Diffusion Characteristics of PM2.5 in Rural Dwelling under Different Daily Life Behavior: A Case Study in Rural Shenyang of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Investigations and Measurements
2.1.1. Representative Rural Dwelling
2.1.2. Measurements
2.1.3. Particulate Matters Variations
2.2. Simulations
2.2.1. Model Establishment
2.2.2. Parameters Settings
2.2.3. Model Accuracy
3. Results
3.1. Impact of Different Behavior on PM2.5 Diffusion
3.2. Impact of Door Opening Time on PM2.5 Diffusion
3.3. Indoor PM2.5 Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subject (Unit) | Classification | Clustering | Error | F | Sig. (≤0.05) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | Mean Square | df | Mean Square | df | |||
Number of permanent residents (Person) | 5 | 3~5 | 2 | 80.72 | 2 | 0.67 | 243 | 120.67 | 0.000 |
Residents’ age (Years) | 20~70 3~18 | 20~70 3~18 | 50~79 | 2691.76 | 2 | 186.45 | 243 | 14.44 | 0.000 |
Annual income of a household (Yuan) | 81,290 | 47,990 | 21,888 | 5.87 × 1010 | 2 | 1.07 × 108 | 243 | 546.96 | 0.000 |
Building area (m2) | 114 | 82 | 76 | 14,854.64 | 2 | 877.68 | 243 | 16.93 | 0.000 |
Plan layout | Four-bay | Three-bay | Two-bay | ||||||
Heat transfer coefficient of exterior wall (W/(m2·K)) | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.72 | 2 | 0.10 | 243 | 6.94 | 0.001 |
Households (Number) | 31 | 121 | 94 |
Test Parameters | Test Instruments | Instrument Precisions | Manufacturers |
---|---|---|---|
Air temperature Relative humidity | Air temperature and relative humidity recorder WEZY-2 | −40–100 °C (±0.1 °C) 0–100% RH (±0.1% RH) | TIAN JIAN HUA YI Technology Co., Ltd. |
PM10 and PM2.5 concentration | PM2.5 recorder developed based on Plan tower a003 sensor ZF-R3 | 0–2999 μg/m3 ±1 μg/m3 | BEIJING CO-CLOUD www.co-cloud.com.cn Beijing, China (accessed on 1 January 2020) |
CO2 concentration | CO2 recorder WEZY-1 | 0–5000 ppm ±75 ppm | TIAN JIAN HUA YI Technology Co., Ltd. |
Door switching frequency | Magnetic switch recorder CKJM-1 | Maximum sensing distance 30 mm | TIAN JIAN HUA YI Technology Co., Ltd. |
Date | Time | Fuel Consumption (Straw/Wood) | |
---|---|---|---|
West Stove (kg) | East Stove (kg) | ||
13st, JAN. | 7:20 | 0.03/9.5 | 0.02/10.8 |
14:00 | 0.02/12.4 | 0.02/12.0 | |
14st, JAN. | 7:34 | 0.03/11.8 | 0.03/10.5 |
14:10 | 0.02/12.5 | 0.02/12.3 | |
15st, JAN. | 7:35 | 0.02/10.8 | 0.02/11.0 |
14:00 | 0.02/12.3 | 0.02/12.0 |
Different Behavior | Location | PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3) | Mean Emission Rate (μg/min) | Fitted Exponential Function | R2 | Duration (min) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak | Mean ± SD | Final | ||||||
Heating | Kitchen | 1759 | 873.4 ± 356.0 | 525 | 1455.5 | y = 1437.6e−0.038t | 0.909 | 30 |
Cooking | Kitchen | 1309 | 859.6 ± 312.7 | 521 | 1274.0 | y = 1206.0e−0.063t | 0.960 | 15 |
Smoking | Living room | 761 | 425.7 ± 238.4 | 343 | 1020.3 | y = 571.2e−0.052t | 0.901 | 10 |
Cleaning | East bedroom | 185 | 122.5 ± 59.6 | 84 | 333.5 | y = 228.5e−0.194t | 0.980 | 5 |
Different Behavior | Location | Activity Intensity (IR(t), m3/h) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Old | Middle-Aged | Young | Old | Middle-Aged | Young | |
Heating | Kitchen | Kitchen | East bedroom | Mild activity (0.456) | Mild activity (0.558) | Rest (0.3) |
Cooking | Kitchen | Kitchen | East bedroom | Mild activity (0.456) | Mild activity (0.558) | Rest (0.3) |
Smoking | East bedroom | Living room | West bedroom | Rest (0.306) | Light activity (0.444) | Light activity (0.4) |
Cleaning | East bedroom | West bedroom | Living room | Mild activity (0.366) | Light activity (0.444) | Light activity (0.4) |
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Zhang, X.; Yang, Y.; Huang, G.; Chen, B.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, J.R.; Sun, H.J. Diffusion Characteristics of PM2.5 in Rural Dwelling under Different Daily Life Behavior: A Case Study in Rural Shenyang of China. Buildings 2022, 12, 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081223
Zhang X, Yang Y, Huang G, Chen B, Chen Y, Zhao JR, Sun HJ. Diffusion Characteristics of PM2.5 in Rural Dwelling under Different Daily Life Behavior: A Case Study in Rural Shenyang of China. Buildings. 2022; 12(8):1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081223
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xueyan, Yiming Yang, Guanhua Huang, Bin Chen, Yu Chen, Joe R. Zhao, and Helen J. Sun. 2022. "Diffusion Characteristics of PM2.5 in Rural Dwelling under Different Daily Life Behavior: A Case Study in Rural Shenyang of China" Buildings 12, no. 8: 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081223