Back Muscle Mass as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery †
1
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
2
Deparment of Orthopedic Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
The study was presented as a poster in 70th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists, Kobe, Japan, 1–3 June 2023.
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(16), 5332; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165332
Submission received: 4 July 2023
/
Revised: 6 August 2023
/
Accepted: 10 August 2023
/
Published: 16 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Anesthesiology)
Abstract
:Background: There is a lack of studies on utilising skeletal muscle mass via preoperative lumbar computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of postoperative complications of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery in elderly patients. Methods: Patients aged >65 years who underwent PLIF were enrolled. The sum of the cross-sectional areas of the erector spinae muscles (CSABoth) was presented as the skeletal muscle mass. Postoperative complications were assessed using CSABoth, pulmonary function testing, and prognostic nutritional index (PNI). Results: Patients with postoperative complications showed significantly lower values of CSABoth (median 2266.70 (2239.73–2875.10) mm2 vs. 3060.30 (2749.25–3473.30) mm2, p < 0.001), functional vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 s, and PNI. However, multiple logistic regression analysis identified American Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) I (odds ratio 0.307 (95% confidence interval 0.110–0.852), p = 0.023), ASA PS III (4.033 (1.586–10.254), p = 0.003), CSABoth (0.999 (0.999–1.000), p < 0.001), and postoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (1.603 (1.193–2.152), p = 0.002) as risk factors for postoperative complications after PLIF surgery. Conclusions: CSABoth, ASA PS III, and postoperative RBC transfusion might be used as predictors of postoperative complications after PLIF in patients aged >65 years.
1. Introduction
The need for surgeries on elderly patients has increased with the increase in life expectancy. Although the physical condition of elderly patients and geriatric medicine have improved over time, concerns regarding morbidity or mortality after surgeries for elderly patients are the most critical factors influencing the decision to operate. Recently, several predictive tools for postoperative complications, such as preoperative pulmonary function testing (PFT) and the preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI), have been developed and utilised [1,2,3].
Spine surgery is the most common surgery performed on elderly patients. Notably, preoperative evaluation using lumbar computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential to confirm the anatomical and functional status of the spine and the operation plan. Although preoperative lumbar CT or MRI are essential, there is a lack of studies on utilising skeletal muscle mass via preoperative lumbar CT or MRI as a predictor of postoperative complications of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery in elderly patients.
We hypothesised that back muscle mass might be associated with postoperative complications of PLIF surgery in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the measurement of back muscle mass as a predictive tool for postoperative complications of PLIF surgery in elderly patients. We also evaluated the preoperative PFT and PNI as predictive tools for postoperative complications of PLIF surgery in elderly patients.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University Medical Center (approval number: KUH 2022-04-038) and registered at cris.nih.go.kr accessed on 3 July 2023 (registration number: KCT0007475). The data of the patients were obtained only from chart review, so written informed consent from the patients was not obtained. All data extracted from the chart review were de-identified before the analysis. Patients aged >65 years who underwent PLIF under general anaesthesia were enrolled from January 2016 to December 2021. Patients were excluded if any of the following criteria were met: (1) surgery for trauma, (2) pathologic fracture due to cancer, (3) surgery including thoracic or cervical lesion, (4) underlying inflammatory disease, (5) underlying cancer, or (6) other concurrent surgery.
2.2. Preoperative Lumbar CT or MRI
Lumbar CT or MRI was performed within 1 week before surgery. The images were obtained with a 2.5 mm thickness according to the institutional protocol.
To measure skeletal muscle mass, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the right and left erector spinae muscles (EMs) were measured. The contours of both EMs were identified at the level of the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra. The CSAs of the right and left EMs were checked, and the sum (CSABoth) of the CSAs was presented as the skeletal muscle mass (Figure 1).
All procedures were performed by a radiologist who was blinded to the study, using the Centricity PACS Radiology RA1000 Workstation (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA).
2.3. Preoperative PFT
PFT was performed upon admission of the patient. Functional vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), and the FEV1/FVC ratio were obtained.
2.4. Preoperative PNI
The PNI was calculated from the preoperative albumin and total lymphocyte counts in the blood. The formula of PNI was as follows: PNI = 10 × serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte count (/mm3) [4].
2.5. PLIF Surgery
All surgeries were performed by a single spine surgeon (THK) who had 10 years of experience. The patient was placed on the operating table in a prone position on a lumbar frame under general anaesthesia. A posterior midline incision was made in the skin and lumbosacral fascia. Posterior spinal structures, including the lamina and bilateral facet joints, were exposed. After inserting a pedicle screw instrument (Xia System; Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA), total laminectomy and partial facetectomy were performed. After en bloc flavectomy, the thecal sac and transversing nerve roots were carefully removed to protect the nerve root retractor. The posterior annulus of the intervertebral disc was exposed and complete discectomy and endplate preparation were performed using a disc shaver, cage trial, and curved curette. After adequate decompression with the neural elements was performed, an autologous bone graft originating from the removed lamina or facet articular process was placed into the intervertebral space. Thereafter, two polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody cages (AVS UniLIF, Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) filled with autologous bone of appropriate size were bilaterally placed into the intervertebral space. Standard closure with the fascia and skin was performed.
2.6. Anaesthetic Technique and Intraoperative and Postoperative Management
Perioperative management was standardised, and the institutional protocol was followed. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and remifentanil, and sevoflurane and remifentanil were used to maintain the anaesthesia. Anaesthetic depth, using state and response entropies between 40 and 50, was maintained under general anaesthesia. Rocuronium was administered for muscle relaxation during the monitoring of peripheral neuromuscular transmission. Haemodynamic stability within 20% of anaesthesia induction was maintained during anaesthesia. This neuromuscular blockade was reversed by sugammadex administration. Postoperative pain was controlled using an intravenous patient-controlled analgesia pump. Following the institutional protocol, the attending anaesthesiologist and the orthopaedic surgeon made the decision for postoperative admission to the post-anaesthetic care unit (PACU) or intensive care unit (ICU). Postoperative care in the general ward or ICU, except in the PACU for the attending anaesthesiologist, was provided by the orthopaedic surgeon, following the institutional protocol. Anaesthesia and operation time were assessed. Perioperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusions were reviewed.
2.7. Postoperative Complications after Spine Surgery during Hospitalisation
Postoperative complications, including neurologic, respiratory, cardiac, gastrointestinal (GI), hepatic, renal, and urinary tract infections, and wound complications during the hospital stay were evaluated. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was also evaluated. Postoperative complications were defined as grade III in the Clavien–Dindo classification [5].
Moreover, neurological complications such as delirium and cerebral infarction were also assessed. When any neurological symptoms or signs were not observed before anaesthesia, the orthopaedic surgeon checked them and consulted a neurologist or psychiatrist to assess, diagnose, and manage them. Delirium was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) [6], and if needed, a CT or MRI was performed.
Pulmonary complications such as atelectasis, pneumonia, pleural effusion, and pulmonary thromboembolism were evaluated. Postoperative chest radiography was performed in all patients. When new-onset abnormal findings on postoperative chest radiography or pulmonary symptoms or signs not observed before anaesthesia were observed, the orthopaedic surgeon checked them, performed chest CT, and consulted a pulmonologist to assess, diagnose, and manage them.
Cardiac complications such as haemodynamic instability and arrhythmia were assessed. Postoperative electrocardiography was performed in all patients. When cardiac symptoms or signs not observed before anaesthesia were observed, the orthopaedic surgeon checked them and consulted the cardiologist for assessment, diagnosis, and management.
GI and hepatic complications were evaluated. When GI or hepatic symptoms or signs not observed before anaesthesia were observed, the orthopaedic surgeon checked them and consulted with a gastroenterologist or hepatologist to assess, diagnose, and manage them.
Renal complications, including urinary tract infections, were evaluated using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria [7]. When renal symptoms or signs including urinary tract infection not observed before anaesthesia were observed, the orthopaedic surgeon checked them and consulted with a nephrologist to assess, diagnose, and manage them.
The presence of DVT was checked using routine CT evaluation 5 days after spine surgery.
Wound-related complications were also checked daily by the orthopaedic surgeon.
2.8. Statistical Analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (version 27.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). First, the demographic data were analysed according to the presence of postoperative complications. Categorical variables were analysed using the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test, and continuous variables were analysed using an independent t-test. Second, univariate analysis for each potential risk factor for postoperative complications was performed using logistic regression. Factors with p < 0.05 in the univariate analysis were subjected to a multivariate conditional logistic regression model using the backward stepwise regression procedure. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated based on the final model. Third, the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with Youden’s index to obtain cut-off values for statistically meaningful factors in predicting postoperative complications.
Data are expressed as the number of patients, mean ± standard deviation, or median (first-third quartile). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
3. Results
During the study period, 198 patients aged >65 years underwent PLIF. Three patients who underwent surgery for trauma and two with pathologic fractures due to cancer were excluded. Finally, 193 patients met the inclusion criteria and were analysed (Figure 2).
Fifty-two patients developed postoperative complications. The most common postoperative complications were pulmonary and renal (Table 1).
Patients with postoperative complications had a significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and pulmonary disease as underlying diseases. They also had a significantly lower incidence of ASA PS I and a significantly higher incidence of ASA PS III. Further, they had a significantly lower incidence of one-level PLIF surgery and required significantly more postoperative RBC transfusions (Table 2).
The hospitalisation duration of patients with postoperative complications was longer than that of patients without postoperative complications (25 ± 13 days vs. 16 ± 6 days, p < 0.001).
Patients with postoperative complications showed significantly lower values of CSABoth in both genders (2266.70 (2239.73–2875.10) mm2 vs. 3060.30 (2749.25–3473.30) mm2, p < 0.001) (Table 3).
Univariate analysis identified DM, pulmonary disease, ASA PS I and III, CSABoth, FVC, FEV1, PNI, one-level PLIF surgery, and postoperative RBC transfusion as risk factors for postoperative complications after PLIF surgery. However, multiple logistic regression analysis identified ASA PS I [OR 0.307 (95% CI, 0.110–0.852), p = 0.023], ASA PS III [OR 4.033 (95% CI, 1.586–10.254), p = 0.003], CSABoth [OR 0.999 (95% CI, 0.999–1.000), p < 0.001], and postoperative RBC transfusion [OR 1.603 (95% CI, 1.193–2.152), p = 0.002] as risk factors for postoperative complications after PLIF surgery (Table 4).
The AUCs for CSABoth and postoperative RBC transfusion were 0.729 [95% CI, 0.646–0.811; p < 0.001] and 0.637 [95% CI, 0.545–0.728; p = 0.004], respectively (Figure 3).
The optimal threshold values for CSABoth and postoperative RBC transfusion to predict postoperative complications based on ROC curve analysis were 2893.20 mm2 (sensitivity 68.1% and specificity 80.8%) for CSABoth and 1.5 packs (sensitivity 53.8% and specificity 73.8%) for postoperative RBC transfusion.
4. Discussion
In the present study, pulmonary complications were the most common postoperative complications after PLIF surgery in patients aged >65 years. CSABoth, ASA PS III, and postoperative RBC transfusion were reliable predictors for postoperative complications.
Postoperative pulmonary complications have been reported in 6–80% of non-cardiothoracic surgeries. However, it depends on the definition, risk factors, severity of atelectasis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and other factors [8]. The finding that the most common complications were pulmonary complications was anticipated because the patients enrolled in the present study were >65 years of age. Therefore, preoperative PFT was expected to be a reliable predictor of postoperative complications after PLIF surgery in patients, but it was insignificant in the present study. Although previous studies have demonstrated that PFT is a reliable predictor of postoperative complications in other surgeries [1,9,10,11,12], it has an innate limitation. For accurate evaluation of PFT, three factors should be considered: accurate instrumentation, a patient capable of performing tests, and skilled technologists [13], implying that patients’ understanding of PFT and effort during evaluation are essential for the exact evaluation of PFT. Particularly for elderly patients, performing PFT is difficult. Therefore, the PFT in the present study might have limited value.
The measurement of skeletal muscle mass has been demonstrated to be a reliable predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing spine surgery. Flexman et al. reported that sarcopenia is an important predictor of adverse outcomes after complex spinal surgery [14]. Hirase et al. also reported that sarcopenia predicts adverse events after revision surgery of the thoracolumbar spine [15]. However, the definition of sarcopenia, considering age, height, weight, etc., has not been established yet. Moreover, the heights and weights of the enrolled patients in the present study were not skewed. Therefore, CSA in the present study was used as an absolute value, not adjusted by age, height, weight, or other variables.
In the present study, CSABoth showed higher sensitivity and specificity values of 68.1% and 80.8%, respectively, compared with postoperative RBC transfusion (sensitivity of 53.8% and specificity of 73.8%). This implies that CSABoth was more effective in predicting postoperative complications after PLIF in patients >65 years of age compared to postoperative RBC transfusion.
We chose the CSA at 12th thoracic vertebra (T12) to measure back muscle mass for two reasons. First, skeletal muscle mass is independently associated with a decline in lung function [16]. EMs, a major anti-gravity muscle group, are known to reflect better physical activity than others [17]. Moreover, Asakura et al. revealed that CSA at T12 is significantly associated with pulmonary function and health-related quality of life [18]. Second, Fortin et al. demonstrated that EMs on the side of lumbar disc herniation are significantly smaller, although the degree of muscle asymmetry is not associated with symptom duration [19]. This implies that lesions on the spine might influence the muscle mass around the spine. The impact of muscle mass in elderly patients may be more important and may affect clinical outcomes. Therefore, CSABoth may be associated with postoperative complications in patients aged >65 years undergoing PLIF.
Although the PNI has shown good predictability for adverse events after various surgeries [2,20], it did not significantly affect postoperative complications after PLIF surgeries in patients aged >65 years in the present study. The PNI has been developed for patients with cancer. Albumin level and total lymphocyte count were the dependent variables for PNI. By definition, the PNI is focused on nutrition. Although patients with cancer are likely to have low albumin and fewer lymphocytes, elderly patients undergoing PLIF surgeries in the present study were less likely to have these conditions. Considering that the chief complaints of elderly patients undergoing PLIF surgeries are back or leg pain and claudication [21], the patients had a low probability of malnutrition. Moreover, patients with trauma and a probability of malnutrition were not included in the present study.
The present study showed that ASA PS was a reliable predictor of postoperative complications after PLIF in patients aged >65 years. Recently, ASA PS has been reported to be a limitation in predicting postoperative complications in various studies [22,23]. The determination of ASA PS depends on the examiner’s subjective judgement [24]. Cassai et al. reported that ASA PS had a low to moderate inter-rater reliability in clinical practice, with a kappa value of approximately 0.38 [25]. However, the ASA PS is a simple metric that effectively stratifies risk evaluation for patients with different characteristics. Therefore, further evaluations should be conducted to determine the ASA PS value as a reliable predictor.
PLIF is an orthopaedic surgery that requires an intraoperative or postoperative RBC transfusion [26]. Notably, RBC transfusion is required for tissue damage. However, tissue damage caused by the transfusion itself leads to systemic inflammation. Ahmed et al. reported that patients with transfusion had higher rates of myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, wound infection, and mortality after cervical spine fusion than patients without transfusion [27]. Moreover, geriatric hip fracture surgery and postoperative transfusion have already demonstrated increased adverse outcomes, including postoperative pulmonary and cardiac complications, poor physical functioning recovery, longer hospital stays, and mortality in geriatric patients undergoing orthopaedic surgeries [28,29,30,31]. Therefore, postoperative transfusion might be a reliable predictor of postoperative complications after PLIF in patients aged >65 years.
The present study had a few limitations. First, the study was conducted retrospectively at a single centre. Therefore, the innate limitations of retrospective studies are inevitable. Second, the PLIF surgeries were performed by a single surgeon. Therefore, the results might have been biased. However, this might be a strength because selection bias was ruled out. The PLIF surgeries in the present study were performed under general anaesthesia. Notably, the results after surgery may vary according to anaesthesia type [32,33]. The results of the present study were limited to PLIF under general anaesthesia. Third, a radiologist who was blinded to the study performed the CSA measurement. Although previous studies have shown the predictive value of CSA from specific muscle mass measurement using CT images for postoperative complications without interobserver agreement [34], the interobserver agreement from two more radiologists in the present study might provide concrete results. Fourth, the gender effect might influence CSABoth. However, we did not consider the gender effect, because demographic data and univariate analysis did not differ according to gender. Moreover, the age of the enrolled patients was >65 years, with a limited influence of sex hormones.
In conclusion, CSABoth, ASA PS III, and postoperative RBC transfusion might be used to predict postoperative complications after PLIF in patients aged >65 years.
Author Contributions
S.-W.H.: data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing—original draft; K.-Y.R.: data curation, investigation; T.-H.K.: data curation, investigation; S.-H.K.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, fund acquisition, methodology, supervision, writing—original drift. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, Information & Communication Technology (grant no: 2021R1A2C1003360).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University Medical Center (approval number: KUMC 2022-04-038, 16 May 2022.).
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Jensen, J.H.; Sorensen, L.; Mosegaard, S.B.; Mechlenburg, I. Risk Stratification for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications following Major Cardiothoracic and Abdominal Surgery—Development of the PPC Risk Prediction Score for Physiotherapists Clinical Decision-making. Physiother. Theory Pract. 2022, 39, 1305–1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hirahara, N.; Tajima, Y.; Fujii, Y.; Kaji, S.; Kawabata, Y.; Hyakudomi, R.; Yamamoto, T. High Preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index Is Associated with Less Postoperative Complication-Related Impairment of Long-Term Survival after Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2020, 24, 2852–2855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Okita, Y.; Araki, T.; Okugawa, Y.; Kondo, S.; Fujikawa, H.; Hiro, J.; Inoue, M.; Toiyama, Y.; Ohi, M.; Uchida, K.; et al. The prognostic nutritional index for postoperative infectious complication in patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing proctectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis following subtotal colectomy. J. Anus Rectum Colon 2019, 3, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onodera, T.; Goseki, N.; Kosaki, G. Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery of malnourished cancer patients. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1984, 85, 1001–1005. [Google Scholar]
- Clavien, P.A.; Barkun, J.; de Oliveira, M.L.; Vauthey, J.N.; Dindo, D.; Schulick, R.D.; de Santibanes, E.; Pekolj, J.; Slankamenac, K.; Bassi, C.; et al. The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: Five-year experience. Ann. Surg. 2009, 250, 187–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inouye, S.K.; van Dyck, C.H.; Alessi, C.A.; Balkin, S.; Siegal, A.P.; Horwitz, R.I. Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann. Intern. Med. 1990, 113, 941–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehta, R.L.; Kellum, J.A.; Shah, S.V.; Molitoris, B.A.; Ronco, C.; Warnock, D.G.; Levin, A.; Acute Kidney Injury, N. Acute Kidney Injury Network: Report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit. Care 2007, 11, R31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernandez-Bustamante, A.; Frendl, G.; Sprung, J.; Kor, D.J.; Subramaniam, B.; Martinez Ruiz, R.; Lee, J.W.; Henderson, W.G.; Moss, A.; Mehdiratta, N.; et al. Postoperative Pulmonary Complications, Early Mortality, and Hospital Stay Following Noncardiothoracic Surgery: A Multicenter Study by the Perioperative Research Network Investigators. JAMA Surg. 2017, 152, 157–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanat, F.; Golcuk, A.; Teke, T.; Golcuk, M. Risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery. ANZ J. Surg. 2007, 77, 135–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, G.R.; Lee, I.O. Predictability of pulmonary function tests for intra- and post-operative cardiopulmonary complications of corrective surgery to treat scoliosis: A retrospective study. Korean J. Anesthesiol. 2009, 57, 590–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, S.W.; Jeong, H.C.; Kim, S.H. The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Preoperative Pulmonary Function Test Results as Predictors of In-Hospital Postoperative Complications after Hip Fracture Surgery in Older Adults. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 12, 108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, S.W.; Lee, S.A.; Kim, S.H. Prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications in older patients undergoing lobectomy for lung cancer based on skeletal muscle mass. J. Thorac. Dis. 2023, 15, 1063–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ruppel, G.L.; Enright, P.L. Pulmonary function testing. Respir. Care 2012, 57, 165–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flexman, A.M.; Street, J.; Charest-Morin, R. The impact of frailty and sarcopenia on patient outcomes after complex spine surgery. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol. 2019, 32, 609–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirase, T.; Haghshenas, V.; Bratescu, R.; Dong, D.; Kuo, P.H.; Rashid, A.; Kavuri, V.; Hanson, D.S.; Meyer, B.C.; Marco, R.A.W. Sarcopenia predicts perioperative adverse events following complex revision surgery for the thoracolumbar spine. Spine J. 2021, 21, 1001–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, C.H.; Yi, Y.; Do, J.G.; Lee, Y.T.; Yoon, K.J. Relationship between skeletal muscle mass and lung function in Korean adults without clinically apparent lung disease. Medicine 2018, 97, e12281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ikezoe, T.; Mori, N.; Nakamura, M.; Ichihashi, N. Effects of age and inactivity due to prolonged bed rest on atrophy of trunk muscles. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2012, 112, 43–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asakura, T.; Yamada, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Namkoong, H.; Okamori, S.; Kusumoto, T.; Niijima, Y.; Ozaki, A.; Hashimoto, M.; Yagi, K.; et al. Quantitative assessment of erector spinae muscles in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Respir. Med. 2018, 145, 66–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fortin, M.; Lazary, A.; Varga, P.P.; McCall, I.; Battie, M.C. Paraspinal muscle asymmetry and fat infiltration in patients with symptomatic disc herniation. Eur. Spine J. 2016, 25, 1452–1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hanada, M.; Hotta, K.; Matsuyama, Y. Prognostic nutritional index as a risk factor for aseptic wound complications after total knee arthroplasty. J. Orthop. Sci. 2021, 26, 827–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, J.; Guan, F.; Zhu, L.; Guan, G.; Chi, Z.; Wang, H.; Yu, Z. Risk Factors of Postoperative Low Back Pain for Lumbar Spine Disease. World Neurosurg. 2016, 94, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yagi, T.; Oshita, Y.; Okano, I.; Kuroda, T.; Ishikawa, K.; Nagai, T.; Inagaki, K. Controlling nutritional status score predicts postoperative complications after hip fracture surgery. BMC Geriatr. 2020, 20, 243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dong, C.H.; Wang, Z.M.; Zhao, X.L.; Wang, A.M. The use of damage control orthopaedics to minimize negative sequelae of surgery delay in elderly comorbid patients with hip fracture. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016, 20, 2505–2514. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hurwitz, E.E.; Simon, M.; Vinta, S.R.; Zehm, C.F.; Shabot, S.M.; Minhajuddin, A.; Abouleish, A.E. Adding Examples to the ASA-Physical Status Classification Improves Correct Assignment to Patients. Anesthesiology 2017, 126, 614–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Cassai, A.; Boscolo, A.; Tonetti, T.; Ban, I.; Ori, C. Assignment of ASA-physical status relates to anesthesiologists’ experience: A survey-based national-study. Korean J. Anesthesiol. 2019, 72, 53–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, M.O.; Bae, S.W. Tranexamic Acid Versus a Placebo in Decreasing Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery. Korean J. Anesthesiol. 2000, 39, 645–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aoude, A.; Aldebeyan, S.; Fortin, M.; Nooh, A.; Jarzem, P.; Ouellet, J.A.; Weber, M.H. Prevalence and Complications of Postoperative Transfusion for Cervical Fusion Procedures in Spine Surgery: An Analysis of 11,588 Patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. Asian Spine J. 2017, 11, 880–891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engoren, M.; Mitchell, E.; Perring, P.; Sferra, J. The effect of erythrocyte blood transfusions on survival after surgery for hip fracture. J. Trauma. 2008, 65, 1411–1415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spahn, D.R. Anemia and patient blood management in hip and knee surgery: A systematic review of the literature. Anesthesiology 2010, 113, 482–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pedersen, A.B.; Mehnert, F.; Overgaard, S.; Johnsen, S.P. Allogeneic blood transfusion and prognosis following total hip replacement: A population-based follow up study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2009, 10, 167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carson, J.L.; Altman, D.G.; Duff, A.; Noveck, H.; Weinstein, M.P.; Sonnenberg, F.A.; Hudson, J.I.; Provenzano, G. Risk of bacterial infection associated with allogeneic blood transfusion among patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Transfusion 1999, 39, 694–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mooney, J.; Erickson, N.; Salehani, A.; Laskay, N.; Mahavadi, A.; Ilyas, A.; Mainali, B.; Agarwal, N.; Godzik, J. Microendoscopic lumbar discectomy with general versus local anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. N. Am. Spine Soc. J. 2022, 10, 100129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernandez, N.S.; Wang, A.Y.; Kanter, M.; Olmos, M.; Ahsan, T.; Liu, P.; Balonov, K.; Riesenburger, R.I.; Kryzanski, J. Assessing the impact of spinal versus general anesthesia on postoperative urinary retention in elective spinal surgery patients. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2022, 222, 107454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perthen, J.E.; Ali, T.; McCulloch, D.; Navidi, M.; Phillips, A.W.; Sinclair, R.C.F.; Griffin, S.M.; Greystoke, A.; Petrides, G. Intra- and interobserver variability in skeletal muscle measurements using computed tomography images. Eur. J. Radiol. 2018, 109, 142–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1.
Measurement of total skeletal muscle mass in the erector spinae muscles at the level of the spinous process with the 12th thoracic vertebra. Erector spinae muscles are represented in green color.
Figure 1.
Measurement of total skeletal muscle mass in the erector spinae muscles at the level of the spinous process with the 12th thoracic vertebra. Erector spinae muscles are represented in green color.
Figure 2.
Flow chart for selection and classification of the patients.
Figure 3.
Receiver operating characteristic curve for the sum of cross-sectional area of the right and the left erector spinae muscles (CSABoth) (A) and postoperative red blood cell transfusion (B).
Figure 3.
Receiver operating characteristic curve for the sum of cross-sectional area of the right and the left erector spinae muscles (CSABoth) (A) and postoperative red blood cell transfusion (B).
Table 1.
Postoperative complications after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery during hospitalisation.
Table 1.
Postoperative complications after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery during hospitalisation.
| Complications | Number of Patients | |
|---|---|---|
| Neurologic complications | ||
| Delirium | 3 | |
| Cerebral infarction | 0 | |
| Pulmonary complications | ||
| Atelectasis | 10 | |
| Pneumonia | 12 | |
| Pleural effusion | 2 | |
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | 1 | |
| Cardiac complications | ||
| Hemodynamic instability | 4 | |
| Arrythmia | 2 | |
| GI or hepatic complications | ||
| Hepatic enzyme elevation | 2 | |
| Renal complications | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 8 | |
| Urinary tract infection | 15 | |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 9 | |
| Wound-related complications | 5 |
Data are expressed as number of patients. Sixteen patients had two types of complications; five patients had three types of complications. Abbreviations: GI, gastrointestinal.
Table 2.
Demographic data.
| With Cxs (n = 52) | Without Cxs (n = 141) | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 22/30 | 48/93 | 0.289 | |
| Age (years) | 74 ± 8 | 72 ± 7 | 0.090 | |
| Height (cm) | 157 ± 7.0 | 158 ± 7.4 | 0.870 | |
| Weight (kg) | 58 ± 11 | 59 ± 11 | 0.439 | |
| Underlying dz | ||||
| HTN | 29 | 60 | 0.102 | |
| DM | 27 | 46 | 0.014 | |
| CVA history | 3 | 7 | 0.492 | |
| Pulmonary dz | 11 | 10 | 0.005 | |
| Cardiovascular dz | 22 | 43 | 0.167 | |
| Renal dz | 7 | 13 | 0.113 | |
| Medication | ||||
| ACEi or ARB | 25 | 57 | 0.213 | |
| β-blocker | 10 | 15 | 0.138 | |
| CCB | 2 | 13 | 0.101 | |
| Diuretics | 11 | 22 | 0.363 | |
| Hypoglycaemic | 24 | 41 | 0.026 | |
| Antiplatelet | 17 | 45 | 0.221 | |
| ASA PS | ||||
| I | 6 | 47 | 0.006 | |
| II | 29 | 79 | 0.974 | |
| III | 17 | 15 | <0.001 | |
| PLIF surgery level | ||||
| 1 level | 8 | 45 | 0.022 | |
| 2 levels | 30 | 60 | 0.061 | |
| 3 levels | 11 | 32 | 0.819 | |
| 4 levels | 2 | 3 | 0.505 | |
| 5 levels | 1 | 1 | 0.460 | |
| Anaesthesia time (min) | 304 (259–340) | 284 (247–352) | 0.965 | |
| Operation time (min) | 251 (215–290) | 229 (195–305) | 0.833 | |
| RBC transfusion (pack) | ||||
| Preoperative | - | - | - | |
| Intraoperative | 0.00 (0.00–2.00) | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.235 | |
| Postoperative | 2.00 (0.00–2.00) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00) | 0.001 | |
| Hospitalisation (days) | 25 ± 13 | 16 ± 6 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as number of patients, mean ± standard deviation or median (first-third quartiles). Abbreviations: With Cxs, with postoperative complications after PLIF surgeries; Without Cxs; without postoperative complications after PLIF surgeries; M, male; F, female; dz, disease; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ASA PS, American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status; PLIF, posterior lumbar interbody fusion; RBC, red blood cell.
Table 3.
Preoperative pulmonary function test (PFT) and the sum of cross-sectional area of the right and the left erector spinae muscles (CSABoth).
Table 3.
Preoperative pulmonary function test (PFT) and the sum of cross-sectional area of the right and the left erector spinae muscles (CSABoth).
| With Cxs | Without Cxs | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSABoth (mm2) | 2666.70 (2239.73–2875.10) | 3060.30 (2749.25–3473.70) | <0.001 | |
| Preoperative PFT | ||||
| FVC (L) | 2.81 (2.31–3.55) | 3.23 (2.51–3.69) | 0.033 | |
| FEV1 (L) | 2.13 (1.74–2.51) | 2.43 (1.93–2.91) | 0.002 | |
| FEV1/FVC | 76.00 (70.25–78.00) | 76.00 (72.00–80.00) | 0.295 | |
| PNI | 47.18 ± 5.62 | 51.12 ± 7.37 | 0.001 |
Data are expressed as number of patients (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (first-third quartiles). Abbreviations: With Cxs, with postoperative complications after PLIF surgeries; Without Cxs; without postoperative complications after PLIF surgeries; CSABoth, sum of the cross-sectional areas of the right and left erector spinae muscles; PFT, pulmonary function test; FVC, functional vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume at first second; PNI, prognostic nutritional index.
Table 4.
Predictors for postoperative complications after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery during hospitalisation.
Table 4.
Predictors for postoperative complications after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery during hospitalisation.
| Variables | Univariable | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio | p Value | Hazard Ratio | p Value | ||
| Gender | 0.704 (0.367–1.350) | 0.290 | |||
| Age | 1.040 (0.994–1.088) | 0.091 | |||
| Height | 1.024 (0.884–1.334) | 0.564 | |||
| Weight | 1.113 (0.702–1.513) | 0.448 | |||
| Underlying dz | |||||
| HTN | 1.565 (0.925–3.686) | 0.480 | |||
| DM | 2.230 (1.167–4.264) | 0.015 | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.820 (0.856–3.465) | 0.148 | |||
| Pulmonary disease | 3.515 (1.393–8.867) | 0.008 | |||
| CVA hx | 1.665 (0.384–7.229) | 0.496 | |||
| Renal disease | 2.667 (0.970–7.334) | 0.150 | |||
| Current medications | |||||
| ACEi or ARB | 1.702 (0.897–3.232) | 0.104 | |||
| β-blocker | 0.893 (0.543–1.160) | 0.098 | |||
| CCB | 0.193 (0.025–1.514) | 0.118 | |||
| Diuretic | 1.451 (0.648–3.250) | 0.365 | |||
| Hypoglycaemic agent | 1.035 (0.477–2.249) | 0.930 | |||
| Antiplatelet agents | 1.084 (0.786–2.044) | 0.219 | |||
| ASA PS | |||||
| I | 0.261 (0.104–0.655) | 0.004 | 0.307 (0.110–0.852) | 0.023 | |
| II | 1.011 (0.533–1.917) | 0.974 | |||
| III | 4.080 (1.854–8.980) | <0.001 | 4.033 (1.586–10.254) | 0.003 | |
| CSABoth | 0.999 (0.998–0.999) | <0.001 | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | <0.001 | |
| Preoperative PFT | |||||
| FVC (L) | 0.635 (0.435–0.927) | 0.019 | |||
| FEV1 (L) | 0.374 (0.204–0.686) | 0.001 | |||
| FEV1/FVC | 0.995 (0.960–1.031) | 0.785 | |||
| PNI | 0.917 (0.871–0.965) | 0.001 | |||
| PLIF surgery level | |||||
| 1 level | 0.388 (0.169–0.892) | 0.026 | |||
| 2 levels | 1.841 (0.967–3.504) | 0.063 | |||
| 3 levels | 0.914 (0.422–1.981) | 0.819 | |||
| 4 levels | 1.840 (0.299–11.336) | 0.511 | |||
| 5 levels | 0.364 (0.022–5.933) | 0.478 | |||
| Anaesthesia time | 1.000 (0.995–1.005) | 0.892 | |||
| Operation time | 1.000 (0.995–1.005) | 0.993 | |||
| RBC transfusion | |||||
| Preoperative | - | - | |||
| Intraoperative | 0.762 (0.539–1.078) | 0.124 | |||
| Postoperative | 1.554 (1.210–1.996) | 0.001 | 1.603 (1.193–2.152) | 0.002 | |
Abbreviations: dz, disease; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ASA PS, American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status; CSABoth, sum of cross-sectional area of right and left erector spinae muscles; PFT, pulmonary function test; FVC, functional vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume at first second; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; PLIF, posterior lumbar interbody fusion; RBC, red blood cell.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Hong, S.-W.; Rhee, K.-Y.; Kim, T.-H.; Kim, S.-H. Back Muscle Mass as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5332. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165332
AMA Style
Hong S-W, Rhee K-Y, Kim T-H, Kim S-H. Back Muscle Mass as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(16):5332. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165332
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Seung-Wan, Ka-Young Rhee, Tae-Hoon Kim, and Seong-Hyop Kim. 2023. "Back Muscle Mass as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 16: 5332. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165332
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
