Hydrogen Stress Cracking Behaviour in Dissimilar Welded Joints of Duplex Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Welding Parameters
2.2. Microstructural Analysis
2.3. Mechanical Testing and In-Situ SSRT
2.4. Silver Decoration to Observe Hydrogen-Trapping Behaviour
3. Results
3.1. Microstructures and Hardness of the Transverse WJs
3.2. Tensile Behaviour of the Transverse WJs with Respect to Hydrogen Charging
3.3. Fracture Behaviour of the Transverse WJs with Respect to Hydrogen Charging
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Type-II Boundary Microstructure on the HSC Behaviour of the WJs
4.2. Effect of Trapped Hydrogen on the HSC Fracture of the WJs
5. Conclusions
- The increase in the ferrite fraction of the DSS HAZ did not affect the fracture mechanism of the dissimilar-metal welds under HF and HC conditions. The softened HAZ of the carbon steel consisting of large polygonal ferrite grains was indirectly associated with the fracture of the welds under HF conditions.
- The WJs had almost the same ΔRoAs regardless of the filler metal used. Thus, no significant difference was observed in HSC sensitivities of the WJs with the AF and DF.
- Both the DF and AF WJs had type-II boundaries consisting of the austenite and martensite band regions along the fusion line of the carbon steel side, where s HSC fracture occurred.
- The martensite band of the type-II boundary trapped a large amount of diffusible hydrogen owing to the presence of a large number of hydrogen trap sites and the hydrogen gradient between the austenite and ferrite regions.
- The type-II boundary caused an IG fracture at the interface of the austenite and martensite regions (a strong hydrogen trapping site) and a stair morphology fracture along the martensite–lath boundary. Eventually, a premature fracture occurred during the in situ SSRT in the type-II boundary because of the HESIV and HELP mechanisms.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- NORSOK STANDARD M-001 Rev. 3. 2002. Available online: https://www.standard.no/en/sectors/energi-og-klima/petroleum/norsok-standard-categories/m-material/ (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- NORSOK STANDARD M-001 Rev. 4. 2014. Available online: https://www.standard.no/en/sectors/energi-og-klima/petroleum/norsok-standard-categories/m-material/ (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Kim, J.W.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, G.J.; Kang, S.W.; Ji, C. A Study on the Correlation between Bead Geometry and Tensile Strength of Single Lap jointed Dissimilar Combinations through Regression Analysis. J. Weld. Join. 2021, 39, 159–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, K.; Cho, D.H.; Park, M.; Yang, C. Effects of Molybdenum on HIC Susceptibility in Normalized Pressure Vessel Steels for Sour Service Applications. Korean J. Met. Mater. 2019, 57, 405–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Delafosse, D.; Magnin, T. Hydrogen induced plasticity in stress corrosion cracking of engineering systems. Eng. Frac. Mech. 2001, 68, 693–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, C.; Huang, Q.; Guo, Q.; Zheng, J.; Chen, X.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, L. Sulphide stress cracking behaviour of the dissimilar metal welded joint of X60 pipeline steel and Inconel 625 alloy. Corros. Sci. 2016, 110, 242–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woodtli, J.; Kieselbach, R. Damage due to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2000, 7, 427–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.S.; Kim, J.G. Investigation of weld corrosion effects on the stress behavior of a welded joint pipe using numerical simulations. Met. Mater. Int. 2019, 25, 918–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cabrini, M.; Lorenzi, S.; Marcassoli, P.; Pastore, T. Hydrogen embrittlement behavior of HSLA line pipe steel under cathodic protection. Corros. Rev. 2011, 29, 261–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zucchi, F.; Grassi, V.; Monticelli, C.; Trabanelli, G. Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel under cathodic protection in acidic artificial sea water in the presence of sulphide ions. Corros. Sci. 2006, 48, 522–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeong, S.; Shon, I.; Jeong, H.C. Development of welding flux to reduce hydrogen embrittlement in weld zone. J. Weld. Join. 2019, 37, 15–20. [Google Scholar]
- Sobol, O. Hydrogen Assisted Cracking and Transport Studied by ToF-SIMS and Data Fusion with HR-SEM; Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg: Magdeburg, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Meinhardt, C.P.; Scheid, A.; Santos, J.F.d.; Bergmann, L.A.; Favaro, M.B.; Kwietniewski, C.E.F. Hydrogen embrittlement under cathodic protection of friction stir welded UNS S32760 super duplex stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2017, 706, 48–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ska, A.S.; Łabanowski, J.; Michalska, J.; Fydrych, D. Corrosion behavior of hydrogen charged super duplex stainless steel welded joints. Mater. Corros. 2017, 68, 1037–1045. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Z.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, H.; Hu, J.; Jin, J. Microstructure evolution and pitting corrosion behavior of UNS S32750 super duplex stainless steel welds after short-time heat treatment. Corros. Sci. 2017, 121, 22–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corleto, C.R.; Argade, G.R. Failure analysis of dissimilar weld in heat exchanger. Case Stud. Corros. Rev. 2007, 9, 27–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, H.; Park, C.; Lee, J.; Kang, N.; Liu, S. Influence of hydrogen on softened heat-affected zones during in-situ slow strain rate testing in advanced high-strength steel welds. Corros. Sci. 2021, 181, 109229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belkessa, B.; Miroud, D.; Cheniti, B.; Ouali, N.; Hakem, M.; Djama, M. Dissimilar Welding between 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel and API X52 High Strength Low Alloy Steel. Diff. Found. 2018, 18, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OIM DC 7.2, User Manual, EDAX-TSL. Available online: https://www.edax.com/products/ebsd/oim-analysis (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- GOM ARAMIS User Manual. 2018. Available online: https://www.gom.com/en/products/3d-testing (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Koyama, M.; Yamasaki, D.; Nagashima, T.; Tasan, C.C.; Tsuzaki, K. In situ observations of silver-decoration evolution under hydrogen permeation: Effects of grain boundary misorientation on hydrogen flux in pure iron. Scr. Mater. 2017, 129, 48–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, S.-H.; Lee, S.-M.; Lee, S.; Nam, J.-H.; Lee, J.-S.; Bae, C.-M.; Lee, Y.-K. Effects of lamellar structure on tensile properties and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of pearlitic steel. Acta Mater. 2019, 172, 92–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Atrens, A. A critical review of the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of medium-strength steels. Corros. Rev. 2013, 31, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nanninga, N.E.; Levy, Y.S.; Drexler, E.S.; Condon, R.T.; Stevenson, A.E.; Slifka, A.J. Comparison of hydrogen embrittlement in three pipeline steels in high pressure gaseous hydrogen environments. Corros. Sci. 2012, 59, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villalba, E.; Atrens, A. SCC of commercial steels exposed to high hydrogen fugacity. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2008, 15, 617–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lynch, S. Hydrogen embrittlement phenomena and mechanisms. Corros. Rev. 2012, 30, 3–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagao, A.; Dadfarnia, M.; Somerday, B.P.; Sofronis, P.; Ritchie, R.O. Hydrogen-enhanced-plasticity mediated decohesion for hydrogen-induced intergranular and “quasi-cleavage” fracture of lath martensitic steels. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2018, 112, 403–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, M.L.; Fenske, J.A.; Liu, G.S.; Sofronis, P.; Robertson, I.M. On the formation and nature of quasi-cleavage fracture surfaces in hydrogen embrittled steels. Acta Mater. 2011, 59, 1601–1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- An, G.; Bae, H.Y.; Park, J.U. A Study of Brittle Crack Arrestability Test Method. J. Weld. Join. 2021, 38, 535–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, R.; Chen, L.; Wang, Z.; Yang, X.S.; Qiao, L.; Pang, X. Quantitative investigation on deep hydrogen trapping in tempered martensitic steel. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 854, 157218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szost, B.A.; Vegter, R.H.; Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, P.E.J. Hydrogen-Trapping Mechanisms in Nanostructured Steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2013, 44, 4542–4550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turk, A.; Joshi, G.R.; Gintalas, M.; Callisti, M.; Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, P.E.J.; Galindo-Nava, E.I. Quantification of hydrogen trapping in multiphase steels: Part I–Point traps in martensite. Acta Mater. 2020, 194, 118–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, P.J.; Robertson, I.M.; Birnbaum, H.K. Hydrogen effects on the interaction between dislocations. Acta Mater. 1998, 46, 1749–1757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Birnbaum, H.K.; Sofronis, P. Hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity-a mechanism for hydrogen-related fracture. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1994, 176, 191–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robertson, I.M. The effect of hydrogen on dislocation dynamics. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2001, 68, 671–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagumo, M.; Takai, K. The predominant role of strain-induced vacancies in hydrogen embrittlement of steels: Overview. Acta Mater. 2019, 165, 722–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demetriou, V.; Robson, J.D.; Preuss, M.; Morana, R. Effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of alloy 945X (UNS N09945) and influence of microstructural features. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2017, 684, 423–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Claeys, L.; Depover, T.; DeGraeve, I.; Verbeken, K. Electrochemical hydrogen charging of duplex stainless steel. Corrosion 2018, 75, 880–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turk, A.; Pu, S.; Bombač, D.; Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, P.E.J.; Galindo-Nava, E.I. Quantification of hydrogen trapping in multiphase steels: Part II–Effect of austenite morphology. Acta Mater. 2020, 197, 253–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, C.; Bernstein, I.M. The effect of strain on hydrogen-induced dislocation morphologies in single crystal iron. Acta Metall. 1986, 34, 1011–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, C.; Kang, N.; Kim, M.; Liu, S. Effect of prestrain on hydrogen diffusion and trapping in structural steel. Mater. Lett. 2019, 235, 193–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birnbaum, H.K. Hydrogen effects on deformation-Relation between dislocation behavior and the macroscopic stress-strain behaviour. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1994, 31, 149–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, C.; Kang, N.; Liu, S. Effect of prestrain on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of EH 36 steels using in situ slow-strain-rate testing. Met. Mater. Int. 2019, 25, 584–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Welded Joint | Base Metal 1 | Filler Metal | Base Metal 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DF | 2205 DSS | 2209 DSS | CSD (EQ51) | |
Yield strength | 571 | 632 | 582 | |
AF | 2205 DSS | 309 LMo ASS | CSA (S460) | |
Yield strength | 571 | 510 | 509 |
Element | Cr | Ni | C | Mn | Mo | Si | Fe | Creq | Nieq | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base metals | 2205 DSS | 21.6 | 5.3 | 0.03 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 0.46 | Bal. | 25.25 | 6.99 |
CSD (EQ51) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.55 | Bal. | 0.88 | 6.9 | ||
CSA (S460) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.6 | Bal. | 0.95 | 6.85 | ||
Filler metals | 2209 DSS | 21.8 | 6.8 | 0.03 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 0.9 | Bal. | 26.25 | 8.2 |
309 LMoASS | 19.9 | 9.8 | 0.04 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.56 | Bal. | 21.54 | 11.7 |
Hydrogen Conditions | DF | AF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YS (MPa) | TS (MPa) | Disp. (mm) | ΔRoA (%) | YS (MPa) | TS (MPa) | Disp. (mm) | ΔRoA (%) | |
HF | 464 | 552 | 2.25 | 67.5 | 475 | 562 | 3.33 | 64.5 |
HC | 487 | 603 | 1.23 | 493 | 582 | 1.45 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Park, H.; Moon, B.; Moon, Y.; Kang, N. Hydrogen Stress Cracking Behaviour in Dissimilar Welded Joints of Duplex Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel. Metals 2021, 11, 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071039
Park H, Moon B, Moon Y, Kang N. Hydrogen Stress Cracking Behaviour in Dissimilar Welded Joints of Duplex Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel. Metals. 2021; 11(7):1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071039
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Hanji, Byungrok Moon, Younghoon Moon, and Namhyun Kang. 2021. "Hydrogen Stress Cracking Behaviour in Dissimilar Welded Joints of Duplex Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel" Metals 11, no. 7: 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071039