Fundamentals or Icing on Top of the Cake? A Narrative Review of Recovery Strategies and Devices for Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Purpose of Recovery
3. The Fundamentals of Recovery
3.1. Sleep
3.2. Nutrition
3.3. Periodisation
4. Categorising Recovery Strategies
4.1. High-Level of Evidence
4.1.1. Foam Rolling
4.1.2. Compression Garments
4.1.3. Electromyostimulation (EMS)
4.1.4. Cryotherapy Chambers
4.1.5. Hydrotherapy (Cold Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy)
4.1.6. Photobiomodulation
4.1.7. Active Recovery
4.1.8. Stretching
4.2. Lower Level of Evidence
4.2.1. Sauna
4.2.2. Recovery Boots/Sleeves
4.2.3. Occlusion Cuffs/Blood Flow Restriction
4.2.4. Float Tanks
4.2.5. Massage Guns
5. Psychosocial Recovery
6. Placebo and Belief Effects
7. Chronic Use of Recovery Strategies
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Shell, S.J.; Slattery, K.; Clark, B.; Broatch, J.R.; Halson, S.; Kellmann, M.; Coutts, A.J. Perceptions and use of recovery strategies: Do swimmers and coaches believe they are effective? J. Sports Sci. 2020, 38, 2092–2099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bishop, P.A.; Jones, E.; Woods, A.K. Recovery from training: A brief review: Brief review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2008, 22, 1015–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- van Someren, K.; Howatson, G. Training, recovery and adaptation. In Sports Injuries; Oxford University Press: Oxford, NY, USA, 2011; pp. 83–88. [Google Scholar]
- Vaile, J.; Halson, S.; Graham, S. Recovery review: Science vs. practice. J. Aust. Strength Cond. 2010, 18, 5–21. [Google Scholar]
- Crowther, F.; Sealey, R.; Crowe, M.; Edwards, A.; Halson, S. Team sport athletes’ perceptions and use of recovery strategies: A mixed-methods survey study. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil. 2017, 9, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peake, J.M.; Neubauer, O.; Della Gatta, P.A.; Nosaka, K. Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 2017, 122, 559–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnett, A. Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes. Sports Med. 2006, 36, 781–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schoenfeld, B.J.; Contreras, B. Is postexercise muscle soreness a valid indicator of muscular adaptations? Strength Cond. J. 2013, 35, 16–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, N.P.; Halson, S.L.; Sargent, C.; Roach, G.D.; Nédélec, M.; Gupta, L.; Leeder, J.; Fullagar, H.H.; Coutts, A.J.; Edwards, B.J. Sleep and the athlete: Narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br. J. Sports Med. 2020, 55, 356–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swinbourne, R.; Miller, J.; Smart, D.; Dulson, D.K.; Gill, N. The effects of sleep extension on sleep, performance, immunity and physical stress in rugby players. Sports 2018, 6, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mah, C.D.; Mah, K.E.; Kezirian, E.J.; Dement, W.C. The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep 2011, 34, 943–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lastella, M.; Memon, A.R.; Vincent, G.E. Global research output on sleep research in athletes from 1966 to 2019: A bibliometric analysis. Clocks Sleep 2020, 2, 99–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Driller, M.W.; Dunican, I.C.; Omond, S.E.; Boukhris, O.; Stevenson, S.; Lambing, K.; Bender, A.M. Pyjamas, Polysomnography and Professional Athletes: The Role of Sleep Tracking Technology in Sport. Sports 2023, 11, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baron, K.G.; Abbott, S.; Jao, N.; Manalo, N.; Mullen, R. Orthosomnia: Are some patients taking the quantified self too far? J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 2017, 13, 351–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Driller, M.W.; Mah, C.D.; Halson, S.L. Development of the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire: A tool for identifying maladaptive sleep practices in elite athletes. Sleep Sci. 2018, 11, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bender, A.M.; Lawson, D.; Werthner, P.; Samuels, C.H. The clinical validation of the athlete sleep screening questionnaire: An instrument to identify athletes that need further sleep assessment. Sports Med.-Open 2018, 4, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fullagar, H.; Skorski, S.; Duffield, R.; Meyer, T. The effect of an acute sleep hygiene strategy following a late-night soccer match on recovery of players. Chronobiol. Int. 2016, 33, 490–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Ryswyk, E.; Weeks, R.; Bandick, L.; O’Keefe, M.; Vakulin, A.; Catcheside, P.; Barger, L.; Potter, A.; Poulos, N.; Wallace, J. A novel sleep optimisation programme to improve athletes’ well-being and performance. Eur. J. Sport. Sci. 2017, 17, 144–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caia, J.; Scott, T.J.; Halson, S.L.; Kelly, V.G. The influence of sleep hygiene education on sleep in professional rugby league athletes. Sleep Health 2018, 4, 364–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hausswirth, C.; Le Meur, Y. Physiological and nutritional aspects of post-exercise recovery. Sports Med. 2011, 41, 861–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beelen, M.; Burke, L.M.; Gibala, M.J.; Van Loon, L.J. Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2010, 20, 515–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papadopoulou, S.K. Rehabilitation nutrition for injury recovery of athletes: The role of macronutrient intake. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bongiovanni, T.; Genovesi, F.; Nemmer, M.; Carling, C.; Alberti, G.; Howatson, G. Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: Current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2020, 120, 1965–1996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bonilla, D.A.; Pérez-Idárraga, A.; Odriozola-Martínez, A.; Kreider, R.B. The 4R’s framework of nutritional strategies for post-exercise recovery: A review with emphasis on new generation of carbohydrates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pearson, A.G.; Hind, K.; Macnaughton, L.S. The impact of dietary protein supplementation on recovery from resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2023, 77, 767–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nanclerio, F.; Moody, J.; Chapman, M. Applied Periodisation: A Methodological Approach. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. 2022, 8, 350–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kellmann, M.; Bertollo, M.; Bosquet, L.; Brink, M.; Coutts, A.J.; Duffield, R.; Erlacher, D.; Halson, S.L.; Hecksteden, A.; Heidari, J. Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2018, 13, 240–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weakley, J.; Halson, S.L.; Mujika, I. Overtraining Syndrome Symptoms and Diagnosis in Athletes: Where Is the Research? A Systematic Review. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2022, 17, 675–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saw, A.E.; Main, L.C.; Gastin, P.B. Monitoring the athlete training response: Subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: A systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 281–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evans, D. Hierarchy of evidence: A framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. J. Clin. Nurs. 2003, 12, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tavares, F.; Healey, P.; Smith, T.B.; Driller, M. The usage and perceived effectiveness of different recovery modalities in amateur and elite Rugby athletes. Perform. Enhanc. Health 2017, 5, 142–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leabeater, A.J.; James, L.P.; Huynh, M.; Vleck, V.; Plews, D.J.; Driller, M.W. All the gear: The prevalence and perceived effectiveness of recovery strategies used by triathletes. Perform. Enhanc. Health 2022, 10, 100235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Field, A.; Harper, L.D.; Chrismas, B.C.; Fowler, P.M.; McCall, A.; Paul, D.J.; Chamari, K.; Taylor, L. The use of recovery strategies in professional soccer: A worldwide survey. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2021, 16, 1804–1815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilke, J.; Müller, A.-L.; Giesche, F.; Power, G.; Ahmedi, H.; Behm, D.G. Acute effects of foam rolling on range of motion in healthy adults: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020, 50, 387–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hendricks, S.; den Hollander, S.; Lombard, W.; Parker, R. Effects of foam rolling on performance and recovery: A systematic review of the literature to guide practitioners on the use of foam rolling. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 2020, 24, 151–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skinner, B.; Moss, R.; Hammond, L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of foam rolling on range of motion, recovery and markers of athletic performance. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 2020, 24, 105–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alonso-Calvete, A.; Lorenzo-Martínez, M.; Padrón-Cabo, A.; Pérez-Ferreirós, A.; Kalén, A.; Abelairas-Gómez, C.; Rey, E. Does vibration foam roller influence performance and recovery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med.-Open 2022, 8, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Driller, M.W.; Brophy-Williams, N.N. The Use of Compression Garments in Elite Australian Athletes: A Survey. J. Athl. Enhanc. 2016, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, F.; Gissane, C.; Howatson, G.; van Someren, K.; Pedlar, C.; Hill, J. Compression Garments and Recovery from Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2017, 47, 2245–2267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leabeater, A.J.; James, L.P.; Driller, M.W. Tight Margins: Compression Garment Use during Exercise and Recovery—A Systematic Review. Textiles 2022, 2, 395–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weakley, J.; Broatch, J.; O’Riordan, S.; Morrison, M.; Maniar, N.; Halson, S.L. Putting the squeeze on compression garments: Current evidence and recommendations for future research: A systematic scoping review. Sports Med. 2021, 52, 1141–1160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malone, J.K.; Blake, C.; Caulfield, B.M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation during recovery from exercise: A systematic review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 2478–2506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Day, J.; Newman, J. The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on function outcome measures following muscle fatigue: A systematic review. Curr. Orthop. Pract. 2020, 31, 394–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bleakley, C.M.; Bieuzen, F.; Davison, G.W.; Costello, J.T. Whole-body cryotherapy: Empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives. Open Access J. Sports Med. 2014, 5, 25–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rose, C.; Edwards, K.M.; Siegler, J.; Graham, K.; Caillaud, C. Whole-body cryotherapy as a recovery technique after exercise: A review of the literature. Int. J. Sports Med. 2017, 38, 1049–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmes, M.; Willoughby, D.S. The effectiveness of whole body cryotherapy compared to cold water immersion: Implications for sport and exercise recovery. Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci. 2016, 4, 32–39. [Google Scholar]
- Abaïdia, A.-E.; Lamblin, J.; Delecroix, B.; Leduc, C.; McCall, A.; Nédélec, M.; Dawson, B.; Baquet, G.; Dupont, G. Recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: Cold-water immersion versus whole-body cryotherapy. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2017, 12, 402–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machado, A.F.; Ferreira, P.H.; Micheletti, J.K.; de Almeida, A.C.; Lemes, Í.R.; Vanderlei, F.M.; Netto Junior, J.; Pastre, C.M. Can water temperature and immersion time influence the effect of cold water immersion on muscle soreness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 503–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Higgins, T.R.; Greene, D.A.; Baker, M.K. Effects of cold water immersion and contrast water therapy for recovery from team sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 1443–1460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Versey, N.G.; Halson, S.L.; Dawson, B.T. Water immersion recovery for athletes: Effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations. Sports Med. 2013, 43, 1101–1130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, L.A.; Raastad, T.; Markworth, J.F.; Figueiredo, V.C.; Egner, I.M.; Shield, A.; Cameron-Smith, D.; Coombes, J.S.; Peake, J.M. Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. J. Physiol. 2015, 593, 4285–4301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malta, E.S.; Dutra, Y.M.; Broatch, J.R.; Bishop, D.J.; Zagatto, A.M. The effects of regular cold-water immersion use on training-induced changes in strength and endurance performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021, 51, 161–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dompe, C.; Moncrieff, L.; Matys, J.; Grzech-Leśniak, K.; Kocherova, I.; Bryja, A.; Bruska, M.; Dominiak, M.; Mozdziak, P.; Skiba, T.H.I. Photobiomodulation—Underlying mechanism and clinical applications. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vanin, A.A.; Verhagen, E.; Barboza, S.D.; Costa, L.O.P.; Leal-Junior, E.C.P. Photobiomodulation therapy for the improvement of muscular performance and reduction of muscular fatigue associated with exercise in healthy people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med. Sci. 2018, 33, 181–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal-Junior, E.C.P.; Vanin, A.A.; Miranda, E.F.; de Carvalho, P.d.T.C.; Dal Corso, S.; Bjordal, J.M. Effect of phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy) on exercise performance and markers of exercise recovery: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Lasers Med. Sci. 2015, 30, 925–939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Borsa, P.A.; Larkin, K.A.; True, J.M. Does phototherapy enhance skeletal muscle contractile function and postexercise recovery? A systematic review. J. Athl. Train. 2013, 48, 57–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferlito, J.V.; Ferlito, M.V.; Leal-Junior, E.C.P.; Tomazoni, S.S.; De Marchi, T. Comparison between cryotherapy and photobiomodulation in muscle recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med. Sci. 2022, 37, 1375–1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilcock, I. The Effect of Water Immersion, Active Recovery and Passive Recovery on Repeated Bouts of Explosive Exercise and Blood Plasma Fraction. Master’s Thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Andersson, H.M.; Raastad, T.; Nilsson, J.; Paulsen, G.; Garthe, I.; Kadi, F. Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: Effects of active recovery. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2008, 40, 372–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fares, R.; Vicente-Rodríguez, G.; Olmedillas, H. Effect of Active Recovery Protocols on the Management of Symptoms Related to Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond. J. 2022, 44, 57–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tufano, J.J.; Brown, L.E.; Coburn, J.W.; Tsang, K.K.; Cazas, V.L.; LaPorta, J.W. Effect of aerobic recovery intensity on delayed-onset muscle soreness and strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012, 26, 2777–2782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frączek, B.; Grzelak, A.; Klimek, A.T. Analysis of daily energy expenditure of elite athletes in relation to their sport, the measurement method and energy requirement norms. J. Hum. Kinet. 2019, 70, 81–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afonso, J.; Clemente, F.M.; Nakamura, F.Y.; Morouço, P.; Sarmento, H.; Inman, R.A.; Ramirez-Campillo, R. The Effectiveness of Post-exercise Stretching in Short-Term and Delayed Recovery of Strength, Range of Motion and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, 677581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Behm, D.G.; Blazevich, A.J.; Kay, A.D.; McHugh, M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: A systematic review. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kukkonen-Harjula, K.; Kauppinen, K. Health effects and risks of sauna bathing. Int. J. Circumpolar Health 2006, 65, 195–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Z.; Jiang, W.; Chen, Y.; Wang, G.; Yan, F.; Zeng, T.; Fan, H. Acute and short-term efficacy of sauna treatment on cardiovascular function: Ameta-analysis. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2020, 20, 96–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laukkanen, J.A.; Laukkanen, T.; Kunutsor, S.K. Cardiovascular and other health benefits of sauna bathing: A review of the evidence. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2018, 93, 1111–1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mero, A.; Tornberg, J.; Mäntykoski, M.; Puurtinen, R. Effects of far-infrared sauna bathing on recovery from strength and endurance training sessions in men. SpringerPlus 2015, 4, 321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pilch, W.; Pokora, I.; Szyguła, Z.; Pałka, T.; Pilch, P.; Cisoń, T.; Malik, L.; Wiecha, S. Effect of a single finnish sauna session on white blood cell profile and cortisol levels in athletes and non-athletes. J. Hum. Kinet. 2013, 39, 127–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skorski, S.; Schimpchen, J.; Pfeiffer, M.; Ferrauti, A.; Kellmann, M.; Meyer, T. Effects of postexercise sauna bathing on recovery of swim performance. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2019, 15, 934–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahokas, E.K.; Ihalainen, J.; Hanstock, H.G.; Savolainen, E.; Kyröläinen, H. A post-exercise infrared sauna session improves recovery of neuromuscular performance and muscle soreness after resistance exercise training. Biol. Sport 2022, 40, 681–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stedge, H.L.; Armstrong, K. The Effects of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression on the Reduction of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Endurance Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic. J. Sport Rehabil. 2021, 30, 668–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cranston, A.W.; Driller, M.W. Investigating the use of an intermittent sequential pneumatic compression arm sleeve for recovery after upper-body exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2022, 36, 1548–1553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blumkaitis, J.C.; Moon, J.M.; Ratliff, K.M.; Stecker, R.A.; Richmond, S.R.; Sunderland, K.L.; Kerksick, C.M.; Martin, J.S.; Mumford, P.W. Effects of an external pneumatic compression device vs static compression garment on peripheral circulation and markers of sports performance and recovery. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2022, 122, 1709–1722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Northey, J.M.; Rattray, B.; Argus, C.K.; Etxebarria, N.; Driller, M.W. Vascular Occlusion and Sequential Compression for Recovery After Resistance Exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2016, 30, 533–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaven, C.M.; Cook, C.J.; Kilduff, L.; Drawer, S.; Gill, N. Intermittent lower-limb occlusion enhances recovery after strenuous exercise. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 37, 1132–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Page, W.; Swan, R.; Patterson, S.D. The effect of intermittent lower limb occlusion on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage: A randomized controlled trial. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, 729–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rider, B.C.; Ditzenberger, G.L.; Cox, B.A.; Montoye, A.H. The Use of Limb Blood Flow Occlusion for Rehabilitation and Performance. ACSM’s Health Fit. J. 2022, 26, 28–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, P.M.; Salacinski, A.J.; Stults-Kolehmainen, M.A. The acute effects of flotation restricted environmental stimulation technique on recovery from maximal eccentric exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2013, 27, 3467–3474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Broderick, V.; Uiga, L.; Driller, M. Flotation-restricted environmental stimulation therapy improves sleep and performance recovery in athletes. Perform. Enhanc. Health 2019, 7, 100149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Driller, M.W.; Argus, C.K. Flotation restricted environmental stimulation therapy and napping on mood state and muscle soreness in elite athletes: A novel recovery strategy? Perform. Enhanc. Health 2016, 5, 60–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sams, L.; Langdown, B.L.; Simons, J.; Vseteckova, J. The Effect Of Percussive Therapy On Musculoskeletal Performance And Experiences Of Pain: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2023, 18, 309–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konrad, A.; Glashüttner, C.; Reiner, M.M.; Bernsteiner, D.; Tilp, M. The acute effects of a percussive massage treatment with a hypervolt device on plantar flexor muscles’ range of motion and performance. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2020, 19, 690–694. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- García-Sillero, M.; Benítez-Porres, J.; García-Romero, J.; Bonilla, D.A.; Petro, J.L.; Vargas-Molina, S. Comparison of interventional strategies to improve recovery after eccentric exercise-induced muscle fatigue. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Zhang, F.; Chen, H.; Pan, H. Rhabdomyolysis after the use of percussion massage gun: A case report. Phys. Ther. 2021, 101, pzaa199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Masters, A.; Duarte, R.; Chiang, B.; Sarvottam, K.; Patel, K. Hemothorax After Use of Percussion Massage Gun: A Case Report. In C43. Case Reports: Pleural Disease Dilemmas; American Thoracic Society: New York, NY, USA, 2022; p. A4172. [Google Scholar]
- Leabeater, A.; Clarke, A.; James, L.; Huynh, M.; Driller, M. Under the Gun: The effect of percussive massage therapy on physical and perceptual recovery in active adults. J. Athl. Train. 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kentta, G.; Hassmen, P. Overtraining and recovery. A conceptual model. Sports Med. 1998, 26, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otter, R.T.; Brink, M.S.; van der Does, H.T.; Lemmink, K.A. Monitoring perceived stress and recovery in relation to cycling performance in female athletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 2015, 37, 12–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eccles, D.W.; Balk, Y.; Gretton, T.W.; Harris, N. “The forgotten session”: Advancing research and practice concerning the psychology of rest in athletes. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 2022, 34, 3–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rice, S.M.; Purcell, R.; De Silva, S.; Mawren, D.; McGorry, P.D.; Parker, A.G. The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 1333–1353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, A.; Creasy, R.H.; Edge, J.A. The effect of graduated compression stockings on running performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2011, 25, 1385–1392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roelands, B.; Hurst, P. The placebo effect in sport: How practitioners can inject words to improve performance. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2020, 15, 765–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beedie, C.; Hettinga, F. Introduction to the special edition on the placebo effect in sport and exercise. Eur. J. Sport. Sci. 2020, 20, 277–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beedie, C.J. Placebo effects in competitive sport: Qualitative data. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2007, 6, 21–28. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Brophy-Williams, N.; Driller, M.W.; Kitic, C.M.; Fell, J.W.; Halson, S.L. Effect of Compression Socks Worn Between Repeated Maximal Running Bouts. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2017, 12, 621–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stickford, A.S.; Chapman, R.F.; Johnston, J.D.; Stager, J.M. Lower-leg compression, running mechanics, and economy in trained distance runners. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2015, 10, 76–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simjanovic, M.; Hooper, S.; Leveritt, M.; Kellmann, M.; Rynne, S. The use and perceived effectiveness of recovery modalities and monitoring techniques in elite sport. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 2009, 12, S22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Example Recovery Modalities | ||
---|---|---|
Physiological |
| Active recovery; compression garments; cryotherapy chambers; electromyostimulation; hydrotherapy; occlusion cuffs; photobiomodulation; sauna |
Biomechanical |
| Compression garments; foam rolling; stretching; massage guns; recovery boots/sleeves |
Neurological |
| Compression garments; cryotherapy chambers; electromyostimulation; float tanks; foam rolling; massage guns |
Psychological |
| Compression garments; float tanks; hydrotherapy; occlusion cuffs; photobiomodulation; recovery boots/sleeves; sauna |
General Preparation/Pre-Season | Specific Preparation | Taper/Pre-Competition | Competition/Major Event |
---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Driller, M.; Leabeater, A. Fundamentals or Icing on Top of the Cake? A Narrative Review of Recovery Strategies and Devices for Athletes. Sports 2023, 11, 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110213
Driller M, Leabeater A. Fundamentals or Icing on Top of the Cake? A Narrative Review of Recovery Strategies and Devices for Athletes. Sports. 2023; 11(11):213. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110213
Chicago/Turabian StyleDriller, Matthew, and Alana Leabeater. 2023. "Fundamentals or Icing on Top of the Cake? A Narrative Review of Recovery Strategies and Devices for Athletes" Sports 11, no. 11: 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110213