Outbreak of Parasitic Dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium sp. Infection in an Endangered Fish from India: Arulius Barb (Dawkinsia arulius)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case History
2.2. Examination of Affected Fish and Collection of Parasites
2.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing of rDNA
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Signs and Parasitological Examination
3.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequence Analysis
3.3. Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primer ID | Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | Annealing Temperature (°C) | Target Size (bp) | Purpose | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCG18SF | CTGGTGATCCTGCCAGTAGTC | 58 | 2334 | Piscinoodinium sp. PCR | [12] |
ITSR8 | TAACCTGCATTCATGCTGTG | ||||
INT_F | GTCTGGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGG | 58 | - | Sequencing | Present study |
INT_R | GTACAAAGGGCAGGGACGTA | 58 | - | Sequencing | Present study |
T7 | TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG | 55 | - | Sequencing | Universal primer |
SP6 | ATTTAGGTGACACTATAG | 55 | - | Sequencing | Universal primer |
CyHV_F | CCCAGCAACATGTGCGACGG | 55 | 362 | CyHV-2 PCR | [15] |
CyHV_R | CCGTARTGAGAGTTGGCGCA | ||||
CEV_F1 | GCTGTTGCAACCATTTGAGA | 60 | 548 | CEV nested PCR (outer) | [16] |
CEV_R1 | TGCAGGTTGCTCCTAATCCT | ||||
CEV_F2 | GCTGCTGCACTTTTAGGAGG | 55 | 181 | CEV nested PCR (inner) | |
CEV_R1 | TGCAAGTTATTTCGATGCCA | ||||
ISKNVF | ATGTCTGCAATCTCAGGTGC | 55 | 1362 | ISKNV PCR | [17] |
ISKNVR | TTACAGGATAGGGAAGCCTG | ||||
VNN_F2 | CGTGTCAGTCATGTGTCGCT | 55 | 430 | VNN PCR | [18] |
VNN_R3 | CGAGTCAACACGGGTGAAGA |
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Sudhagar, A.; Sundar Raj, N.; Mohandas, S.P.; Serin, S.; Sibi, K.K.; Sanil, N.K.; Raja Swaminathan, T. Outbreak of Parasitic Dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium sp. Infection in an Endangered Fish from India: Arulius Barb (Dawkinsia arulius). Pathogens 2022, 11, 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111350
Sudhagar A, Sundar Raj N, Mohandas SP, Serin S, Sibi KK, Sanil NK, Raja Swaminathan T. Outbreak of Parasitic Dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium sp. Infection in an Endangered Fish from India: Arulius Barb (Dawkinsia arulius). Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111350
Chicago/Turabian StyleSudhagar, Arun, Nithianantham Sundar Raj, Sowmya Pazhur Mohandas, Shaji Serin, Konnoth Kuttappan Sibi, Nandiath Karayi Sanil, and Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan. 2022. "Outbreak of Parasitic Dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium sp. Infection in an Endangered Fish from India: Arulius Barb (Dawkinsia arulius)" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111350