Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrochemical Characterization of Ti50Ni50−XMox Alloys Obtained by Plasma Arc Melting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Fabrication
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Alloy Characterization and Chemical Composition
2.4. Corrosion Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Chemical Composition
3.3. Transformation Temperatures
3.4. Microhardness and Modulus of Elasticity
3.5. Corrosion Resistance Evaluation
4. Conclusions
- The addition of Mo in the Ni–Ti binary alloy and the changes in the Mo content in the ternary alloys caused changes in the microstructure, with the formation of different phases, precipitates (TiNi, Ti2Ni), and oxides (Ti4Ni2O, TiO, and TiO3).
- XRD analysis revealed an increase in the stability of the B2 phase when comparing Ni–Ti and Ti–Ni–Mo0.5 alloys. In this analysis, the monoclinic martensite phase (B19’) was identified only for the Ni–Ti sample without molybdenum, suggesting that the change in the chemical composition of the alloy changed its microstructure to the austenite phase (B2).
- The thermal analysis carried out by DSC tests indicated that adding molybdenum in the Ni–Ti alloy caused the appearance of the R-phase, and the increase in the molybdenum content in the alloy caused a shift of the phase transformation peaks to lower temperatures.
- The results referring to microhardness and modulus of elasticity showed that the increase in molybdenum content tended to decrease the hardness and modulus of elasticity.
- Corrosion analysis revealed passivation film formation in all samples, giving these alloys high resistance to corrosion. In addition, it was verified that adding molybdenum to the Ni–Ti alloy increased corrosion resistance.
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ni–Ti | Ti–Ni–Mo0.5 | Ti–Ni–Mo1 | Ti–Ni–Mo2 | Ti–Ni–Mo3 | Ti–Ni–Mo4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti50–Ni50 | Ti50–Ni49.5– (0.5 at.% Mo) | Ti50–Ni49– (1 at.% Mo) | Ti50–Ni48– (2 at.% Mo) | Ti50–Ni47– (3 at.% Mo) | Ti50–Ni46– (4 at.% Mo) |
Reagents | NaCl | KCl | Na2HPO4 | KH2PO4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (g/L) | 8.0 | 0.2 | 1.15 | 0.2 |
Alloys | Phases | Ti (at.%) | Ni (at.%) | Mo (at.%) | O (at.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni–Ti | B19′ | 52.3 ± 0.1 | 47.7 ± 0.1 | - | |
Ti–Ni–Mo0.5 | Ti2Ni (Mo) | 67.7 ± 0.03 | 32.1 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - |
Ti4Ni2O (Mo) | 47.0 ± 0.3 | 33.5 ± 1.9 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 17.5 ± 1.2 | |
B19′-Matrix | 52.0 ± 0.12 | 47.4 ± 0.1 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | - | |
Ti–Ni–Mo1 | TiMo + Ni | 51.5 ± 0.5 | 47.9 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | - |
B2-Matrix | 51.7 ± 0.05 | 47.1 ± 0.03 | 1.1 ± 0.01 | - | |
Ti–Ni–Mo2 | Ti | 94.2 ± 4 | 5.7 ± 4 | - | - |
TiNi | 51.2 ± 0.8 | 48.7 ± 0.8 | - | - | |
Ti2Ni (Mo) | 62.7 ± 0.2 | 36.3 ± 0.2 | 1.04 ± 0.02 | - | |
Ti4Ni2O (Mo) | 47 ± 0.3 | 33.5 ± 1.9 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 17.5 ± 1.2 | |
B2-Matrix | 51.1 ± 0.3 | 46.7 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.04 | - | |
Ti–Ni–Mo3 | TiNi | 52.4 ± 0.3 | 47.6 ± 0.3 | - | - |
Ti4Ni2O (Mo) | 47 ± 0.3 | 33.5 ± 1.9 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 17.5 ± 1.2 | |
B2-Matrix | 50.3 ± 0.8 | 46.2 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.03 | - | |
Ti–Ni–Mo4 | B2-Matrix | 50.1 ± 0.2 | 45.5 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | - |
Samples | Rs (°C) | Rf (°C) | Ms (°C) | Mf (°C) | As (°C) | Af (°C) | ΔHR (J/g) | ΔHM (J/g) | ΔHA (J/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni–Ti | - | - | 35.1 | 11.8 | 41.7 | 70.9 | - | 26.2 | 27.2 |
Ti–Ni–Mo0.5 | 22.2 | −5.6 | −10.9 | −37.7 | 8.8 | 40.5 | 2.9 | 6.2 | 18.9 |
Ti–Ni–Mo1 | 12.4 | −11.7 | −20.9 | - | −21.7 | 23.9 | 3.7 | - | 15.2 |
Alloy | Microhardness (HV) | Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) |
---|---|---|
Ni–Ti | 494 ± 12 | 71 ± 5 |
Ti–Ni–Mo0.5 | 461 ± 29 | 74 ± 5 |
Ti–Ni–Mo1 | 222 ± 18 | 52 ± 2 |
Ti–Ni–Mo2 | 339 ± 24 | 65 ± 3 |
Ti–Ni–Mo3 | 294 ± 39 | 65 ± 7 |
Ti–Ni–Mo4 | 272 ± 17 | 63 ± 5 |
Alloy | EOCP (V) | ECorr (V) | ICorr (μA) | ba (V/dec) | bc (V/dec) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni–Ti | −0.346 | −0.377 | 32.2 | 0.364 | 0.182 |
Ti–Ni–Mo0.5 | −0.330 | −0.384 | 27.0 | 0.330 | 0.152 |
Ti–Ni–Mo1 | −0.327 | −0.363 | 23.9 | 0.172 | 0.281 |
Ti–Ni–Mo2 | −0.347 | −0.440 | 22.5 | 0.392 | 0.156 |
Ti–Ni–Mo3 | −0.361 | −0.420 | 16.9 | 0.298 | 0.143 |
Ti–Ni–Mo4 | −0.320 | −0.378 | 11.3 | 0.246 | 0.196 |
Liga | Rs (Ω·cm2) | CPE (μF·cm−2) | n | Rp (KΩ·cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni–Ti | 212 | 4.09 | 0.92 | 936 |
Ti–Ni–Mo0.5 | 237 | 3.20 | 0.92 | 1120 |
Ti–Ni–Mo1 | 206 | 2.69 | 0.88 | 1370 |
Ti–Ni–Mo2 | 289 | 0.97 | 0.83 | 1280 |
Ti–Ni–Mo3 | 212 | 2.81 | 0.88 | 1880 |
Ti–Ni–Mo4 | 217 | 3.69 | 0.91 | 2710 |
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Costa, J.D.; Sousa, M.B.; Almeida, A.F.; Oliveira, J.A.M.; Silva, P.C.S.; Alves, J.J.N.; Campos, A.R.N.; Araújo, C.J.; Santana, R.A.C.; Delgado, J.M.P.Q.; et al. Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrochemical Characterization of Ti50Ni50−XMox Alloys Obtained by Plasma Arc Melting. Metals 2023, 13, 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101637
Costa JD, Sousa MB, Almeida AF, Oliveira JAM, Silva PCS, Alves JJN, Campos ARN, Araújo CJ, Santana RAC, Delgado JMPQ, et al. Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrochemical Characterization of Ti50Ni50−XMox Alloys Obtained by Plasma Arc Melting. Metals. 2023; 13(10):1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101637
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta, Josiane D., Mikarla B. Sousa, Arthur F. Almeida, José A. M. Oliveira, Paulo C. S. Silva, José J. N. Alves, Ana R. N. Campos, Carlos J. Araújo, Renato A. C. Santana, João M. P. Q. Delgado, and et al. 2023. "Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrochemical Characterization of Ti50Ni50−XMox Alloys Obtained by Plasma Arc Melting" Metals 13, no. 10: 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101637