It is interesting to learn that in the soil within illegal landfills, bacteria of the genus Salmonella have been identified, which creates a real risk of contamination of the soil environment around such facilities [38]. It should be emphasized that the presence of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms in the soil indicates that the landfilling of municipal waste poses a potential risk to public health and occupational hygiene [3,35].
During the two-year study, the highest average numbers of Salmonella spp. (i.e., 55 and 53 cfu g−1 in dry soil) occurred, respectively, at the sites located outside the landfill, i.e., stands 9 and 15 (Figure 2). The distance from the refuse dump turned out to be a factor causing clear differences in the quantitative status of the tested bacteria. A similar tendency was also observed in the case of other landfills [39]. The mean quantity of Salmonella spp. recorded in the active sector was 2.5 and 2.4 times lower than that found in the soil at stands 9 and 15, respectively, whereas it was almost identical to the mean numbers of these bacteria found at stand 12. It is worth emphasizing that soil contamination in the vicinity of landfills may occur due to the spread of microorganisms along with the wind during the transport and unloading of waste or improper use of the landfill, as well as incorrect drainage of water from the facility. In addition, animals living within refuse dumps and birds foraging in the active waste disposal sector can also be a source of bacteria transport [19,35,36,38].
Both for the tested soils located inside the boundaries of the landfill and outside, the comparison of the average numbers of Salmonella spp. with the permissible quantities showed that they were exceeded, classifying it according to the PN-Z-19000-1 standard as microbiologically contaminated [14]. There is a clear advantage in soil sanitary contamination at the sites located outside the landfill, compared with the stands located within the landfill, which was also statistically confirmed (ANOVA: p < 0.05). This proves that the municipal waste landfill significantly affects the deterioration of the sanitary quality of soil in the areas surrounding the refuse dump. Microorganisms, including pathogens introduced into the soil, may contribute to the contamination of surface and ground waters, and due to their survival, often exceeding the length of the growing season, they may contaminate plants [1,5,15,16,18]. This study also considered whether routine maintenance operations in the investigated municipal landfill had an impact on the numbers of Salmonella spp. both in the landfill itself and in its buffer zone. For this purpose, the numbers of these bacteria in the summer season when the landfill was active (i.e., when standard technical activities were performed) were compared with the counts when it was closed (i.e., during the weekend shutdown). Using the Newman–Keuls test, it was shown that Salmonella spp. numbers were not significantly higher when normal operating activities were performed at the landfill than during operating downtime (p < 0.05). The data suggest that the current supply of novel refuges has not affected the abundance of Salmonella spp. in the soil outside of the landfill. Time is required for waste decomposition and release of easily available nutrients for the growing bacteria.
The analysis of all data also showed that the observed numbers of Salmonella spp. was dependent on the season (Figure 3). Salmonella spp. were found in 57% of the tested soil samples in spring, 88% in summer, 45% in autumn, and were not detected in winter. Their counts in particular seasons were significantly different from each other (ANOVA: p < 0.05). For these bacteria, the largest significant differences in the numbers were noted between the summer and winter seasons (Newman–Keuls test: p < 0.05). Considering the seasons, it was found that the counts of Salmonella spp. fluctuated in the ranges of 0–92, 0–270, and 0–110 cfu g−1 in dry soil in the spring, summer, and autumn seasons, respectively, and they were not found in winter (Table 1). The analysis of the average numbers of the tested bacteria in individual measurement seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) in three groups of research stands (in the active sector of the landfill and in the landfill area and outside the site) showed that the highest average counts of Salmonella spp. were recorded in the active sector when the landfill was open (Table 2). Different weather and atmospheric conditions occurring in respective seasons can be responsible for these fluctuations, since values of soil temperature and moisture, as well as the availability of nutrients, may have changed [32].
The numbers of Salmonella spp., measured in different seasons of the year at all designated research stands, both in the landfill and in its surroundings, were analyzed for significant differences. The results of the analyses made it possible to conclude that in the spring and summer the numbers of Salmonella spp. differed between individual test stands (ANOVA: p < 0.05). In the case of spring, a statistically significant dominance was observed between the counts of these bacteria in stand 3 (i.e., the active sector) and the sampled stands as 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, and 12 (Newman–Keuls test: p < 0.05). In summer, stand 3 was significantly different in terms of these bacteria numbers from stands 5, 6, and 7 (Newman–Keul test: p < 0.05). In autumn, the numbers of Salmonella spp. were relatively low in most of the research stands, the differences between the stands were not visible, and the differences in the bacteria numbers between the individual studied stands were not statistically significant (Newman–Keul test: p < 0.05). In the winter season, the presence of Salmonella spp. in the soil was not found at any research stand (Table 1). It should be emphasized that in the soil environment within the zone of landfill impact, pathogenic microorganisms occur periodically because they are not guaranteed appropriate conditions for development and their survival period is different [5,28,29].
A practical novelty in this study is the use of the interpolation method to assess the sanitary quality of soil (Figure 4). It is used to illustrate the value of a certain parameter in a specific area. While this technique has already been used in the study of microbiological air pollution [19,40], it has not been used in soil sanitary analyses so far. Presenting the results of the research on maps not only facilitates their interpretation but may improve the activities in the field of environmental protection. It may also lead to taking appropriate measures to protect the local population against the harmful effects of facilities such as refuse dumps. The usefulness of the visualization of results concerning microbiological pollutants in the assessment of point emitters, e.g., landfills, was confirmed by Van Leuken et al. [41] and Cyprowski et al. [19].
The use of the spatial modelling method in this work allowed us to determine the influence of the active sector on the surrounding areas. In the study, the visualization of the results was based on the analyses performed during the two-year study period, taking into account seasonal variability in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter months (Figure 4). The developed graphical maps show that the seasons have influenced the spread of Salmonella spp. in the soil near the landfill. The maps have indicated a certain dependence regarding the occurrence of the studied bacteria on the natural conditions in particular seasons of the year. They have also shown a clear dominance of the spread of Salmonella spp. in summer compared to spring, autumn, and winter months. The developed maps show that Salmonella spp. concentration isoclines usually radiate from places both in the landfill and in its surroundings where waste has not been deposited. The modelling carried out suggests that there have likely been other sources of Salmonella spp. in the vicinity of the landfill which have affected the sanitary quality of the soil in the study area. Therefore, when assessing the sanitary contamination of the soil in the vicinity of a municipal landfill, one should take into account the possibility of other local sources of Salmonella spp. which may affect the hygienic quality of the soil tested there.

4. Conclusions

The results of studies carried out at the municipal waste landfill and its surroundings indicate that it has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in the soil. There is a clear advantage of soil sanitary pollution at the sites located outside the landfill, compared with the stands located in its area. This may prove that the refuse dump also significantly affects the deterioration of the sanitary quality of soil in the areas around the landfill. The results of the analyses made it possible to conclude that the routine operations performed in the investigated landfill have not impacted significantly the numbers of Salmonella spp. both in the landfill itself and in its buffer zone. The analysis has also shown that the observed numbers of Salmonella spp. are dependent on the season. This means that the assessment of the sanitary condition of the soil environment in a municipal landfill, determined by the level of appropriate sanitary indicators, should be based on the results of analyses carried out at different times of the year. The research has also confirmed the practical and scientific use of geostatistical tools, including the Surfer 10 program, for the analysis of data in the assessment of the sanitary quality of the soil. This study has indicated that the results of the spread of Salmonella spp. in the soil in the buffer zone of the municipal landfill can be successfully visualized in the form of graphical maps. The presented microbiological data on the maps illustrate both the sources and the potential spread of microbial contamination, thus indicating the most endangered areas in the study area. Geostatistical visualization of the results allows for a better assessment of the hygienic condition of the soil in the studied area and facilitates taking actions to protect the health of residents or creating strategies to reduce this type of contamination in the future.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.F.; methodology, K.F.; formal analysis, K.F., D.R.R. and J.K.; investigation, K.F. and D.R.R.; resources, K.F., D.R.R. and J.K.; writing—original draft preparation, K.F. and D.R.R.; writing—review and editing, D.R.R. and J.K.; visualization, K.F. and D.R.R.; supervision, J.K.; project administration, K.F.; funding acquisition, K.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (N N304 308549).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Agriculture 12 01933 g001 550
Figure 1. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. within the soil collected at three sampling areas of the municipal landfill. The background was arable soil located five kilometers west of stand 12. The data presented are means and standard deviation of two replicates.
Figure 1. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. within the soil collected at three sampling areas of the municipal landfill. The background was arable soil located five kilometers west of stand 12. The data presented are means and standard deviation of two replicates.
Agriculture 12 01933 g001
Agriculture 12 01933 g002 550
Figure 2. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella sp. in the soil collected at all sampling stands located within the municipal landfill area. The data presented are means and standard deviation of two replicates.
Figure 2. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella sp. in the soil collected at all sampling stands located within the municipal landfill area. The data presented are means and standard deviation of two replicates.
Agriculture 12 01933 g002
Agriculture 12 01933 g003 550
Figure 3. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. in the soil samples collected in the seasonal cycle: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The data presented are means and standard deviation of two replicates.
Figure 3. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. in the soil samples collected in the seasonal cycle: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The data presented are means and standard deviation of two replicates.
Agriculture 12 01933 g003
Agriculture 12 01933 g004a 550Agriculture 12 01933 g004b 550
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of Salmonella spp. in the soil collected within the municipal landfill area. The map is the result of the imposition of the isopleth map on the background of the landfill area plan implemented as a graphic to one of the map layers. (A) Active sector, currently exploited; (B,C) inactive, closed, and recultivated sectors. The sites from S4 to S9 were located within the forest zone. The sites S1, S10, S12, S13, S15–S17 were located in farmlands. The sites S2, S11, S14 refer to corresponding meadows.
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of Salmonella spp. in the soil collected within the municipal landfill area. The map is the result of the imposition of the isopleth map on the background of the landfill area plan implemented as a graphic to one of the map layers. (A) Active sector, currently exploited; (B,C) inactive, closed, and recultivated sectors. The sites from S4 to S9 were located within the forest zone. The sites S1, S10, S12, S13, S15–S17 were located in farmlands. The sites S2, S11, S14 refer to corresponding meadows.
Agriculture 12 01933 g004aAgriculture 12 01933 g004b
Table
Table 1. Numbers (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. within soil sampled in the municipal waste landfill area during studied seasons.
Table 1. Numbers (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. within soil sampled in the municipal waste landfill area during studied seasons.
StandSpringSummerAutumnWinter
RangeMeanRangeMeanRangeMeanRangeMean
10–3214–160680–000–00
20–0016–154490–000–00
36–834744–270890–45190–00
40–4210–27160–000–00
50–002–1680–310–00
64–24156–18440–000–00
74–1491–320–640–00
80–002–68200–000–00
93–603315–122213–1050–00
103–201215–24196–1080–00
1116–635153–114512–20130–00
120–1140–85490–110100–00
1315–703240–164850–3080–00
140–401412–117550–3690–00
150–923524–134640–1360–00
1616–423834–143601–1230–00
170–321210–72370–230–00
Table
Table 2. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. in the soil collected at three groups of research stands during corresponding seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). The active sector includes stand S3; the landfill area includes stands, S1, S2, S4, and S5–S9; outside the landfill area includes stands S10–S17.
Table 2. Average abundance (cfu g−1 dry soil) of Salmonella spp. in the soil collected at three groups of research stands during corresponding seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). The active sector includes stand S3; the landfill area includes stands, S1, S2, S4, and S5–S9; outside the landfill area includes stands S10–S17.
SeasonActive SectorLandfill AreaOutside AreaBackground a
Spring1712222
Summer8943735
Autumn1033354
Winter0000
a Background: arable soil located five kilometers west of stand 12.
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Frączek, K.; Ropek, D.R.; Kozdrój, J. Spatial Distribution of Salmonella in Soil near Municipal Waste Landfill Site. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111933

AMA Style

Frączek K, Ropek DR, Kozdrój J. Spatial Distribution of Salmonella in Soil near Municipal Waste Landfill Site. Agriculture. 2022; 12(11):1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111933

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frączek, Krzysztof, Dariusz Roman Ropek, and Jacek Kozdrój. 2022. "Spatial Distribution of Salmonella in Soil near Municipal Waste Landfill Site" Agriculture 12, no. 11: 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111933

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