Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Hydroxytyrosol Affect the Development and Neurotransmitter Profile of the Hippocampus in a Pig Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Animals and Experimental Procedure
2.3. Sample Preparation and Neurotransmitter Quantification
2.4. Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Hippocampus
2.5. Image Processing and Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Maternal Supplementation with HTX on Immunohistochemical Markers in the Hippocampus of NBW and LBW Fetuses
3.2. Effects of Maternal Supplementation with HTX on the Neurotransmitter Profile in Several Brain Areas of NBW and LBW Fetuses
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects on Hippocampal Development
4.2. Effects on the Neurotransmitter Profile in the Hippocampus
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NBW | LBW | p-Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Body Weight | Interaction | |||||
CA1 | Cell Count | CTRL | 143.06 ± 9.02 Aa | 87.25 ± 11.40 Ab | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.035 |
HTX | 170.86 ± 9.69 Ba | 162.00 ± 6.04 Ba | |||||
Mean size (µm2) | CTRL | 1352.44 ± 247.19 Aa | 2961.48 ± 676.06 Ab | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.015 | |
HTX | 817.85 ± 61.87 Aa | 834.88 ± 44.94 Ba | |||||
Area (%) | CTRL | 33.48 ± 1.29 Aa | 41.63 ± 2.76 Ab | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.033 | |
HTX | 30.07 ± 0.99 Aa | 31.07 ± 1.14 Ba | |||||
DG | Cell Count | CTRL | 79.91 ± 2.25 Aa | 79.33 ± 4.55 Aa | 0.045 | 0.831 | 0.719 |
HTX | 86.50 ± 3.64 Aa | 88.75 ± 6.03 Aa | |||||
Mean size (µm2) | CTRL | 1449.37 ± 51.72 Aa | 1620.75 ± 116.92 Aa | <0.001 | 0.677 | 0.014 | |
HTX | 1248.78 ± 62.85 Ba | 1009.78 ± 48.95 Ba | |||||
Area (%) | CTRL | 26.34 ± 0.55 Aa | 28.76 ± 0.61 Ab | <0.001 | 0.282 | <0.001 | |
HTX | 24.49 ± 0.49 Ba | 20.52 ± 0.76 Bb |
NBW | LBW | p-Values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Body Weight | Interaction | ||||
NA | CTRL | 57.82 ± 3.13 Aa | 73.47 ± 10.71 Aa | <0.001 | 0.383 | 0.235 |
HTX | 81.20 ± 4.07 Ba | 81.53 ± 13.24 Aa | ||||
DA | CTRL | 95.86 ± 10.99 Aa | 106.74 ± 13.06 Aa | 0.788 | 0.414 | 0.374 |
HTX | 88.85 ± 5.18 Aa | 85.58 ± 9.92 Aa | ||||
DOPAC | CTRL | 53.72 ± 7.22 Aa | 57.24 ± 16.99 Aa | <0.001 | 0.703 | 0.824 |
HTX | 76.71 ± 8.73 Ba | 97.42 ± 32.47 Aa | ||||
HVA | CTRL | 197.59 ± 14.50 Aa | 259.56 ± 31.19 Ab | <0.001 | 0.076 | 0.404 |
HTX | 270.10 ± 14.04 Ba | 306.08 ± 46.88 Aa | ||||
DOPtotal | CTRL | 347.17 ± 24.87 Aa | 423.54 ± 49.48 Aa | 0.001 | 0.140 | 0.480 |
HTX | 435.66 ± 19.97 Ba | 489.08 ± 78.44 Aa | ||||
CATtotal | CTRL | 404.99 ± 26.96 Aa | 497.00 ± 59.46 Aa | <0.001 | 0.151 | 0.433 |
HTX | 516.86 ± 22.09 Ba | 570.61 ± 88.46 Aa | ||||
5-HT | CTRL | 167.74 ± 8.29 Aa | 221.61 ± 17.48 Ab | 0.017 | 0.482 | 0.019 |
HTX | 216.95 ± 11.75 Ba | 195.07 ± 31.84 Aa | ||||
5-HIAA | CTRL | 85.51 ± 4.57 Aa | 102.58 ± 8.98 Aa | 0.155 | 0.461 | 0.096 |
HTX | 94.76 ± 3.07 Ba | 90.99 ± 12.18 Aa | ||||
INDtotal | CTRL | 253.25 ± 11.84 Aa | 324.19 ± 23.37 Ab | 0.026 | 0.468 | 0.021 |
HTX | 311.71 ± 13.64 Ba | 286.05 ± 43.64 Aa |
Females | Males | p-Values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight | Sex | Interaction | ||||
NA | NBW | 68.58 ± 3.56 | 68.76 ± 4.65 | 0.421 | 0.915 | 0.990 |
LBW | 75.95 ± 10.79 | 77.03 ± 12.90 | ||||
DA | NBW | 93.89 ± 9.38 | 90.81 ± 7.82 | 0.316 | 0.546 | 0.656 |
LBW | 91.75 ± 12.57 | 105.85 ± 13.58 | ||||
DOPAC | NBW | 65.19 ± 7.76 | 63.23 ± 8.49 | 0.928 | 0.413 | 0.534 |
LBW | 81.90 ± 25.69 | 62.72 ± 21.23 | ||||
HVA | NBW | 228.31 ± 13.48 | 235.27 ± 18.19 | 0.107 | 0.715 | 0.619 |
LBW | 293.77 ± 39.25 | 260.24 ± 35.56 | ||||
DOPtotal | NBW | 387.38 ± 21.60 | 389.30 ± 27.33 | 0.170 | 0.735 | 0.700 |
LBW | 467.42 ± 60.54 | 428.80 ± 61.21 | ||||
CATtotal | NBW | 455.96 ± 23.58 | 458.07 ± 30.75 | 0.185 | 0.747 | 0.753 |
LBW | 543.38 ± 70.25 | 505.83 ± 72.12 | ||||
5-HT | NBW | 188.55 ± 10.20 | 193.35 ± 11.11 | 0.316 | 0.819 | 0.576 |
LBW | 214.33 ± 21.08 | 208.98 ± 25.20 | ||||
5-HIAA | NBW | 88.64 ± 3.18 | 91.43 ± 5.30 | 0.314 | 0.427 | 0.371 |
LBW | 103.44 ± 8.53 | 93.03 ± 11.72 | ||||
INDtotal | NBW | 277.19 ± 12.29 | 284.79 ± 15.06 | 0.300 | 0.693 | 0.514 |
LBW | 317.76 ± 28.64 | 302.01 ± 34.02 |
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Yeste, N.; Gómez, N.; Vázquez-Gómez, M.; García-Contreras, C.; Pumarola, M.; González-Bulnes, A.; Bassols, A. Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Hydroxytyrosol Affect the Development and Neurotransmitter Profile of the Hippocampus in a Pig Model. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101505
Yeste N, Gómez N, Vázquez-Gómez M, García-Contreras C, Pumarola M, González-Bulnes A, Bassols A. Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Hydroxytyrosol Affect the Development and Neurotransmitter Profile of the Hippocampus in a Pig Model. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101505
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeste, Natalia, Néstor Gómez, Marta Vázquez-Gómez, Consolación García-Contreras, Martí Pumarola, Antonio González-Bulnes, and Anna Bassols. 2021. "Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Hydroxytyrosol Affect the Development and Neurotransmitter Profile of the Hippocampus in a Pig Model" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101505