Risk Factors for the Development of Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Publication Bias
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection and Characteristics
3.2. Study Quality
3.3. Risk Factors for the Development of PIBO
4. Discussions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Risk Factors | Study (Year) | Variables | OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p Value | Tau2 | I2 | Q Statistic | Degree of Freedom (Q) | p Value (Q) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respiratory virus co-infection | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 4.069 | 1.224 | 13.523 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 4.069 | 1.224 | 13.527 | 0.022 | |||||||
Co-infections with RSV | |||||||||||
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | univariate | 4.100 | 1.500 | 10.600 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 4.100 | 1.500 | 11.207 | 0.006 | |||||||
LDH | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 1.001 | 1.000 | 1.003 | |||||||
Huang K et al. (2012) [10] | multivariate | 1.005 | 1.000 | 1.009 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.001 | 1.000 | 1.002 | 0.021 | 0.002 | 0.577 | 2.361 | 1.000 | 0.124 | ||
Poor response to treatment | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 41.760 | 2.792 | 624.543 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 41.760 | 2.792 | 624.574 | 0.007 | |||||||
Duration of moist rale | |||||||||||
Huang K et al. (2012) [10] | multivariate | 1.203 | 1.066 | 1.358 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.203 | 1.066 | 1.358 | 0.003 | |||||||
Hypoxemia | |||||||||||
Huang K et al. (2012) [10] | multivariate | 7.442 | 1.148 | 48.225 | |||||||
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | univariate | 22.846 | 4.633 | 112.666 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 14.239 | 4.231 | 47.918 | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.800 | 1.000 | 0.371 | ||
Pleural effusion | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 1.272 | 0.325 | 4.969 | |||||||
Huang K et al. (2012) [10] | multivariate | 4.437 | 1.616 | 12.181 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 2.851 | 1.266 | 6.421 | 0.011 | 0.637 | 0.519 | 2.081 | 1.000 | 0.149 | ||
Adenovirus infection or adenovirus co-infection | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 5.607 | 1.801 | 17.454 | |||||||
Colom AJ et al. (2006) [15] | multivariate | 49.000 | 12.000 | 199.000 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 13.187 | 5.450 | 31.911 | <0.001 | 1.387 | 0.819 | 5.522 | 1.000 | 0.019 | ||
Mechanical ventilation | |||||||||||
Colom AJ et al. (2006) [15] | multivariate | 11.000 | 2.600 | 45.000 | |||||||
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | univariate | 3.000 | 1.900 | 4.600 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 3.377 | 2.185 | 5.220 | <0.001 | 0.739 | 0.647 | 2.833 | 1.000 | 0.092 | ||
>30 days of Hospitalization | |||||||||||
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | multivariate | 27.200 | 14.600 | 50.900 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 27.200 | 14.600 | 50.673 | <0.001 | |||||||
Length of hospitalization, days | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 1.102 | 1.016 | 1.194 | |||||||
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | univariate | 0.944 | 0.906 | 0.985 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 0.974 | 0.939 | 1.011 | 0.163 | 0.104 | 0.910 | 11.098 | 1.000 | 0.001 | ||
Multifocal pneumonia | |||||||||||
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | multivariate | 26.600 | 5.300 | 132.000 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 26.600 | 5.300 | 133.498 | <0.001 | |||||||
Hypercapnia | |||||||||||
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | multivariate | 5.600 | 3.500 | 9.000 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 5.600 | 3.500 | 8.960 | <0.001 | |||||||
Persistent wheezing | |||||||||||
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | multivariate | 181.776 | 3.385 | 9761.543 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 181.776 | 3.385 | 9760.737 | 0.011 | |||||||
Respiratory failure | |||||||||||
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | multivariate | 51.288 | 1.858 | 1415.441 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 51.288 | 1.858 | 1415.661 | 0.020 | |||||||
Length of fever, days | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 1.133 | 1.024 | 1.255 | |||||||
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | univariate | 1.125 | 1.033 | 1.226 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.128 | 1.057 | 1.204 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 1.000 | 0.916 | ||
Dyspnea | |||||||||||
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | univariate | 10.625 | 2.702 | 41.779 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 10.625 | 2.702 | 41.779 | 0.001 | |||||||
Age (mo) | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 0.990 | 0.976 | 1.003 | |||||||
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | univariate | 1.097 | 1.028 | 1.170 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 0.995 | 0.981 | 1.009 | 0.452 | 0.069 | 0.891 | 9.148 | 1.000 | 0.003 | ||
Sex, male | |||||||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | multivariate | 1.570 | 0.569 | 4.329 | |||||||
Colom AJ et al. (2006) [15] | multivariate | 1.250 | 0.385 | 5.000 | |||||||
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | univariate | 1.901 | 1.200 | 3.003 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.783 | 1.196 | 2.653 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.387 | 2.000 | 0.824 | ||
Adenovirus 7 h serotype | |||||||||||
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | univariate | 1.900 | 1.000 | 3.900 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.900 | 1.000 | 3.610 | 0.050 | |||||||
Exposure to ETS at present | |||||||||||
Colom AJ et al. (2006) [15] | univariate | 1.400 | 0.400 | 4.500 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.400 | 0.400 | 4.900 | 0.599 | |||||||
Dyspnea | |||||||||||
Zhong L et al. (2020) [14] | multivariate | 3.922 | 1.060 | 14.511 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 3.922 | 1.060 | 14.511 | 0.041 | |||||||
Length of fever, days | |||||||||||
Wu PQ et al. (2016) [12] | multivariate | 1.000 | 0.942 | 1.062 | |||||||
Zhong L et al. (2020) [14] | multivariate | 1.129 | 1.033 | 1.234 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.039 | 0.988 | 1.091 | 0.135 | 0.077 | 0.797 | 4.932 | 1.000 | 0.026 | ||
Length of hospitalization, days | |||||||||||
Wu PQ et al. (2016) [12] | multivariate | 1.044 | 0.999 | 1.091 | |||||||
Zhong L et al. (2020) [14] | univariate | 1.129 | 1.058 | 1.205 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.070 | 1.032 | 1.110 | 0.000 | 0.048 | 0.738 | 3.821 | 1.000 | 0.051 | ||
Hypoxemia | |||||||||||
Wu PQ et al. (2016) [12] | multivariate | 5.046 | 1.170 | 21.762 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 5.046 | 1.170 | 21.762 | 0.030 | |||||||
Length of mechanical ventilation | |||||||||||
Zhong L et al. (2020) [14] | univariate | 1.103 | 1.013 | 1.201 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 1.103 | 1.013 | 1.201 | 0.024 | |||||||
Mechanical ventilation | |||||||||||
Wu PQ et al. (2016) [12] | multivariate | 1.438 | 0.354 | 5.841 | |||||||
Zhong L et al. (2020) [14] | multivariate | 6.861 | 1.854 | 25.390 | |||||||
Summary statistics | 3.314 | 1.274 | 8.626 | 0.014 | 0.862 | 0.608 | 2.551 | 1.000 | 0.110 |
Study Author, Year | Country | Study Duration | Pathogens | Number | Age, Mean (SD)/Median (IQR)/Range | Risk Factors | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | PIBO | Control | PIBO | ||||||
Lee E et al. (2020) [9] | South Korea | May 2019–February 2020 | MP | 132 | 18 | 6.1 (±3.9) y | 4.8 (±2.6) y | Respiratory virus co-infection, duration between symptom onset and admission, LDH, poor response to treatment, adenovirus co-infection, length of fever | aOR |
Huang K et al. (2012) [10] | China | January 2018–June 2020 | MP | 195 | 32 | 5 (3–6) y | 5 (3–7) y | Duration of moist rale, LDH, hypoxemia, pleural effusion | aOR |
Colom AJ et al. (2006) [15] | Argentina | 1991–2002 | NA | 99 | 109 | 0–3 y | 0–3 y | Adenovirus infection, mechanical ventilation | aOR |
Murtagh P et al. (2009) [11] | Argentina | March 1998–May 2005 | Adenovirus | 203 | 117 | 11.2 (±10.6) y | 10.5 (±8.8) y | >30 days of hospitalization, multifocal pneumonia, hypercapnia | aOR |
Wu PQ et al. (2016) [12] | China | January 2011–December 2014 | Adenovirus | 530 | 14 | 23.5 (1–144) m | 15.5 (6–72) m | Hypoxemia | HR |
Yu X et al. (2021) [13] | China | October 2018–January 2020 | Adenovirus | 46 | 20 | 30.5 (17.0–50.8) m | 16.5 (11.0–25.3) m | Persistent wheezing, respiratory failure | aOR |
Zhong L et al. (2020) [14] | China | January 2015–February 2019 | Adenovirus | 105 | 34 | 20.5 (±14.6) m | 15.1 (±7.2) m | Length of fever, dyspnea, invasive mechanical ventilation | HR |
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Lee, E.; Park, S.; Kim, K.; Yang, H.-J. Risk Factors for the Development of Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111268
Lee E, Park S, Kim K, Yang H-J. Risk Factors for the Development of Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111268
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Eun, Suyeon Park, Kyunghoon Kim, and Hyeon-Jong Yang. 2022. "Risk Factors for the Development of Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111268