Prenatal Biochemical and Ultrasound Markers in COVID-19 Pregnant Patients: A Prospective Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Prenatal Testing
2.2. Diagnostic Assays
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fetal Outcomes
3.2. Maternal Outcomes
4. Discussion
4.1. Key Results
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Interpretation
4.4. Generalisability
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Findings | COVID-19 Positive n = 17 | COVID-19 Negative n = 130 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or mean ±SD | n (%) or mean ±SD | |||
Age (years) | 32.1 ± 4.0 | 33.9 ± 4.3 | 0.16 | |
BMI prior to pregnancy, (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 3.2 | 22.7 ± 4.2 | 0.88 | |
Parity | 0.68 | |||
0 | 9 (52.9) | 82 (63.8) | ||
1 | 7 (41.2) | 37 (28.5) | ||
2 | 1 (5.9) | 9 (6.9) | ||
3 | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) | ||
Previous | 0.28 | |||
Abortions | 0 | 14 (82.3) | 95 (73.0) | |
1 | 1 (5.9) | 25 (19.2) | ||
2 | 1 (5.9) | 8 (6.1) | ||
3 | 1 (5.9) | 2 (1.5) | ||
ART therapy | 2 (11.8) | 9 (6.9) | 0.47 | |
Smoking history | 1 (5.9) | 9 (6.9) | 0.87 | |
Thyroid disease | 1 (5.9) | 14 (10.8) | 0.53 | |
Autoimmune diseases | 0 (0) | 4 (3.1) | 0.46 | |
Thrombophilia | 1 (5.9) | 5 (3.8) | 0.68 | |
Uncontrolled DM | 0 | 0 | ||
Uterine anomalies | 0 (0) | 8 (6.1) | 0.29 |
COVID-19 Positive n = 17 | COVID-19 Negative n = 130 | p | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GA at time of screening test, days ±SD | 87.2 ± 2.3 | 86.3 ± 1.8 | 0.49 | / |
Integrated test, n (%) | 15 (93.7) | 114 (87.6) | / | / |
Combined test, n (%) | 1 (6.2) | 16 (12.3) | / | / |
Positive screening test, n (%) | 1 (6.2) | 4 (3.0) | 0.46 | / |
Risk for Down’s syndrome, ratio ±SD | 1/43,493.1 ± 1/42,876.8 | 1/39,880.1 ± 1/39,357.5 | 0.88 | / |
Risk for neural tube defects, ratio ±SD | 1/5178.6 ± 1696.2 | 1/4600.0 ± 1649.4 | 0.20 | / |
NT thickness, mm ±SD | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.77 | 0.89 |
NT thickness, MoM ±SD | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
PAPP-A, IU/L ±SD | 3216.6 ± 1514.3 | 3256.0 ± 2194.8 | 0.63 | 0.95 |
PAPP-A, MoM ±SD | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.55 | 0.62 |
AFP, IU/L ±SD | 27.8 ± 12.0 | 28.5 ± 8.4 | 0.30 | 0.81 |
AFP, MoM ±SD | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.41 |
hCG, IU/L ±SD | 32.3 ± 17.1 | 34.8 ± 16.2 | 0.40 | 0.50 |
hCG, MoM ±SD | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.59 | 0.63 |
uE3, IU/L ±SD | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.28 | 0.13 |
uE3, MoM ±SD | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.58 | 0.40 |
COVID-19 Positive n = 17 | COVID-19 Negative n = 130 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Estimated fetal HC Z-score ≥ 1.645 | 2 (11.7) | 19 (14.6) | 0.75 |
Estimated fetal AC Z-score ≥ 1.645 | 2 (11.7) | 11 (8.4) | 0.65 |
Estimated fetal FL Z-score ≥ 1.645 | 3 (17.6) | 14 (10.7) | 0.40 |
Estimated fetal HC Z-score ≤ −1.28 | 1 (5.8) | 4 (3.0) | 0.54 |
Estimated fetal AC Z-score ≤ −1.28 | 1 (5.8) | 4 (3.0) | 0.54 |
Estimated fetal FL Z-score ≤ −1.28 | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 0.71 |
Fetal structural anomalies | 1 (5.8) | 1 (0.7) | 0.21 |
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Cosma, S.; Carosso, A.R.; Borella, F.; Cusato, J.; Bovetti, M.; Bevilacqua, F.; Carosso, M.; Gervasoni, F.; Sciarrone, A.; Marozio, L.; et al. Prenatal Biochemical and Ultrasound Markers in COVID-19 Pregnant Patients: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030398
Cosma S, Carosso AR, Borella F, Cusato J, Bovetti M, Bevilacqua F, Carosso M, Gervasoni F, Sciarrone A, Marozio L, et al. Prenatal Biochemical and Ultrasound Markers in COVID-19 Pregnant Patients: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(3):398. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030398
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosma, Stefano, Andrea Roberto Carosso, Fulvio Borella, Jessica Cusato, Marialuisa Bovetti, Federica Bevilacqua, Marco Carosso, Fiammetta Gervasoni, Andrea Sciarrone, Luca Marozio, and et al. 2021. "Prenatal Biochemical and Ultrasound Markers in COVID-19 Pregnant Patients: A Prospective Case-Control Study" Diagnostics 11, no. 3: 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030398