Reduced Recurrence Rates Are Associated with Photodynamic Diagnostics Compared to White Light after Extended Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors
by
, ,
Alexander Marquardt
1, 
Mario Richterstetter
1,
Helge Taubert
1,2
,
Arndt Hartmann
2,3,
Bernd Wullich
1,2,
Verena Lieb
1,2,
Laura Bellut
1,2,
Sven Wach
1,2,* and
Hendrik Apel
1,2 1
Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
2
Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
3
Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2022, 12(5), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050641
Submission received: 1 April 2022
/
Revised: 19 April 2022
/
Accepted: 24 April 2022
/
Published: 26 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Bladder Neoplasms)
Abstract
:One pillar in treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is the complete and high-quality transurethral resection of the primary tumor (TURBT). However, even after a high-quality primary resection, the residual tumor risk is considerable, thus requiring a re-TURBT. Resections performed with the aid of a photodynamic diagnostics report improved recurrence-free survival rates and increased detection rates of carcinoma in situ (CIS). This monocentric retrospective study reports on patients treated with an extended TURBT procedure using conventional white-light cystoscopy or photodynamic diagnostics (PDD). Only patients undergoing a TURBT resection for their primary tumor were included in the statistical analysis. Recurrence-free survival and overall survival were the clinical endpoints. Mann–Whitney U tests and chi-squared tests were used for descriptive intergroup comparisons. The associations with overall survival and recurrence-free survival were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses. The test results were considered significant when p was < 0.05. In comparison to conventional white-light cystoscopy, PDD increased the detection rates of CIS (p = 0.004) and tumor multifocality (p = 0.005) and led to reduced residual tumor incidence at the primary resection site (p < 0.001). Likewise, tumor recurrence rates were reduced in the PDD cohort (p < 0.001). Patient age and the presence of residual tumor at the primary resection site were identified as independent predictors of overall survival. For recurrence-free survival, only the PDD resection method was an independent predictor (HR = 0.43; p < 0.001). In summary, we demonstrated that the utilization of PDD techniques was associated with improved detection rates of CIS and multifocal tumors and with reduced recurrence rates. The extended resection protocol allowed us to determine that PDD resections lead to a reduced residual tumor rate at the initial resection site. This residual tumor state at the resection site, determined by extended TURBT, became an independent predictor of long-term survival. On the other hand, the PDD technique was confirmed as the only independent predictor of recurrence-free survival.
1. Introduction
Urothelial cancer of the bladder (BCA) represents a major source of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. More than 570,000 new cases are diagnosed worldwide per year. BCA’s age-standardized incidence rates (per 100,000 individuals) account for 9.5 in males and 2.4 in females, making it the 12th most common cancer [1]. At initial diagnosis, approximately 75% of patients present with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) [2], which allows for organ-sparing therapy approaches. Both the treatment guidelines of the European Association of Urology (EAU) [3] and the guidelines of the American Urological Association (AUA) [4] recommend transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) as the standard treatment. Fractionated or en bloc resection methods are both valid and approved [5].
There is a broad consensus that a complete resection is essential for a good prognosis. Thus, the surgeons’ professional experience in performing the resection has been described as an independent prognostic factor for a longer recurrence-free survival [6]. Moreover, histopathological characteristics, such as the presence of detrusor muscle in the resection specimen, may serve as a proxy marker for complete resection and are associated with a reduced risk of recurrence [7,8]. Other risk factors for recurrence and progression include tumor multifocality, tumor size, tumor stage, concomitant carcinoma in situ (CIS), and tumor grading [9,10].
Nevertheless, even after a well-performed TURBT, there is still a considerable risk of residual tumor [11]. Therefore, a second resection (re-TURBT) is recommended within six to eight weeks after the primary resection [12] to further increase the recurrence-free survival of patients [13]. The rates of residual tumor in re-TURBT resections can reach up to 55–60% [14].
However, even after an experienced provider TURBT procedure and intravesical BCG instillation, approximately 35% of patients experience a local disease recurrence within 3 years [15].
In 2008, the method of photodynamic diagnostics (PDD) was approved by the EAU, and a systematic review of prospective studies described better diagnostic accuracy with fluorescent methods (additional tumor lesions detected and higher CIS detection rates) as well as improved recurrence-free survival [16]. The approved fluorescent agent, hexaminolaevulinate (HAL), exhibits the same diagnostic capabilities as 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) [17]. Although the diagnostic benefit of PDD has been confirmed multiple times, it has recently been demonstrated that, in German-speaking countries, the majority (60%) of urologists in the outpatient setting perform only white-light cystoscopies [18].
In this monocentric series, we analyzed the clinical and demographical parameters of patients with NMIBC treated with TURBT for the resection of their primary tumor, performed with or without the help of PDD. The influence of the PDD procedure on the detection rates of CIS and tumor multifocality was analyzed. Additionally, the impact of PDD on patient overall survival and recurrence-free survival was analyzed in comparison to our historical cohort, where only conventional white-light resection was applied. We have previously reported establishing an extended TURBT technique that incorporates a series of additional ground and margin specimens to better evaluate the quality of the initial resection [19]. This extended TURBT technique allowed us to additionally assess the impact of the PDD procedure upon the presence of residual tumor in extended deep and margin specimens.
2. Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed a total of 881 TURBT resections that were performed in our institution between 1986 and 2014, following an extended TURBT protocol that was thoroughly described in an earlier publication [19]. Extended TURBT under conventional white-light conditions was performed between 1986 and 2013 using monopolar instrumentation, and extended TURBT under PDD conditions was performed between 2003 and 2014 using bipolar instrumentation. For PDD, the patients received an intravesical instillation with 8 mM hexaminolaevulinate (HAL; HEXVIX) for one hour before planned surgery. PDD was performed intra-surgical and as a final control using a TriCam SL system (Storz medical, Tägerwilen, Switzerland) and a D-LightC illumination source (Storz). After completing the TUR resection of the primary tumor, all patients underwent the extended TURBT protocol. For this, additional specimens were taken from the center of the resection area (1 to 4 samples, depending on the size of the primary tumor) and from the normal-appearing urothelium at the margin of the resection area (3 to 4 samples). All specimens were reviewed by an experienced uro-pathologist. The pathological results of the additional specimens were used to determine the resection margin status (sR status).
All patients, irrespective of the primary resection method, underwent a scheduled re-TURBT within 6–8 weeks of the primary resection using conventional white-light cystoscopy and were further treated according to current clinical guidelines and best clinical practice protocols. This also included supportive instillation therapies with mitomycin C or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) at the surgeon’s discretion. Patient follow-up was conducted by regular cystoscopic examination using conventional white-light technology.
All patients, starting in 2008, provided written informed consent. For samples collected before 2008, the Ethics Committee in Erlangen waived the need for informed individual consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Erlangen (No. 3755). The patients’ clinical, pathological, and long-term follow-up information was retrieved from the tumor registry of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN).
Differences in the distribution of parameters between the TURBT with and without PDD were analyzed using chi-square (factor variables) or nonparametric Mann–Whitney (continuous variables) statistical tests. The associations of the clinical parameters and TURBT with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were determined by univariate (Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox’s regression hazard models) and multivariate analyses (Cox’s regression hazard models). Follow-up intervals were defined as the time from the initial tumor diagnosis to an event (death or recurrence) or the last available patient information. The follow-up intervals for both overall survival and recurrence-free survival were restricted to 120 months, and individuals without events were censored at this time point. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All calculations were performed with the R statistical framework Ver. 3.2.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/).
3. Results
The clinical records of 881 patients with TURBTs were retrospectively reviewed. The demographical and clinicopathological parameters are presented in Table 1. We excluded 49 re-TURBT specimens and 250 resections of local recurrences from further analyses. Of the remaining 582 primary resections, 116 were classified as muscle-invasive bladder cancer (pT2-pT4) after pathological review or were without documented tumor stage, resulting in a final analysis cohort of 466 cases with a pathological diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (pTa, pT1, carcinoma in situ). In this final analysis cohort, 219 patients underwent a TURBT under conventional white-light conditions and 247 under PDD conditions.
All patients underwent an extended TURBT that involved taking additional samples from the center and margins of the resection area. In a total of 219 patients, a conventional, white-light cystoscopy approach was used, while in 247 patients, the PDD approach was utilized. Patients in the PDD subgroup were older, and a higher proportion of women were treated using this technique (Table 2).
Regarding tumor-specific characteristics, it was evident that extended TURBT with PDD was significantly associated with a higher detection rate of high-grade tumors, particularly G3, concomitant CIS, and tumor multifocality (Table 2). As determined by the pathological review of the additional specimens (sR status), the resection margin status demonstrated significantly fewer sR1 conditions. Consequently, as the PDD approach was associated with an increased diagnostic detection rate of high-risk tumors (concomitant CIS, high-grade G3 tumors, and multifocality), we also observed a significantly increased rate of supportive instillation therapy (Table 2). Regarding the recurrence and survival status of the patients, the PDD technique was associated with a lower rate of tumor recurrence, while no impact on overall survival was observed.
We then tested for an association of the parameters with patients’ overall survival (Table 3). In univariate analyses, the parameters of patient age (HR = 1.08), positive sR1 resection (HR = 2.03), tumor multifocality (HR = 1.48), and BCG instillation (HR = 0.53) were associated with overall survival (all p < 0.05). In a multivariate model incorporating all parameters, the patient’s age (HR = 1.07; p < 0.001) and positive sR1 resection margins (HR = 2.54; p = 0.001) were identified as independent predictors of patient survival (Table 3).
Finally, we tested for the association of the parameters with patients’ recurrence-free survival (Table 4). In univariate analyses, only the parameters of patient age (HR = 0.99) and the resection procedure were associated with recurrence-free survival, with the PDD patient group exhibiting a 0.42-fold risk of tumor recurrence.
In a multivariate model incorporating all parameters, extended TURBT with PDD (HR = 0.43; p < 0.001; Table 4) was confirmed as the only independent predictor of recurrence-free survival. In contrast to overall survival, resection status was not a predictor of recurrence-free survival. To test whether our comparison of a historic non-PDD cohort with a recent PDD cohort introduced a relevant selection bias, we followed described methods [20] and performed bootstrap resampling followed by automated variable selection methods. Based on 1,000 independent bootstrap replicates, we found that in 96.7% of the replicates, the resection procedure (Conventional white-light or PDD) was retained as an independent predictor of recurrence-free survival, thus arguing against a relevant selection bias.
A Kaplan–Meier analysis of recurrence-free survival demonstrated that patients undergoing TURBT without PDD had a mean time to local recurrence of 57 months. For patients undergoing TURBT with PDD, this interval was 86 months (p < 0.001; Figure 1).
4. Discussion
In the clinical management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), one pillar of clinical treatment is the transurethral resection of the tumor. There is broad consensus that a high-quality and complete resection is the best prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival and long-term outcome [6,21]. Several attempts have been conducted to predict patients’ recurrence-free survival and long-term outcome, which resulted in different risk score calculators [9,22,23,24].
Besides the morphological and histological characteristics of the cancer itself or peri-operative treatment protocol, only a few parameters described are associated with recurrence-free survival. These include factors such as the surgeon’s personal experience [6] or the presence of detrusor musculature in the resection specimen [7,8]. Likewise, immediate peri-operative instillation therapies such as mitomycin C can reduce recurrence rates, especially in patients with an EORTC risk score below five [25]. Additionally, a re-TURBT 6-8 weeks after the initial resection is suggested, and it has been estimated that omitting re-TURBT would lead to a 44% higher risk of recurrence [26].
New diagnostic methods, such as photodynamic diagnostics, have improved recurrence-free survival rates along and allowed higher detection rates of multifocality and CIS [16]. The diagnostic advantage of PDD is a well-established fact [27]. It has been reported that approximately 13% more pT1 lesions were detected only because of the increased sensitivity of the PDD procedure [28]. However, the impact of TURBT resections with PDD on patients’ long-term recurrence-free survival remained uncertain until a recent observational study [29] and a meta-analysis [30] confirmed improved long-term recurrence-free survival with PDD resections.
We have previously described the technique of an extended TURBT protocol that showed that residual tumor rate, particularly at the resection margin, could be as high as 30% [19]. In the current study, we analyzed the clinical and demographical parameters of patients with NMIBC treated with the described extended TURBT protocol under conventional white-light or PDD conditions.
The diagnostic characteristics of PDD resections in our cohort are in accordance with previous publications that report higher detection rates of T1 tumors, high-grade tumors, and multifocal tumors [29,30]. Although an increased CIS detection rate has been described [16,30], we discovered a very high rate (26%) of CIS detection under PDD conditions.
Some studies have already described that TURBT resections using PDD are associated with improved recurrence-free survival [29,31,32]. However, differences exist between the various studies that are related to the treatment protocol (no adjuvant treatment: Miyake et al. [32]) or the lack of available information about re-TURBT [31]. This complicates a direct comparison.
Our study represents one of the most extensive monocentric observational studies. In contrast to the patient cohort studied by Gallagher et al. [29], where all patients received early supportive instillation therapy within 24 hours, and only 80% of high-risk patients underwent re-TURBT, all of our patients underwent scheduled re-TURBT, and 56% received supportive instillation therapy according to the current guidelines. However, in our patient cohort, the recurrence rates, especially in resection with PDD (25% overall recurrence), were below those reported in [29].
In multivariate regression analyses, a resection using PDD was the only independent predictor of recurrence-free survival. This again supports the assumption that the detection of adverse histological findings (CIS, high tumor grade, and tumor multifocality) and the subsequent administration of supportive therapy are highly dependent on the diagnostic procedure.
Thus far, it is unclear whether a tumor resection performed with or without PDD impacts overall survival. One randomized study reported no significant difference in overall survival depending on the resection procedure [33]. In addition to patient age, we showed that the sR status, determined by taking additional sample specimens, was the only independent predictor of patient overall survival in our patient set. This again supports the position that complete resection of the primary tumor is the most important predictor of long-term survival.
The major limitation of our study is the comparison of the PDD cohort with a historic non-PDD cohort, which may lead to a particular bias regarding patient selection, change in treatment regimens, or improvement in histopathologic processing. Likewise, the technical equipment changed over time, with the conventional white-light TURBT being performed with monopolar resection equipment and the TURBT under PDD conditions with bipolar equipment. Nevertheless, our results of multivariate outcome regression indicate that in NMIBC, the utilization of PDD in conjunction with extended TURBT is associated with improved detection rates of high-grade tumors, CIS, and multifocality. The reduced recurrence rate demonstrated here may be explained by an improved primary resection leading to a higher number of tumor-free resection margins or by a more accurate grading and staging of the tumors resulting in a higher number of supportive instillation therapies or both.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: M.R., B.W., S.W. and H.A.; investigation: A.M., A.H. and S.W.; data curation: A.M., M.R., A.H. and S.W.; formal analysis: A.M. and S.W.; writing—original draft preparation: A.M., H.T., B.W., V.L., L.B., S.W. and H.A.; writing—review and editing: A.M., M.R., H.T., A.H., B.W., V.L., L.B., S.W. and H.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Ethical approval was provided by the ethics institutional review board of the University Hospital Erlangen (No. 3755, dated February 2008). For samples collected before 2008, the Ethics Committee in Erlangen waived the need for informed individual consent.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study starting from 2008. For samples collected before 2008, the Ethics Committee in Erlangen waived the need for informed individual consent.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available because their information could compromise the privacy of research participants. However, they are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The present work was performed in (partial) fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree “Dr. med. dent.” of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Medizinische Fakultät for Alexander Marquardt. The authors thank American Journal Experts for providing the language editing services for this manuscript. The authors acknowledge the support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg within the Open Access Publishing funding program.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier analysis. The patients were stratified according to whether PDD was used for extended TURBT. The recurrence-free survival rates are shown (p < 0.001).
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier analysis. The patients were stratified according to whether PDD was used for extended TURBT. The recurrence-free survival rates are shown (p < 0.001).
Table 1.
Clinicopathological and prognostic data.
| Parameter | All Patients | Primary Resection | Recurrence | re-TURBT |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedure, n (%) | ||||
| Conventional white light | 435 (49.4) | 288 (49.5) | 118 (47.2) | 29 (59.2) |
| PDD | 446 (50.6) | 294 (50.5) | 132 (52.8) | 20 (40.8) |
| Age, years (IQR) | 70 (61–77) | 70 (60–77) | 69 (61–77) | 74 (65–80) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 185 (21.0) | 134 (23.0) | 45 (18.0) | 6 (12.2) |
| Male | 696 (79.0) | 448 (77.0) | 205 (82.0) | 43 (87.8) |
| Tumor stage, n (%) | ||||
| Ta | 457 (51.9) | 310 (53.3) | 132 (52.8) | 15 (30.6) |
| Tis/T1 | 224 (25.4) | 156 (26.8) | 48 (19.2) | 20 (40.8) |
| T2–T4 | 142 (16.1) | 108 (18.5) | 22 (8.8) | 12 (24.5) |
| n.a. | 58 (6.6) | 8 (1.4) | 48 (19.2) | 2 (4.1) |
| Tumor grading, n (%) | ||||
| G1 | 209 (23.7) | 139 (23.9) | 62 (24.8) | 8 (16.3) |
| G2 | 276 (31.3) | 194 (33.3) | 75 (30.0) | 7 (14.3) |
| G3 | 340 (38.6) | 241 (41.4) | 67 (26.8) | 32 (65.3) |
| n.a. | 56 (6.4) | 8 (1.4) | 46 (18.4) | 2 (4.1) |
| Resection margins, n (%) | ||||
| sR0 | 530 (60.2) | 394 (67.7) | 109 (43.6) | 27 (55.1) |
| sR1 | 181 (20.5) | 141 (24.2) | 27 (10.8) | 13 (26.5) |
| sRx | 32 (3.6) | 30 (5.2) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| n.a. | 138 (15.7) | 17 (2.9) | 112 (44.8) | 9 (18.4) |
| CIS, n (%) | ||||
| Not detected | 613 (69.6) | 435 (74.7) | 155 (62.0) | 23 (46.9) |
| Detected | 207 (23.5) | 135 (23.2) | 46 (18.4) | 26 (53.1) |
| n.a. | 61 (6.9) | 12 (2.1) | 49 (19.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Tumor focality, n (%) | ||||
| Unifocal | 500 (56.8) | 385 (66.2) | 98 (39.2) | 17 (34.7) |
| Multifocal | 326 (37.0) | 184 (31.6) | 111 (44.4) | 31 (63.3) |
| n.a. | 55 (6.2) | 13 (2.2) | 41 (16.4) | 1 (2.0) |
| Tumor size, n (%) | ||||
| ≤2 cm | 250 (28.4) | 151 (26.0) | 85 (34.0) | 14 (28.6) |
| >2 cm ≤4 cm | 156 (17.7) | 123 (21.1) | 27 (10.8) | 6 (12.3) |
| >4 cm ≤6 cm | 63 (7.1) | 56 (9.6) | 6 (2.4) | 1 (2.0) |
| >6 cm | 13 (1.5) | 10 (1.7) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (2.0) |
| n.a. | 399 (45.3) | 242 (41.6) | 130 (52.0) | 27 (55.1) |
| Instillation, n (%) | ||||
| None | 257 (29.2) | 257 (44.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| BCG | 141 (16.0) | 78 (13.4) | 52 (20.8) | 11 (22.4) |
| Mitomycin | 314 (35.6) | 240 (41.2) | 65 (26.0) | 9 (18.4) |
| n.a. | 169 (19.2) | 7 (1.2) | 133 (53.2) | 29 (59.2) |
| Recurrence, n (%) | ||||
| No recurrence | 554 (62.9) | 345 (59.3) | 169 (67.6) | 40 (81.6) |
| Recurrence | 319 (36.2) | 233 (40.0) | 79 (31.6) | 7 (14.3) |
| n.a. | 8 (0.9) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (4.1) |
| Survival, n (%) | ||||
| Alive | 583 (66.2) | 388 (66.7) | 173 (69.2) | 22 (44.9) |
| Deceased | 291 (33.0) | 190 (32.6) | 76 (30.4) | 25 (51.0) |
| n.a. | 7 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (4.1) |
Table 2.
Comparison of clinicopathological and prognostic data between the two groups.
| Parameter | Conventional White Light (n = 219) | PDD (n = 247) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age years, median (IQR) | 67 (58–74) | 71 (64–79) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.014 | ||
| Female | 40 (18.3) | 69 (27.9) | |
| Male | 179 (81.7) | 178 (72.1) | |
| Tumor stage, n (%) | 0.004 | ||
| Ta | 131 (59.8) | 179 (72.5) | |
| Tis/T1 | 88 (40.2) | 68 (27.5) | |
| Tumor grading, n (%) | 0.021 | ||
| G1 | 76 (35.5) | 63 (25.5) | |
| G2 | 86 (40.2) | 99 (40.1) | |
| G3 | 52 (24.3) | 85 (34.4) | |
| sR, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| sR0 | 167 (78.0) | 181 (74.8) | |
| sR1 | 46 (21.5) | 34 (14.0) | |
| sRX | 1 (0.5) | 27 (11.2) | |
| CIS, n (%) | 0.004 | ||
| Not detected | 182 (84.7) | 182 (73.7) | |
| Detected | 33 (15.3) | 65 (26.3) | |
| Tumor focality, n (%) | 0.005 | ||
| Unifocal | 159 (74.3) | 153 (61.9) | |
| Multifocal | 55 (25.7) | 94 (38.1) | |
| Tumor size, n (%) | 0.093 | ||
| ≤2 cm | 80 (60.2) | 65 (48.5) | |
| >2 cm ≤4 cm | 36 (27.1) | 51 (38.1) | |
| >4 cm ≤6 cm | 15 (11.3) | 18 (13.4) | |
| >6 cm | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Instillation therapy, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Mitomycin | 88 (40.7) | 137 (55.5) | |
| BCG | 24 (11.1) | 50 (20.2) | |
| None | 104 (48.2) | 60 (24.3) | |
| Recurrence status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| No recurrence | 79 (36.6) | 185 (74.9) | |
| Recurrence | 137 (63.4) | 62 (25.1) | |
| Survival status, n (%) | 0.107 | ||
| Alive | 150 (69.4) | 188 (76.1) | |
| Deceased | 66 (30.6) | 59 (23.9) |
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate models for overall survival.
| Univariate Models for Overall Survival | ||
|---|---|---|
| Parameter | HR (95% CI) | p value |
| Procedure | ||
| Conventional | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| PDD | 1.604 (1.109–2.321) | 0.012 |
| Age, years | 1.080 (1.058–1.104) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Male | 0.762 (0.514–1.130) | 0.176 |
| Tumor stage | ||
| Ta | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Tis/T1 | 1.362 (0.955–1.943) | 0.088 |
| Tumor grading | ||
| G1 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| G2 | 0.719 (0.456–1.135) | 0.156 |
| G3 | 1.519 (0.987–2.337) | 0.057 |
| Resection margins | ||
| sR0 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| sR1 | 2.028 (1.351–3.044) | <0.001 |
| sRx | 1.174 (0.475–2.907) | 0.728 |
| CIS | ||
| Not detected | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Detected | 1.366 (0.901–2.072) | 0.142 |
| Tumor focality | ||
| Unifocal | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Multifocal | 1.482 (1.030–2.133) | 0.035 |
| Tumor size | ||
| ≤2 cm | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| >2 cm ≤4 cm | 0.981 (0.612–1.574) | 0.938 |
| >4 cm ≤6 cm | 0.761 (0.383–1.511) | 0.435 |
| >6 cm | 1.251 (0.172–9.084) | 0.825 |
| Instillation therapy | ||
| None | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| BCG | 0.526 (0.288–0.964) | 0.038 |
| Mitomycin | 0.764 (0.528–1.108) | 0.156 |
| Multivariate Model for Overall Survival | ||
| Parameter | HR (95% CI) | p value |
| Procedure | ||
| Conventional | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| PDD | 1.247 (0.727–2.141) | 0.423 |
| Age, years | 1.072 (1.045–1.100) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Male | 0.776 (0.455–1.322) | 0.351 |
| Tumor stage | ||
| Ta | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Tis/T1 | 0.991 (0.551–1.784) | 0.977 |
| Tumor Grading | ||
| G1 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| G2 | 0.971 (0.473–1.604) | 0.657 |
| G3 | 2.082 (0.998–4.347) | 0.051 |
| Resection margins | ||
| sR0 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| sR1 | 2.538 (1.431–4.502) | 0.001 |
| sRx | 0.830 (0.192–3.587) | 0.802 |
| CIS | ||
| Not detected | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Detected | 0.520 (0.255–1.060) | 0.072 |
| Tumor focality | ||
| Unifocal | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Multifocal | 1.474 (0.903–2.407) | 0.121 |
| Tumor size | ||
| ≤2 cm | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| >2 cm ≤4 cm | 1.087 (0.655–1.804) | 0.747 |
| >4 cm ≤6 cm | 0.825 (0.383–1.778) | 0.624 |
| >6 cm | 1.070 (0.111–10.387) | 0.953 |
| Instillation therapy | ||
| None | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| BCG | 0.535 (0.220–1.299) | 0.167 |
| Mitomycin | 0.902 (0.541–1.504) | 0.692 |
Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate models for recurrence-free survival.
| Univariate Models for Recurrence-Free Survival | ||
|---|---|---|
| Parameter | HR (95% CI) | p value |
| Procedure | ||
| Conventional | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| PDD | 0.424 (0.314–0.573) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 0.988 (0.976–0.999) | 0.045 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Male | 1.220 (0.865–1.721) | 0.257 |
| Tumor stage | ||
| Ta | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Tis/T1 | 1.025 (0.765–1.373) | 0.867 |
| Tumor grading | ||
| G1 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| G2 | 1.240 (0.888–1.732) | 0.208 |
| G3 | 0.866 (0.588–1.275) | 0.466 |
| Resection margins | ||
| sR0 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| sR1 | 1.260 (0.878–1.807) | 0.210 |
| sRx | 0.517 (0.228–1.170) | 0.113 |
| CIS | ||
| Not detected | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Detected | 1.236 (0.798–1.582) | 0.504 |
| Tumor focality | ||
| Unifocal | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Multifocal | 0.861 (0.629–1.178) | 0.349 |
| Tumor size | ||
| ≤2 cm | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| >2 cm ≤4 cm | 0.654 (0.407–1.050) | 0.079 |
| >4 cm ≤6 cm | 0.916 (0.500–1.679) | 0.777 |
| >6 cm | <0.001 (0–Inf) | 0.996 |
| Instillation therapy | ||
| None | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| BCG | 1.038 (0.679–1.588) | 0.863 |
| Mitomycin | 1.156 (0.848–1.575) | 0.359 |
| Multivariate Model for Recurrence-Free Survival | ||
| Parameter | HR (95% CI) | p value |
| Procedure | ||
| Conventional | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| PDD | 0.432 (0.263–0.708) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 1.000 (0.982–1.019) | 0.965 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Male | 0.937 (0.545–1.611) | 0.815 |
| Tumor stage | ||
| Ta | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Tis/T1 | 0.645 (0.361–1.157) | 0.138 |
| Tumor Grading | ||
| G1 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| G2 | 1.566 (0.898–2.729) | 0.114 |
| G3 | 1.262 (0.590–2.699) | 0.548 |
| Resection margins | ||
| sR0 | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| sR1 | 1.326 (0.712–2.467) | 0.374 |
| sRx | 0.890 (0.265–2.984) | 0.850 |
| CIS | ||
| Not detected | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Detected | 1.361 (0.720–2.573) | 0.343 |
| Tumor focality | ||
| Unifocal | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| Multifocal | 1.099 (0.696–1.734) | 0.687 |
| Tumor size | ||
| ≤2 cm | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| >2 cm ≤4 cm | 0.632 (0.379–1.054) | 0.079 |
| >4 cm ≤6 cm | 0.881 (0.466–1.665) | 0.696 |
| >6 cm | <0.001 (0–Inf) | 0.996 |
| Instillation therapy | ||
| None | 1 (Reference) | n.a. |
| BCG | 1.296 (0.653–2.574) | 0.459 |
| Mitomycin | 1.158 (0.708–1.893) | 0.559 |
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Marquardt, A.; Richterstetter, M.; Taubert, H.; Hartmann, A.; Wullich, B.; Lieb, V.; Bellut, L.; Wach, S.; Apel, H. Reduced Recurrence Rates Are Associated with Photodynamic Diagnostics Compared to White Light after Extended Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors. Life 2022, 12, 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050641
AMA Style
Marquardt A, Richterstetter M, Taubert H, Hartmann A, Wullich B, Lieb V, Bellut L, Wach S, Apel H. Reduced Recurrence Rates Are Associated with Photodynamic Diagnostics Compared to White Light after Extended Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors. Life. 2022; 12(5):641. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050641
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarquardt, Alexander, Mario Richterstetter, Helge Taubert, Arndt Hartmann, Bernd Wullich, Verena Lieb, Laura Bellut, Sven Wach, and Hendrik Apel. 2022. "Reduced Recurrence Rates Are Associated with Photodynamic Diagnostics Compared to White Light after Extended Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors" Life 12, no. 5: 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050641
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