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Article

Li-Cs-Na-Rich Beryl from Beryl-Bearing Pegmatite Dike No. 7 of the Shongui Deposit, Kola Province, Russia

by
Lyudmila N. Morozova
1,2,*,
Sergey G. Skublov
3,4,
Dmitry R. Zozulya
2,
Pavel A. Serov
2,
Elena S. Borisenko
2,
Anna N. Solovjova
2 and
Alexandra K. Gavrilchik
4
1
All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Mineral Resources Named after N.M. Fedorovsky, 31 Staromonetny Lane, 119017 Moscow, Russia
2
Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Fersman St., 184209 Apatity, Russia
3
Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Makarova Embankment, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
4
St. Petersburg Mining University, Mining Museum, 21st Line 2, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Geosciences 2023, 13(10), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13100309
Submission received: 28 August 2023 / Revised: 7 October 2023 / Accepted: 13 October 2023 / Published: 16 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Critical Metal-Bearing Mineral Deposits)
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Abstract

:
Beryl is both an accessory and a rock-forming mineral in pegmatites that contain beryl, making it a major source of Be. Beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit, located in the Kola province of the Northeastern Fennoscandian Shield, hold beryl with a yellowish-greenish color. An investigation into the chemical composition of this beryl from pegmatite dike No. 7 has been performed for the first time via the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique, and the chemical composition of the beryl-bearing pegmatites has been analyzed for the first time by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. These pegmatites have high concentrations (ppm) of Be (11.8), Li (30.9), Rb (482), Nb (50.3), Ta (14.6), Cs (66.8), and Mn (283) and low concentrations of Sr, Y, Ba, rare earth elements (REE), Zr, and Th. In the Shongui pegmatite field, concentrations of Be, Li, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, and Mn increase from barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites, whereas concentrations of Ba, Sr, Y, and REE decline. Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Zr/Hf ratios, showing the fractionation degree, change from the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites: Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr increase from 111 and 0.46 to 1365 and 8.06, respectively, and Zr/Hf decreases from 18.9 to 14.5. The chemical composition of beryl from the Shongui deposit is unique. This mineral has a concentration of 25,300 ppm of alkalis (Li, Cs, K, Rb, Na) and the average Li, Ce, and Na content is 4430, 5000, and 15,400 ppm, respectively. According to its chemical composition, the Shongui beryl belongs to the Li-Cs-Na type, a type that is not recognized in the available classifications. It is supposed that this beryl was mainly crystallized in the magmatic stage rather than in any hydrothermal and metasomatic stages. Two beryl groups have been distinguished in beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7: beryl from the intermediate zone (Brl-I) and beryl from the core zone (Brl-II). These beryls are concluded to have crystallized in the following order: Brl-I and then Brl-II. Compared with Brl-I, Brl-II is depleted in Cs, Na, Cl, and H2O and is enriched in Fe and Mn. The Fe/Mn ratio varies from 9.18 to 16.50 in these beryls and their yellowish-greenish shades are thought to be driven by a large amount of Fe compared to Mn.

1. Introduction

Beryl is an aluminosilicate mineral of beryllium and is one of main sources of this rare lithophile element. Be is a silvery white and light refractory metal whose alloys with Cu, Al, Mg, Ni, and other metals have unique properties and are widely used in hi-tech industries. These alloys posses elevated hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance and are critical for nuclear power engineering, the electronic industry, the petrochemical sector, the automobile industry, aerospace engineering, and the medical and military industries. Thus, high-purity Be is a strategic and critical material necessary for the production of national defense facilities.
The history of the discovery and geochemistry of beryl and the value of its ores are discussed in numerous publications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. In rare metal pegmatites of the lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) family (after classification in [14]), beryl is associated with commercially valued minerals of Cs, Li, Nb, and Ta. Nowadays, pegmatites of the LCT family are specifically considered as one of main sources for Be [15,16,17,18]. Moreover, beryl is produced from pegmatites of the complex NYF (niobium, yttrium, fluorine)–LCT type (e.g., pegmatites from Anjanabonoina (Madagascar) [19]).
In view of the beryl production, principal pegmatite sites are located in Brazil (Minas Gerais), Portugal (Covas do Barroso pegmatite district), Mozambique (Alto Ligonhain), Canada (Tanco), Namibia (Donkerhoek), Zimbabwe (Bikita, Benson), China (Fujian Province), and Australia (Greenbushes) [12]. Major deposits occur in the USA and are associated with the pegmatite bodies of Kings Mountain (North Carolina), Tin Mountain, and the Black Hills (South Dakota). In Russia, major beryl deposits are known in the Urals (Emerald mines), the Transbaikal region (Adun-Chelon, Sherlovaya Gora), and the Kola Peninsula [18,20].
Another important characteristic of beryl is that its chemical composition provides information on the origin and evolution of granitic pegmatites [10,16,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. Beryl has the ideal formula Be3Al2Si6O18 but its chemical composition often differs from this due to trace element impurities that occur in the lattice of this mineral [10,21,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. Na, Li, Cs, and Fe along with H2O can be present in high concentrations [11,34,35,36]. Trace element impurities also include K, Rb, Mn, V, Cr, Ca, B, F, and some others [2,3,24,27,34,37]. The concentrations of alkali elements, Fe, and Mg together with their ratios in beryl are important in establishing the mineral-forming environments of granitic pegmatites, as well as the differentiation degrees of their parental melts [10,11,21,27,38,39]. The trace element content and mineral, fluid, and melt inclusions in beryl are also used for these purposes [37,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. Meanwhile, some aspects of the crystallization of beryl in different environments and under P–T conditions are widely discussed. Contention still exists regarding the impact of the crystal growth conditions and chemical composition on the internal structure and shape of beryl crystals. In addition, some aspects of the classification of this mineral remain incomplete [10,13,26,34,48,49,50].
Beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit with lithium-tantalum-niobium mineralization are located in the Archean Kola province of the Northeastern Fennoscandian Shield (NW Russia). The internal structure of these pegmatites is well documented [51,52], but the mineralogy and geochemistry of these rocks, along with the geochemistry of the beryl, have not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this work is to study the chemical composition of the beryl-bearing pegmatites and beryl of the Shongui deposit.

2. Geological Setting

The Shongui deposit of beryl-bearing pegmatites was discovered in 1953 and is part of the eponymous pegmatite field located in the Archean Kola-Norwegian terrane of the Kola province [51,52] (Figure 1). The Kola-Norwegian terrane is dominated by tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses [53,54], which are intercalated with peraluminous metasedimentary rocks, enderbites, charnockites, and amphibolites. This also contains the Neoarchean Olenegorsk greenstone belt, with deposits of banded iron formations. TTG rocks have an age of 2.8–2.9 Ga and were formed by the partial melting of a mafic lower crust, with pressures varying over a broad range; 2.72–2.63 Ga old granitoids are also present [55,56,57]. The metasedimentary rocks are interpreted as former mudstones and greywackes. A mature intraplate setting was formed 2.67 Ga ago, and crustal growth continued until ca. 2.6 Ga. An Archean orogeny occurred 2.6–2.8 Ga ago and was followed by the Paleoproterozoic Lapland-Kola collisional orogeny, which took place from ~2.0 to 1.86 Ga [55].
The Shongui pegmatite field holds both beryl-bearing and barren pegmatites (Figure 2), which have been distinguished by mineralogical and structural studies; however, age relationships between these pegmatites remain unclear. The Shongui deposit consists of three dikes of beryl-bearing pegmatites. The best-studied dike (dike No. 7) trends northwest, dipping southwest at an angle of 45°. Beryl from this dike has been chosen as the main object of our study.
Beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 is 1 km long and 60 to 80 m thick, extends down to a depth of 180 m, and cross-cuts amphibolites. This is composed of the border, intermediate, and central zones (Figure 3). The border zone consists of a 10–15 cm thick quartz-plagioclase aplitic zone and a band 10–20 cm thick composed of a medium-grained quartz-albite-microcline aggregate. Amphibolites that are in direct contact with the border zone contain quartz, albite, biotite, tourmaline, and epidote.
The intermediate zone is composed of (i) medium-grained and coarse-grained K-feldspar (±quartz, albite or muscovite) (quartz-albite-microcline aggregates); (ii) megacrystic blocky K-feldspars (±quartz) (quartz-microcline aggregates); (iii) lamellar albite (cleavelandite) (±quartz) (quartz-cleavelandite aggregates). The central zone is composed of the quartz core (±muscovite or albite) (albite-muscovite-quartz aggregates). All these aggregates are partially replaced with later aggregates almost completely composed of saccharoid albite (±fine-grained quartz or fine flake muscovite).
The main minerals of the beryl-bearing pegmatites are quartz (30–35 vol. %), plagioclase (30–35 vol. %), and K-feldspar (20–25 vol. %). Beryl and spodumene are minor minerals. Accessories include minerals of the columbite group, tourmaline, muscovite, garnet, zircon, apatite, graphite, galena, molybdenite, ilmenite, magnetite, cassiterite, uraninite, and iron and manganese hydroxides [51,52].
The barren pegmatites intrude the amphibolites, biotite, and amphibole-biotite gneisses (Figure 2), have a simple mineral composition, and consist of quartz (35–45 vol. %), K-feldspar (45–60 vol. %), and plagioclase (25–30 vol. %) [51,52].

3. Analytical Methods and Samples

3.1. ICP-MS Method

The concentrations of trace elements in the beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on the NexION 300S (PerkinElmer Inc, USA) at the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UrB RAS (Yekaterinburg, Russia). Ultrapure deionized water filtered using the AriumPro (Sartorius, Germany) system (18.2 MΩ × cm−1) was used at each stage of the analysis. All the acids applied (HNO3, HCl, HF) were extra-distilled under a temperature below boiling point (sub-boiling distillation). The operation mode of the NexION 300S mass spectrometer for the multi-element analysis of the sample was as follows: radiofrequency oscillator capacity—1300 W, cone interface material—platinum. All measurements were conducted using quantitative analysis with calibration curves constructed. Multi-element standard solutions (PerkinElmer Instruments) certified according to ISO 9001 standard (https://www.iso.org/iso-9001-quality-management.html) were used to construct calibration curves. To control the accuracy and precision of the microelement composition detection, certified samples of basalt BCR-2 and andesite AGV-2 (USGS) were used. The obtained concentrations of rare elements, including rare earth elements, complied with the attested values with acceptable variation of 15%.

3.2. SIMS Techmique

The content of trace and minor elements, water, and volatiles in beryl was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) using a Cameca IMS-4f ion microprobe (CAMECA, Gennevillier, France) at the Yaroslavl Branch of the Institute of Physics and Technology (IPT) named after K.A. Valiev, Russian Academy of Sciences. The basics of the measurement techniques corresponded to those described in detail in [46,58,59,60,61,62]. Below, we report only some important information. Calibration curves were determined on the measurements of the set of standard samples [63,64]. Calibrations were obtained using samples of natural and artificial glasses that covered a wide range of variation in SiO2 (41.00–77.00 wt. %) and water (0.1–8 wt. %) concentrations [65,66,67,68,69] (unpublished data by R.E. Bocharnikov). The maximal deviation from the reference value did not exceed 15%, and the calculation error was 7%. A similar approach was used to calculate fluorine and chlorine concentrations, which were determined using standard glass NIST-610 [70] as a monitor before an analytical session.
Petrographic studies were carried out with an Axioplan-2 Imaging Microscope equipped with a digital camera and an image processing system (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, Goettingen, Germany) at the Geological Institute KSC RAS.

3.3. Samples

Samples of the quartz-albite-microcline, quartz-microcline, and quartz-cleavelandite aggregates were taken from the intermediate zone and samples of the albite-muscovite-quartz aggregates from the central zone of beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 (Figure 3). For comparison, barren pegmatites were also sampled from three dikes that occur in amphibolites northwest of dike No. 7 (Figure 2). For comparison, we took trench samples across barren pegmatite dikes that occur in amphibolites northwest of dike No. 7. In total, 12 samples of beryl-bearing pegmatites and three samples of barren pegmatites were taken. The weight of samples varied from 20 to 40 kg in dependence on the size of rock-forming minerals.
Beryl samples were gathered from the following aggregates: beryl-I (Brl-Ia) from the quartz-albite-microcline aggregate, beryl-Ib (Brl-Ib) from the quartz-microcline aggregate, beryl-Ic (Brl-Ic) from the quartz-cleavelandite aggregate (Figure 4 and Figure 5a,b), and beryl-II (Brl-II) from the albite-muscovite-quartz aggregate (Figure 5c,d). The size of the beryl crystals varied from 1–2 cm to 0.5 m across. These were characterized by yellowish-green, greenish-yellow, grayish-green, and yellow colors and were transparent and translucent. The beryl crystals contained inclusions of acicular tourmaline, microcrystalline apatite, garnet, quartz, albite, and minerals of the columbite group.

4. Results

4.1. Geochemistry of the Beryl-Bearing Pegmatites

Data on the concentrations of rare elements in the quartz-albite-microcline, quartz-microcline, quartz-cleavelandite, and albite-muscovite-quartz aggregates are given in Table 1.
The maximal average Be content was established in the albite-muscovite-quartz (25.3 ppm) and quartz-cleavelandite (19.9 ppm) aggregates. The Be content was 0.77 ppm in the quartz-microcline aggregates and 1.07 ppm in the quartz-albite-microcline aggregates. The Li content varied from 7 to 90 ppm, while the Ce content varied from 3.5 to 223 ppm. The Mn content varied from 27 to 1400 ppm. The maximal average concentrations of Rb (1667 ppm), Cs (223 ppm), Ta (8.67 ppm), and Pb (23.7 ppm) were determined in the quartz-microcline aggregates. The quartz-albite-microcline aggregates had the lowest average concentrations of Li (7.0 ppm), Nb (1.60 ppm), Ta (0.18 ppm), Cs (4.33 ppm), and Ta (0.27 ppm).
The Nb content ranged from 1.5 to 250 ppm, while the Ta content varied from 0.15 to 54 ppm. The average Nb content in the albite-muscovite-quartz (158 ppm) and quartz-cleavelandite (36.7 ppm) aggregates was higher than the Nb content in the quartz-microcline (5.43 ppm) and quartz-albite-microcline (1.60 ppm) aggregates. The Ta distribution showed a similar trend. The Ta content was, on average, 36.3 and 14.8 ppm in the albite-muscovite-quartz and quartz-cleavelandite aggregates, respectively, whereas, in the quartz-microcline and quartz-albite-microcline aggregates, these were 7.07 and 0.18 ppm, respectively.
All the aggregates were depleted in Ba (9–40 ppm), Sr (50–70 ppm), Y (0.06–1.9 ppm), and REE (0.45–15.7 ppm). Meanwhile, the beryl-bearing pegmatites taken as a whole were depleted in Ni, Cr, Co, Se, Cd, Te, Bi, Th, and V, with concentrations of these elements being less than 1 ppm.
The beryl-bearing pegmatites demonstrate a negative slope of REE patterns ((La/Lu)n = 2.60–33.47) (Figure 6) and have light REE/heavy REE (LREE/HREE) ratios, which vary from 3.07 to 12.64. The quartz-microcline aggregate shows a positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 1.29–2.19), which is related to the high content of the microcline. Negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.17–0.81) are typical of the quartz-albite-microcline, quartz-cleavelandite, and albite-muscovite-quartz aggregates. In the beryl-bearing pegmatites, the fractionation degree of HREE ((Gd/Lu)n) ranges from 0.78 to 4.92, while that of LREE ((La/Sm)n) varies from 1.95 to 6.76. Compared with the highly evolved albite-spodumene pegmatites of the Kolmozero Lithium Deposit (Figure 1) [18,71], these rocks have a higher value of the fractionation index (Zr/Hf [72]) (14.6 and 6.12, respectively).

4.2. Geochemistry of the Barren Pegmatites

Compared to the beryl-bearing pegmatites, the barren pegmatites show lower concentrations (ppm) of Li (14.8), Be (1.07), Rb (48.7), Nb (0.41), Cs (3.33), Ta (0.24), Mn (70.0), Sn (0.70), Cr (12.0), and As (4.07), and elevated concentrations (ppm) of Ti (86.7), Sr (110), Y (6.00), Ba (190), Pb (14.3), REE (28.3), Zr (27.1), and Th (4.53). The REE patterns demonstrate a slight negative slope ((La/Lu)n = 4.62–8.90) and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.13–0.77). The fractionation degree of HREE ((Gd/Lu)n) slightly varies from 2.07 to 2.31 and that of LREE ((La/Sm)n) from 2.10 to 2.90 (Figure 6). The LREE/HREE ratio changes also slightly, from 5.10 to 5.68. The content of light, medium, and heavy REE decreases from the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites. The barren pegmatites have an average fractionation index (Zr/Hf) of 18.9, which is higher than in the beryl-bearing pegmatites (14.6).

4.3. Geochemistry of Beryl

4.3.1. Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE)

Large-ion lithophile elements occur both in beryl lattice sites and in channels between rings of silicon oxide tetrahedra [42]. Among alkali elements, the Na content is highest (15,400 ppm; hereafter, the value is provided as a mean for an analysis set) (Table 2). The Na content in Brl-II (13,200 ppm) is lower than in Brl-Ia (16,400 ppm), Brl-Ib (16,900 ppm), and Brl-Ic (15,100 ppm). Furthermore, this increases from the crystal core towards the rim; for example, the Na content in Brl-1b is 12,600 ppm in the core and 19,200 ppm at the rim. The same increase in the Na content is common in other grains, in which cores and rims were analyzed.
Beryl is characterized by high Cs content (5000 ppm; hereafter, the value is provided as the mean). Within the Brl-I group, the Ce content increases from Brl-Ia (5350 ppm) to Brl-Ib (5940 ppm) and then decreases from Brl-Ib to Brl-Ic (5780 ppm); meanwhile, the Ce content in Brl-II (3080 ppm) is remarkably lower than in any Brl-I variety. In Brl-Ib crystals, the Cs content at the rims is slightly higher than that in the core (6000 and 5820 ppm, respectively). Some of the beryl crystals also display increased Cs content at the rims.
The Li content is fairly high (4430 ppm). Li is considered to occur not only in channels of the beryl lattice, but also at the octahedral position Y replacing Al [74,75] or at the tetrahedral position replacing Be [76]. The highest Li concentrations are observed in Brl-Ia (4830 ppm) and Brl-Ic (4740 ppm). In Brl-Ib and Brl-II, the Li content is comparable (4050 and 4080 ppm, respectively). The Li content increases from the core to rim in all analyzed beryl crystals.
The K content is 308 ppm on average and decreases from Brl-Ia (294 ppm) to Brl-Ib (288 ppm) and then increases for Brl-Ic (305 ppm) and Brl-II (345 ppm). Within one crystal, the K content can be both increasing (in three cases) and decreasing towards the rims. In general, the Ca content (97.2 ppm) correlates with the K content. The Rb content is fairly consistent in all beryl samples (159 ppm). No correlation with geochemically related elements has been established. The Sr abundance is extremely low (0.73 ppm).
Apart from LILE, molecules of the H2O and/or OH group, as well as Cl and F, can occur in channels in the beryl lattice. The measured H2O content is 38,100 ppm on average. Notably, the H2O content rises towards the rim in three samples (except Brl-Ia, in which it remains unchanged).
Beryl has markedly high Cl content (9500 ppm). Brl-II shows the lowest average concentrations of Cl (8177 ppm). The average Cl concentrations in Brl-Ia (9850 ppm), Brl-Ib (11,000 ppm), and Brl-Ic (8970 ppm) are higher than in Brl-II. The Cl content increases from the crystal core to the rim in all samples. The F content is fairly low and varies from 6.68 to 12.9 ppm (9.74 ppm). However, this element tends to increase towards the crystal rim in all samples.

4.3.2. Transition Metals

These elements, including Fe, substitute Al in the octahedral position Y [74,76]. The Fe impurity is most significant, and its content varies from 766 to 1750 ppm (1150 ppm on average). Fe is distributed irregularly within a grain.
Other transition metals are present in far smaller amounts. The Ni content is 224 ppm. Beryl-II (194 ppm) contains less Ni than the other samples of Brl-I. Cr shows a positive correlation with Ni (correlation coefficient, r2 = 0.91). The average Cr content is 33.1 ppm in all analyzed beryls. In each sample, the average Cr content is at the same level. Within grains, no regular variations in the Cr abundance have been determined.
Mn shows a positive correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.72). Its average content is 92.2 ppm. No zonal distribution has been observed within one grain. Mg also shows a strong correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.76), and its average content is 59.6 ppm. Notably, Brl-II shows higher Mg content than any varieties of Brl-I (73.5 ppm).
The content of transition elements such as Ti, Sc, V, and Co is fairly low (10.4, 6.46, 2.89, and 1.81 ppm, respectively). The content of Ga, a rare “twin” element of Al, is 12.0 ppm on average. Its distribution is not zonal and varies in a narrow range of 10.4 to 14.1 ppm. In the beryl lattice, B and P replace Si in the tetrahedron [76]. The B content is minor, about 0.65 ppm, and remains constant in all grains.
The average content of Li, Ce, and Na in beryl from the beryl-bearing pegmatites is 4430, 5000, and 15,400 ppm, respectively. Brl-II from the central zone, compared with Brl-I from the intermediate zone, is depleted in Cs, Na, Cl, and H2O and is enriched in Mn and Fe (Table 2).
The iron content in all beryl varieties of the Shongui deposit is higher than the Mn content, and the Fe/Mn ratio varies from 9.18 to 16.50. The beryl color is controlled mainly by the composition of impurities, i.e., chromophores, which include Fe2+ and Fe3+ (yellow, green, and blue color) and Mn2+ and Mn3+ (pink, red, and emerald green color) [2,10,39]. The color of the Shongui beryl encompasses yellowish-greenish tones. Therefore, the color of this beryl is thought to be controlled by the content of such impurities, or chromophores, as Fe2+ and Fe3+.

5. Discussion

5.1. Beryl Classification

Several classifications of beryl have been developed [2,3,21,34,38]. At the earlier stages of beryl studies, varieties of this mineral were distinguished based on its color, transparency, and, rarely, shape. Widely spread is the classification based on alkali impurities (Na, Li, Cs, Rb, K), which enter into the beryl lattice. For the first time, the significance of the occurrence of alkalis in beryl (first of all, Na, Li, and Cs) was reported by Penfield [77]. In dependence on concrete alkali metals and their abundances, the following varieties of beryl are distinguished [2,3,38]:
  • alkali-free beryl—the amount of alkalis (R2O) ≤ 0.5%;
  • sodium beryl—the amount of alkalis (R2O) > 0.5%;
  • Na-Li beryl—the amount of alkalis (R2O) > 1%;
  • Li-Cs beryl—the amount of alkalis (R2O) > 1%,
  • where R = Na, Li, Cs, Rb, and K.
In the beryl from the beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit, the content of the impurity trace elements is arranged in the following order: Na >> Cs > Li > K > Rb (Table 2). Within beryl crystals, the content of alkalis (Na + Cs + Li + K + Rb) varies from 19,300 to 26,800 ppm in the core, from 19,500 to 27,400 ppm in the intermediate zone, and from 23,900 to 31,900 ppm at the rim. Li, Cs, and Na represent from 97.4 to 98.7 wt.% of the total alkali content. The total content of Li, Cs, and Na varies from 18,800 to 26,300 ppm in the core, from 19,000 to 27,000 ppm in the intermediate zone, and from 23,400 to 31,500 ppm at the rim. Consequently, the Shongui beryl is enriched in Na, Li, and Cs. High content of these alkali metals is a unique characteristic of this beryl. These data make it possible to attribute the Shongui beryl to the Li-Cs-Na type, which is not recognized in the available classifications [2,3,38].
We have compared the trace element compositions of beryl from the Shongui beryl-bearing pegmatites with those of beryl from other pegmatite deposits (unpublished SIMS data of S.G. Skublov and A.K. Gavrilchik and LA-ICP-MS data in [32,78,79]; in total, 49 analyses). According to the concentrations of Li and Cs, the Shongui beryl is comparable to beryl from the Zavitinsky deposit (Figure 7) and differs from it by higher content of Na, Cl, Fe, Cr, Ni, and Co (Figure 8 and Figure 9). The Shongui beryl is characterized by high content of Fe, Na, Cr, Co, and Ni in comparison with beryl from other regions of the world. In beryl from other pegmatite deposits, the Cr content does not exceed 10 ppm, while the Cr content in beryl from the Shongui deposit is mainly 30–40 ppm. The difference in the Fe content is even more notable. In the Shongui beryl, the Fe content is mainly higher than 1000 ppm, whereas the Fe content does not exceed 300 ppm in beryl from other pegmatite deposits.
In the Shongui beryl, the Ni content is mainly higher than 150 ppm, while it is less than 30 ppm in beryl from other deposits. The Co content is fairly low; the difference between the beryl from the Shongui deposit and deposits around the world can be easily traced based on this element. The Co content ranges from 1.5 to 2 ppm and higher, whereas this is commonly not higher than 1 ppm in beryl from other deposits.

5.2. Environment of Beryl Crystallization

According to the experimental data, the temperature, pressure, and enrichment of a pegmatitic melt by SiO2, Al2O3, alkalis, F, P, and H2O influence the crystallization of beryl in pegmatites. In a peralkaline melt with high SiO2 content, the crystallization of beryl decreases with an increase in temperature and increases with the progressive fractionation and complexity of the melt [10,76]. The threshold saturation of Be of a pegmatitic melt is 30 ppm at temperatures of 400–640 °C [26,80].
The Co, Sc, Cr, Ni, Ga, V, and Ti concentrations in beryl from the Shongui deposit are low. In Brl-I and Brl-II, the concentrations of Ga (12 and 12 ppm, respectively) and Sc (6.8 and 5.5 ppm, respectively) are comparable to each other. The content of Ga and Sc has no correlation with other elements and does not provide information about the evolution of the pegmatitic melt.
Some studies have shown that beryl that crystallized at temperatures >300 °C is, as a rule, enriched in Ti, Ta, V, and Cr, whereas beryl that crystallized at temperatures of 200–300 °C tends to be enriched in Zn and Cu [81]. According to [52], beryl from the Shongui deposit is depleted in Ti, V, and Cr and crystallized at high temperatures of 415–460 °C together with feldspars, muscovite, garnet, and tourmaline (plagioclase-alkali-feldspar, muscovite-feldspar, and garnet-tourmaline geothermometers). A high crystallization temperature (>300 °C) is typical for beryl that was formed in the magmatic stage [81]. In the Shongui deposit, Brl-I and Brl-II have average abundances of V (2.9 and 2.6 ppm, respectively), Cr (33 ppm in both varieties), and Ti (10.6 and 9.8 ppm, respectively) and are comparable to each other. Cr shows a positive correlation with Ni (r2 = 0.91) and Co (r2 = 0.56). A positive correlation is also observed between V and Co (r2 = 0.49) and between Ti and Co (r2 = 0.59). In Brl-I and Brl-II, the Co concentrations (1.9 and 1.6 ppm, respectively) are comparable to each other. The Ni content in Brl-II is lower than in Brl-I (194 and 234 ppm, respectively). A positive correlation is observed between Ni and Co (r2 = 0.80).
Brl-I and Brl-II are comparable in their content of F (10 and 9 ppm, respectively) and B (0.7 and 0.5 ppm, respectively), whereas the content of Cl and H2O is higher in Brl-I (9950 and 38,300 ppm, respectively) than in Brl-II (8180 and 37,700 ppm, respectively). According to [2], the greatest amount of water is characteristic of beryl enriched in alkalis. In addition, gas–liquid inclusions in beryl may contain F−1, CO32−, SO42−, and Cl−1 [2].
The content of Mg and Mn in Brl-II (74 and 107 ppm, respectively) is higher than in Brl-I (55 and 87 ppm, respectively). Mn shows a positive correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.72) and Mg (r2 = 0.94) and a negative correlation with Cs (r2 = −0.73). Mg also demonstrates a strong correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.76) and a negative correlation with Cs (r2 = −0.66).

5.3. Petrogenesis and Evolution of the Pegmatite System

According to the classification of Černý and Ercit based on the mineral and chemical composition [14], the beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit can be referred to as the beryl type that includes moderately fractionated beryl-columbite subtype pegmatites of the LCT (Li-Cs-Ta) family. Beryl can be crystallized at any stage of the formation of pegmatite: (i) at the magmatic stage of crystallization of the marginal, near-wall, and central zones of pegmatites, (ii) during metasomatic processes, or (iii) during late hydrothermal events [2,10].
The Na/Li versus Cs plot for beryl from granitic pegmatites (Figure 10) is used to compare the composition of samples of the Shongui beryl with beryl varieties whose compositions are consistent with the magmatic trend in [10]. Except for one analysis, all data-points of the Shongui beryl fall into the field of magmatic trend, while hydrothermal and metasomatic beryl crystals from other pegmatites do not fall into this field (for example, beryl from the granitic pegmatites of Elba, Italy [39]). Therefore, Brl-I and Brl-II of the Shongui deposit were mainly formed in the magmatic stage.
In beryl, the Cs content and the Cs/Na ratio increase, and the Mg content and the Mg/Fe ratio decrease with the increasing degree of magma differentiation during granitic pegmatite evolution [11,27,82]. In the Brl-I varieties, the Cs content is higher and the Mg content is lower than that in Brl-II. These data suggest that the evolution degree of the quartz-albite-microcline, quartz-microcline, and quartz-cleavelandite zones is higher than that of the albite-muscovite-quartz zone (Figure 11). Rims of beryl crystals from all zones are mainly enriched in Cs (Table 2). As an incompatible element, Cs is commonly accumulated in the residual melt, and its concentration would gradually increase in this melt with the deepening of the magmatic process [83].
The average concentration of Be, which is an incompatible element, in the barren pegmatites of the Shongui pegmatite field is 1.07 ppm and shows a tendency to increase up to 11.8 ppm in the beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit. From the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites, the content of incompatible elements such as Li, Rb, and Cs also increases. From the barren pegmatites to beryl-bearing pegmatites, the average content of Cs increases by 20 times, Be by 11 times, Rb by 10 times, Mn by 4 times, Li by 2 times, Ta by 61 times, Tl by 13 times, and Nb by 123 times, whereas the content of Sr, Ba, Y, and REE decreases. The ratios of Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Zr/Hf, showing the fractionation degree, change from the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites: Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr increase from 111 and 0.46 to 1365 and 8.06, respectively, and Zr/Hf decreases from 18.9 to 14.5 (Figure 12).
In the pegmatite system, the fractionation of alkali and alkali–earth elements can be caused by (i) fractional crystallization and (ii) hydrothermal processes. Residual melts become progressively enriched in Rb, Li, Be, and Cs and depleted in Sr, Ba, and REE during crystallization. In contrast, Ba and, to a lesser extent, Sr tend to accumulate at the latest stages of hydrothermal processes [7,83]. The distribution of Ba, Sr, and REE confirms the decisive role of fractional crystallization rather than hydrothermal processes in the evolution of the beryl-bearing pegmatite system of the Shongui deposit.
Therefore, the observed trends in the distribution of incompatible elements in the pegmatites of the Shongui pegmatite field suggest that the barren pegmatites were crystallized in the early stages of the formation of this pegmatite field and the beryl-bearing pegmatites at the later stages. Similar trends have been also reported from other regions of the world (for example, [84]).
The geochemical features of pegmatites, including trace element ratios, can indicate the geochemical specialization of pegmatites [85]. Our data show that beryl-bearing pegmatites differ from barren pegmatites in their concentrations of Be, Li, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, Mn, Sn, Cr, Sr, Ba, Y, Th, Pb, Ti, Zr, and REE (Table 2).

6. Conclusions

  • The chemical composition of beryl from the beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit is unique due to the very high total content of alkalis (Li, Cs, K, Rb, and Na), which is higher than the highest concentrations of Li, Cs, and Na reported from other beryl-bearing pegmatites throughout the world. According to its chemical composition, the Shongui beryl belongs to the Li-Cs-Na type, a type that was not recognized in the available classifications.
  • The content of Be, Li, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, and Mn increases, while the content of Ba, Sr, Y, and REE decreases, from the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites in the Shongui pegmatite field. Respectively, the Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Zr/Hf ratios, showing the fractionation degree, change from the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites: Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr increase and Zr/Hf decreases.
  • The beryl of the Shongui deposit was mainly formed in the magmatic stage rather than in the hydrothermal and metasomatic stages. The following sequence of crystallization of beryl varieties from beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 is proposed: at first, Brl-I from the intermediate zone and then Brl-II from the central zone. Compared with Brl-I, Brl-II is depleted in Cs, Li, Na, Ca, Cl, P, Ni, and H2O and is enriched in Mn, Mg, and Fe.
  • The color of the Shongui beryl, with yellowish-greenish tones, is controlled by the high Fe content compared to the Mn content.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.N.M. and S.G.S.; Methodology, L.N.M., S.G.S. and D.R.Z.; Project administration, L.N.M., S.G.S. and D.R.Z.; Resources, L.N.M.; Visualization, E.S.B., A.N.S. and A.K.G.; Writing—original draft, L.N.M., S.G.S. and P.A.S.; Writing—review and editing, L.N.M., S.G.S. and D.R.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research has been carried out in the framework of the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 22-17-20002, https://rscf.ru/project/22-17-20002/ (accessed on 25 March 2022).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Acknowledgments

We thank Evgeny Potapov and Sergey Simakin, who assisted with measuring beryl trace and minor element compositions. The authors are grateful to the Mining Museum (St. Petersburg) and Yu. D. Gritsenko (Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow) for the Cs-Li-rich beryl samples kindly provided for analyses. The authors express their gratitude to M.Yu. Sidorov, E.L. Kunakkuzin and I.A. Koval (GI KSC RAS) for their assistance during field work. The manuscript was made clearer and more understandable through constructive criticism from two anonymous reviewers, who are gratefully acknowledged. V.V. Balagansky is highly appreciated for the numerous and useful notes provided on the final version of the manuscript. The authors sincerely thank the editorial team for its assistance.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Tectonic provinces of the Northeastern Fennoscandian Shield. Modified after Daly et al. [55].
Figure 1. Tectonic provinces of the Northeastern Fennoscandian Shield. Modified after Daly et al. [55].
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Figure 2. Fragment of a schematic map of the Shongui pegmatite field. Black pentagons are a selection site for barren pegmatites.
Figure 2. Fragment of a schematic map of the Shongui pegmatite field. Black pentagons are a selection site for barren pegmatites.
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Figure 3. Schematic map of the studied part of beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit.
Figure 3. Schematic map of the studied part of beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit.
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Figure 4. Beryl from beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit. (a) Photograph and (b) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of greenish-yellow Brl-Ia from the quartz-albite-microcline aggregate; (c) photograph and (d) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of yellowish-green Brl-Ib from the quartz-microcline aggregate. Ab, albite; Brl, beryl; Mc, microcline; Ms, muscovite; Qz, quartz; Ap, apatite.
Figure 4. Beryl from beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit. (a) Photograph and (b) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of greenish-yellow Brl-Ia from the quartz-albite-microcline aggregate; (c) photograph and (d) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of yellowish-green Brl-Ib from the quartz-microcline aggregate. Ab, albite; Brl, beryl; Mc, microcline; Ms, muscovite; Qz, quartz; Ap, apatite.
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Figure 5. Beryl from beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit. (a) Photograph and (b) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of yellow Brl-Ic from the quartz-cleavelandite aggregate; (c) photograph and (d) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of grayish-green Brl-II from the albite-muscovite-quartz aggregate. Ab, albite; Brl, beryl; Mc, microcline; Ms, muscovite; Qz, quartz; Tur, tourmaline.
Figure 5. Beryl from beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit. (a) Photograph and (b) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of yellow Brl-Ic from the quartz-cleavelandite aggregate; (c) photograph and (d) photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of grayish-green Brl-II from the albite-muscovite-quartz aggregate. Ab, albite; Brl, beryl; Mc, microcline; Ms, muscovite; Qz, quartz; Tur, tourmaline.
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Figure 6. Chondrite-normalized [73] REE distribution in the beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui pegmatite field. For comparison, albite-spodumene pegmatites (green field) and quartz-feldspar pegmatites (pink field) of the Kolmozero pegmatite field are shown; data after Morozova [18].
Figure 6. Chondrite-normalized [73] REE distribution in the beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui pegmatite field. For comparison, albite-spodumene pegmatites (green field) and quartz-feldspar pegmatites (pink field) of the Kolmozero pegmatite field are shown; data after Morozova [18].
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Figure 7. Li versus Cs (ppm) plot for beryl from deposits of the world: 1, Shongui deposit, Russia (this study); 2, 6, Elizabeth R, Pala, California, USA; 3, Minas Gerais, Brasilia; 4, Kalba, Eastern Kazakhstan; 5, Madagascar; 7, Shilka region, Transbaikal, Russia; 8, Zavitinskoye deposit, Transbaikal, Russia; 9, Haapaluoma, Finland; 10, Elba, Italy [32]; 11, Tørdal, Norway [78]; 12, Elba, Italy [79]; 13, Shuk-Byul, Sangilen, Tuva, Russia; 14, Kara-Adyr, Sangilen, Tuva, Russia; 2–9, 13–14, data of S.G. Skublov and A.K. Gavrilchik (13, 14, together with Yu. D. Gritsenko).
Figure 7. Li versus Cs (ppm) plot for beryl from deposits of the world: 1, Shongui deposit, Russia (this study); 2, 6, Elizabeth R, Pala, California, USA; 3, Minas Gerais, Brasilia; 4, Kalba, Eastern Kazakhstan; 5, Madagascar; 7, Shilka region, Transbaikal, Russia; 8, Zavitinskoye deposit, Transbaikal, Russia; 9, Haapaluoma, Finland; 10, Elba, Italy [32]; 11, Tørdal, Norway [78]; 12, Elba, Italy [79]; 13, Shuk-Byul, Sangilen, Tuva, Russia; 14, Kara-Adyr, Sangilen, Tuva, Russia; 2–9, 13–14, data of S.G. Skublov and A.K. Gavrilchik (13, 14, together with Yu. D. Gritsenko).
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Figure 8. (a) Na versus Rb (ppm) plot and (b) H2O versus Cl (ppm) plot for beryl from deposits around the world (for symbols, see Figure 7).
Figure 8. (a) Na versus Rb (ppm) plot and (b) H2O versus Cl (ppm) plot for beryl from deposits around the world (for symbols, see Figure 7).
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Figure 9. (a) Fe versus Cr (ppm) plot and (b) Ni versus Co (ppm) for beryl from deposits around the world (for symbols, see Figure 7).
Figure 9. (a) Fe versus Cr (ppm) plot and (b) Ni versus Co (ppm) for beryl from deposits around the world (for symbols, see Figure 7).
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Figure 10. Na/Li versus Cs plot for beryl from pegmatites of the Shongui deposit. The magmatic trend according to the pegmatite classification in [10]: (A) barren and geochemically primitive beryl-type pegmatite; (B) geochemically evolved beryl-columbite and beryl-columbite-phosphate pegmatite; (C) albite-spodumene and complex pegmatite; (D) highly fractionated Li, Cs, and Ta-rich complex pegmatite. Green triangle, beryl-1a; dark blue square, Brl-Ib; purple pentagon, Brl-Ic; blue circle, Brl-II.
Figure 10. Na/Li versus Cs plot for beryl from pegmatites of the Shongui deposit. The magmatic trend according to the pegmatite classification in [10]: (A) barren and geochemically primitive beryl-type pegmatite; (B) geochemically evolved beryl-columbite and beryl-columbite-phosphate pegmatite; (C) albite-spodumene and complex pegmatite; (D) highly fractionated Li, Cs, and Ta-rich complex pegmatite. Green triangle, beryl-1a; dark blue square, Brl-Ib; purple pentagon, Brl-Ic; blue circle, Brl-II.
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Figure 11. Plots (a) Cs/Na versus Cs, (b) Mg/Fe versus Mg, (c) Na versus Cs, and (d) Cs versus Li for beryl of the Shongui deposit. Green triangle, beryl-1a; dark blue square, Brl-Ib; purple pentagon, Brl-Ic; blue circle, Brl-II.
Figure 11. Plots (a) Cs/Na versus Cs, (b) Mg/Fe versus Mg, (c) Na versus Cs, and (d) Cs versus Li for beryl of the Shongui deposit. Green triangle, beryl-1a; dark blue square, Brl-Ib; purple pentagon, Brl-Ic; blue circle, Brl-II.
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Figure 12. Plots Rb/Ba versus Zr/H, Ba versus REE, Nb versus Sr/Hf, Rb/Ba versus Rb/Sr, Ba versus Rb/Ba, and REE versus Zr/Hf for pegmatites of the Shongui pegmatite field. Blue square, beryl-bearing pegmatites; pink square, barren pegmatites.
Figure 12. Plots Rb/Ba versus Zr/H, Ba versus REE, Nb versus Sr/Hf, Rb/Ba versus Rb/Sr, Ba versus Rb/Ba, and REE versus Zr/Hf for pegmatites of the Shongui pegmatite field. Blue square, beryl-bearing pegmatites; pink square, barren pegmatites.
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Table 1. Trace elements (ppm) in beryl-bearing pegmatites of dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit.
Table 1. Trace elements (ppm) in beryl-bearing pegmatites of dike No. 7 of the Shongui deposit.
Shongui DepositShongui Pegmatite Field
AggregateQuartz-Albite-Microcline Quartz-Microcline Quartz-Cleavelandite Albite-Muscovite-Quartz Barren Pegmatites
SampleSH-31-1SH-39-1SH-116-2SH-30-1-GHSH-30-18SH-30-2-GHSH-6-GHSH-111-13SH-6-GXSH-30-19SH-30-23SH-30-24L-43-1L-45-1A-51-1
Li7.07.07.017176015.090.010.060.031.050.01.502.9040.0
Be1.01.11.10.800.800.702.30552.3025.028.023.00.700.601.90
Sc8.02.04.13.42.33.76.0117.01.20.71.33.66.02.3
Ti40402112211130301870305010060100
V1.30.260.290.400.410.230.333.01.400.500.600.502.001.700.50
Cr11161109.09.09.01511013017171811169
Mn802199030272980140070380210800409080
Co0.91.20.70.60.40.61.100.801.001.101.201.001.501.400.90
Ni21318.0169.015309.016303429232820
Cu5.07.05.07.03.95.08.08.07.010.68.07.09.09.05.0
Zn9.0126.05.04.06.08.0125.0701420108.014
Ga101012131314122411168.0189.09.013
Ge1.301.201.302.72.73.01.903.001.702.202.102.500.901.001.50
As4.9022.605.3023.324.125.57.009.707.7022.2021.4024.103.504.404.30
Se0.690.130.090.120.080.150.09b.d.l.0.07b.d.l.b.d.l.0.080.160.170.14
Rb736948140017001900611522120130250486137
Sr60706060606060607060506013013070
Y1.45.01.70.110.300.064.001.901.101.300.601.506.007.005.00
Zr1132.8112.41.31.19.0182.205.07.06929.8036.6015
Nb1.501.102.203.81.51151005.0170532500.60.230.4
Mo1.301.701.100.80.60.81.801.101.701.601.801.601.201.501.10
Ag0.120.120.190.140.080.30.192.600.184.201.306.100.060.060.05
Cd0.040.140.060.050.060.060.090.70.070.500.200.900.030.050.07
Sn2.602.503.02.41.31.14.02.101.502212380.600.600.90
Sb0.090.100.090.220.220.260.190.160.140.260.240.280.070.240.06
Te0.06b.d.l.b.d.l.b.d.l.b.d.l.0.02b.d.l.b.d.l.b.d.l.b.d.l.b.d.l.0.02b.d.l.b.d.l.b.d.l.
Cs4.15.43.51502702501718102023302.13.54.4
Ba14229.030181818181620164025024080
La0.802.500.900.200.280.121.401.01.01.700.502.904.06.06.0
Ce1.706.01.800.280.470.182.701.701.903.01.05.09.01311
Pr0.180.600.200.040.060.020.310.180.200.270.100.401.101.501.20
Nd0.581.900.620.110.280.060.960.470.600.610.290.843.7053.90
Sm0.230.800.290.030.080.010.450.250.240.280.110.271.201.501.30
Eu0.040.050.040.020.040.010.030.010.020.020.010.070.340.310.05
Gd0.261.00.340.030.090.020.560.250.240.260.110.261.501.701.30
Tb0.060.210.070.010.010.020.130.060.050.060.020.050.270.300.21
Dy0.331.200.400.020.040.010.700.370.260.290.120.251.601.701.10
Ho0.050.190.060.000.010.000.100.050.040.030.020.030.270.290.16
Er0.160.500.160.010.030.000.280.140.10.070.050.060.700.800.44
Tm0.030.080.030.010.020.010.050.030.020.010.010.010.100.110.08
Yb0.230.600.230.010.020.000.400.300.150.080.060.080.600.700.50
Lu0.030.090.030.000.000.000.050.040.020.010.010.010.090.100.07
Hf0.701.800.700.030.040.070.602.100.150.500.407.01.501.800.90
Ta0.150.170.212.50.7185.0372.504114540.420.070.22
W1.602.01.500.90.50.71.801.701.02.502.103.201.301.501.10
Tl0.300.300.2079100.320.070.110.500.600.900.180.210.19
Pb6.06.06.02621247.02.17.02.01.71.8141910
Bi0.040.110.060.410.211.40.900.360.240.370.320.302.01.400.14
Th0.522.200.800.070.070.11.200.520.600.650.261.903.605.05.0
U0.903.901.200.140.190.311.202.800.249.01.105.02.303.701.30
b.d.l.—below detection limit.
Table 2. Trace elements in beryl (ppm) from the beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7.
Table 2. Trace elements in beryl (ppm) from the beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7.
ElementBrl-Ia, Spot SH-39-1Brl-Ib, Spot SH-30-1-GXBrl-Ic, Spot SH-6-GX Brl-II, Spot SH-30-23
CoreRim Intermediate ZoneCoreRimIntermediate ZoneCore Rim Intermediate ZoneCoreRimIntermediate Zone
Pb.d.l.16.98.637212357.193.4n.d.55.6n.d.3.6983.9
Ca77.110610841.813511512191.7129136133127
Sc7.117.057.828.767.777.304.104.367.065.485.165.58
Cr28.832.434.715.340.931.850.022.441.837.932.528.9
Ni184189240125341233370146280198208176
Rb147137146192163164154152131154178186
Sr0.560.710.850.430.930.880.740.630.700.850.790.73
Cs630072104400582060006000653073803430254039402750
Ga10.610.412.414.112.912.111.911.812.512.110.912.7
Mn91.988.510270.680.282.284.378.910695.993.5132
V2.953.283.232,413.583.562.642.562.772.352.882.43
Ti9.5813.88.7810.312.715.38.857.278.6210.77.8110.8
K218272392287317259306280330343351341
Mg55.753.581.432.852.446.543.730.698.253.745.5121
Na15,20018,60015,50012,60019,20018,80015,00016,10014,10012,40015,00012,300
Fe11301090167076695110207747831750137011801350
Co1.761.661.911.852,561.822.211.251.841.581.711.59
B0.620.611.120.730.480.620.540.650.980.550.550.40
Li475056604090435056102180477053804080387044503920
H2O38,80038,60036,90037,20039,80034,30039,50040,10039,30037,70039,90035,500
F7.2512.111.67.399.0912.910.412.26.687.0012.77.63
Cl920011,5008850840011,90012,800881010,3007790783090007700
Fe/(Mn+Cr+V)9.118.7911.98.677.638.685.657.5411.610.19.188.26
b.d.l. below detection limit; n.d., not determined.
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Morozova, L.N.; Skublov, S.G.; Zozulya, D.R.; Serov, P.A.; Borisenko, E.S.; Solovjova, A.N.; Gavrilchik, A.K. Li-Cs-Na-Rich Beryl from Beryl-Bearing Pegmatite Dike No. 7 of the Shongui Deposit, Kola Province, Russia. Geosciences 2023, 13, 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13100309

AMA Style

Morozova LN, Skublov SG, Zozulya DR, Serov PA, Borisenko ES, Solovjova AN, Gavrilchik AK. Li-Cs-Na-Rich Beryl from Beryl-Bearing Pegmatite Dike No. 7 of the Shongui Deposit, Kola Province, Russia. Geosciences. 2023; 13(10):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13100309

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morozova, Lyudmila N., Sergey G. Skublov, Dmitry R. Zozulya, Pavel A. Serov, Elena S. Borisenko, Anna N. Solovjova, and Alexandra K. Gavrilchik. 2023. "Li-Cs-Na-Rich Beryl from Beryl-Bearing Pegmatite Dike No. 7 of the Shongui Deposit, Kola Province, Russia" Geosciences 13, no. 10: 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13100309

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