Profile of Co-Infection Prevalence and Antibiotics Use among COVID-19 Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Detection of Respiratory Pathogens
2.3. Statical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Demographic Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients
3.2. Rate and Profile of Bacterial and Fungal Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients
3.3. Profile of Viral and Bacterial Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | COVID-19 Patients without Co-Infection n = 267 | COVID-19 Patients with Co-Infection n = 43 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender % (n) | |||
Male | 69.2 (185) | 74.4 (32) | 0.043 * |
Female | 30.8 (82) | 25.6 (11) | |
Mean age, years | 63.3 (48–80) | 61.2 (50–77) | 0.975 |
Length of hospitalization (median,IQR), days | 12 (5–15) | 14 (6–17) | 0.522 |
Any comorbidities % (n) | |||
Hypertension | 45.7 (122) | 48.8 (21) | 0.865 |
Ischemic Heart Disease | 25.8 (69) | 25.6 (11) | 0.989 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 24.3 (65) | 27.9 (12) | 0.517 |
Coronary Insufficiency | 18.3 (49) | 11.6 (5) | 0.241 |
Smoking history | 11.6 (31) | 13.9 (6) | 0.062 * |
Obesity | 10.1 (27) | 13.9 (6) | 0.035 * |
Pulmonary diseases | 8.6 (23) | 11.6 (5) | 0.412 |
Chronic kidney disease | 7.1 (19) | 6.9 (3) | 0.908 |
Neoplasy | 5.9 (16) | 4.6 (2) | 0.476 |
Cirrose | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
Symptoms | |||
Fever | 82.7 (221) | 86.0 (37) | 0.123 |
Dyspnea | 83.1 (222) | 81.4 (35) | 0.563 |
Cough | 62.9 (168) | 67.4 (29) | 0.346 |
Diarrhea | 14.2 (38) | 11.6 (5) | 0.322 |
Vomiting | 5.6 (15) | 4.6 (2) | 0.645 |
Chest pain | 2.9 (8) | 2.3 (1) | 0.675 |
Pharyngitis | 2.6 (7) | 2.3 (1) | 0.908 |
Anosmia and/or Dysgeusia | 1.5 (4) | 2.3 (1) | 0.238 |
Dizziness | 0 (0) | - | - |
Rhinorrhea | 0 (0) | - | - |
Asymptomatic | 2.2 (6) | - | - |
Signs | |||
Systolic arterial pressure, mm Hg | 132.4 (120–140) | 110 (110–120) | 0.509 |
Diastolic arterial pressure, mm Hg | 76 (70–80) | 70 (70–80) | 0.873 |
Heart rate, bpm | 85.8 (27.2–92) | 80 (30–90) | 0.242 |
Respiratory rate, rpm | 21.3 (17.5–24.5) | 22.8 (21–23) | 0.482 |
Parameters | Primarily Admitted Patients without Co-Infection | Patients with Bacterial Co-Infection | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Laboratory Findings | Median (Interquartile Range) | ||
N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP) | 917.1 (199.9–2977.75) | 921 (200–29766.87) | 0.785 |
Lactate Dehydrogenase, UI/I (Normal range 125–250) | 790 (576–903) | 920 (624–989) | 0.012 * |
D-Dimer, % (Normal range 0–250) | 580 (296–2590.5) | 572 (287–2665.4) | 0.976 |
Thrombocytes, % | 186 (131–259) | 183 (132–262) | 0.991 |
Blood Glucose Level, mg/dL (Normal range 76–110) | 124 (104–153) | 130 (102–170) | 0.891 |
Creatine phosphokinase, UI/I (Normal range 0–200) | 112 (48.5–231.5) | 110 (47.2–230.1) | 0.997 |
Neutrophil, % (Normal range 40–68) | 80.05 (71.43–87.3) | 90.4 (80.21–92.8) | 0.032 * |
Myoglobin | 77.1 (33.66–258.9) | 81.8 (34.88–260.2) | 0.795 |
Interleukin-6, g/mL (Normal range 0–70) | 59.37 (17.82–80.31) | 60.12 (17.34–79.21) | 0.871 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), UI/I (Normal range 0–41) | 39 (28.5–62.5) | 38.2 (27.1–62.7) | 0.972 |
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), UI/I (Normal range 0–40) | 31 (19–53) | 29 (19–52) | 0.871 |
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), (Normal range 25–38) | 31 (28–34) | 34 (28–35) | 0.890 |
Azotemia, Blood Urea Nitrogen (Normal range 5–25) | 18 (12.5–26) | 17 (12.5–2.8) | 0.971 |
Hemoglobin, g/L (Normal range 14–18) | 13.6 (11.6–14.6) | 15 (10.4–16.5) | 0.995 |
Lymphocyte, % (Normal range 20–45) | 13.5 (7.6–18.8) | 19.8 (8.9–21.0) | 0.037 * |
C-reactive Protein, mg/dL (Normal range 0–0.5) | 9.09 (3.02–16.28) | 10.9 (4.03–18.07) | 0.091 |
White Blood Cell, ×109/L (Normal range 4.2–10) | 7.4 (5.17–11.26) | 7.8 (5.23–11.78) | 0.923 |
International Normalized Ratio (INR), (Normal range 0.8–1.2) | 1.19 (1.09–1.3) | 1.17 (1.00–1.2) | 1.458 |
Procalcitonin, ng/mL (Normal range 0–0.05) | 0.2 (0.083–0.78) | 2.3 (0.2–3.5) | 0.081 |
Troponin-I, ng/mL (Normal range 0.10–0.15) | 0.11 (0.1–0.14) | 0.14 (0.1–0.15) | 0.872 |
Albumin, g/dL (Normal range 3.5–5.0) | 3.1 (2.7–3.4) | 3.7 (2.5–3.6) | 0.975 |
Creatinine, mg/dL (Normal range 0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.67–1.1) | 1.0 (0.70–1.2) | 0.998 |
Bilirubin Total, mg/dL (Normal range 0–1.1) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | - |
Bilirubin direct, mg/dL | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | - |
Chest RX Image Finding * | % (n) | ||
Interstitial Bilateral | 41.4 (111) | 51.2 (22) | 0.021 * |
Alveolar Bilateral | 18.3 (49) | 23.2 (10) | 0.035 * |
Interstitial monolateral | 12.7 (34) | 13.9 (6) | 0.342 |
Alveolar monolateral | 10.1 (27) | 13.9 (6) | 0.432 |
Alveolar interstitial Bilateral lung | 7.1 (19) | 11.6 (5) | 0.082 |
Normal | 5.6 (15) | 4.6 (2) | 0.642 |
Alveolar Interstitial | 2.6 (7) | 4.6 (2) | 0.062 |
Alveolar Interstitial Monolateral | 1.5 (4) | 2.3 (1) | 0.231 |
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Greco, R.; Panetta, V.; Della Rocca, M.T.; Durante, A.; Di Caprio, G.; Maggi, P. Profile of Co-Infection Prevalence and Antibiotics Use among COVID-19 Patients. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111250
Greco R, Panetta V, Della Rocca MT, Durante A, Di Caprio G, Maggi P. Profile of Co-Infection Prevalence and Antibiotics Use among COVID-19 Patients. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111250
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreco, Rita, Vittorio Panetta, Maria Teresa Della Rocca, Adriana Durante, Giovanni Di Caprio, and Paolo Maggi. 2022. "Profile of Co-Infection Prevalence and Antibiotics Use among COVID-19 Patients" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111250