Next Article in Journal
Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluid Processes of the Sn-W Granites in the Maniema Province of the Kibara Belt (KIB), Democratic Republic of Congo
Previous Article in Journal
Soil Contaminated with Hazardous Waste Materials at Rio Tinto Mine (Spain) Is a Persistent Secondary Source of Acid and Heavy Metals to the Environment
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Minerals
Volume 13
Issue 4
10.3390/min13040457
minerals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Influence of Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Muscovite Grinding and Its Mechanism Analysis

by
Chenyu Fan
1,
Liuyi Ren
1,2,*,
Yimin Zhang
1,2,3,4,*,
Shenxu Bao
1,2 and
Zhilu Yang
5
1
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
2
Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
3
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
4
Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High Efficient Utilization of Vanadium Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
5
Xinjiang Nonferrous Metals Research Institute, Urumqi 830000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2023, 13(4), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040457
Submission received: 15 February 2023 / Revised: 21 March 2023 / Accepted: 22 March 2023 / Published: 23 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling of Mechanical Preparation and Mineral Processing Processes)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this paper, different doses of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) were added as grinding aids in the process of muscovite grinding, and the effect of SHMP on the grinding efficiency of muscovite was studied. The grinding experiment results show that the grinding efficiency increases significantly with the increase in SHMP dosage. The mechanism of SHMP improving the grinding efficiency of muscovite was analyzed by various test methods. Experimental results showed that when SHMP was used as a grinding aid, the ordered structure of muscovite crystals was destroyed, the surface of muscovite was roughened, and obvious cracks appeared. SHMP was physically adsorbed on the muscovite powder, which effectively improved the pulp environment of muscovite powder during grinding, resulting in more dispersed muscovite powder, and improved the grinding efficiency. This study provides theoretical guidance for the efficient preparation of fine-grained muscovite powder and the action mechanism of grinding aids.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Muscovite is a hydroaluminosilicate mineral with a layered structure that can be formed under different geological conditions and is the most widely distributed mineral in the mica group [1]. Muscovite has good electrical insulation, heat insulation, high temperature resistance, acid and alkali corrosion resistance, luster, and stable physical and chemical properties [2,3]. Currently, muscovite powder with a particle size of D90 of about 45 μm is widely used in papermaking, latex paint, rubber, and other industries [4,5]. With the continuous development of the muscovite deep processing industry, high-grade coatings, pearlite, and other products have put forward higher requirements of muscovite powder. For example, pigments made from muscovite powder with a particle size of less than 20 μm have a satin sheen and are used to make a variety of inks. Muscovite powders with a particle size of 20 to 50 μm produce a pearly sheen and are commonly used to make clear or translucent plastic resins. Therefore, the preparation of fine-grained muscovite powder is an urgent problem to be solved [6,7].
Grinding is known as the most effective way to reduce particle size, but the energy consumption of the grinding process is high, so improving the grinding efficiency is an essential direction of grinding technology research [8]. Generally, grinding efficiency can be effectively improved by enhancing the capabilities of current grinding equipment or designing new equipment. Another approach is to improve the susceptibility of the material to the grinding process [9,10]. During the grinding process of muscovite, the newly exposed surface of the flaky muscovite can be tightly combined along the cleavage plane. With the continuous reduction in the muscovite particle size, the defects of the particles decrease, the surface energy increases, the tendency of fine particles to agglomerate with each other is significantly enhanced, and the grinding efficiency decreases [11]. In order to obtain fine-grained muscovite products, wet stirring media grinding is usually used to reduce the particle size of muscovite. However, the effect of pure impact pulverization on the fine grinding of muscovite is poor, and the introduction of grinding aids has presented a suitable alternative. Today, grinding aids are widely used in the cement and ceramics industries [12,13,14]. The main goal of using grinding aids is to reduce grinding-specific energy consumption to obtain higher quality products or increase production capacity with the same energy consumption [15], and even reduce the influence of grinding operations on the environment, such as reducing carbon dioxide emissions caused by grinding [16].
The research on grinding aids has mainly focused on its grinding effect. Jinlin Yang et al. [17] compared the effects of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), trethanolamine, ferric sulfate, aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, and polyacrylamide on the particle size distribution of grinding products in order to reduce the overgrinding of cassiterite. The study found that the six grinding aids changed the particle size distribution of grinding products to varying degrees. The addition of polyacrylamide shortened the grinding time and increased the production of qualified particles. Yanru Chen et al. [18] found that ethanol is a better grinding aid in black talc grinding, which increases the refining speed of particles and eliminates the caking phenomenon between fine particles. Yan He et al. [19] synthesized a molecular-modified polycarboxylic acid-based grinding aid, and evaluated the grinding property of fine cement through the setting time, fluidity, heat of hydration, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The grinding aid increased the fineness of the cement, contributed to the hydration degree of the cement, and improved mechanical properties. Austin David et al. [20] found that SHMP strongly interacted with alumina-doped TiO2 and improved the grinding properties under acidic and alkaline conditions.
SHMP has been introduced into the grinding process of rutile, cassis, and other minerals due to its wide application field, safety, and stability compared with other grinding aids [21,22,23,24,25]. At present, there is a lack of research on SHMP as a muscovite grinding aid. Most of the relevant research focus on the effect of the addition of SHMP on the grinding effect, and there are few detailed elaborations on the grinding aid mechanism of SHMP. In this paper, the grinding aid mechanism of SHMP on muscovite was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and Zeta potential. The study is expected to provide a basis for the efficient production of fine-grained muscovite powder.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

2.1.1. Mineral Samples

The raw muscovite used in this research was taken from Henan Province, China. Samples finer than 1.2 mm were obtained after crushing. The particle size characteristic curve of the sample is shown in Figure 1. Empyrean X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument produced by PANalytical B.V. in the city of Almelo, The Netherlands was used to test the 2 cm × 2 cm muscovite sheet, and the test results are shown in Figure 2. The chemical composition of muscovite was studied using the Zetium X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer produced by PANalytical B.V. in Almelo, The Netherlands. For sample preparation, muscovite was ground to less than 0.074 mm, then dried for 2 h and placed at room temperature for testing. The test results are shown in Table 1. Figure 2 illustrates that muscovite has good crystallinity. It can be seen from Table 1 that the contents of SiO2, Al2O3, and K2O in the samples were 43.614%, 35.900%, and 8.360%, respectively. The muscovite content in the sample exceeds 90%, which met the experimental requirements.

2.1.2. Reagents

In this study, SHMP was the grinding aid for muscovite grinding. H2SO4 and NaOH were used to adjust the pH of the Zeta potential samples. All reagents used in this study were from Aladdin Reagents (Shanghai, China) and were analytical grade. The water used in the experiment and test is deionized water, and the conductivity is 18.25 MΩ.cm.

2.2. Methods

2.2.1. Muscovite Pure Mineral Grinding Test

The grinding experiments were performed using a JM-2A laboratory stirred ball mill produced by Tianchuang Powder Co., Ltd., Changsha City, Hunan Province, China. Through the preliminary exploratory experiments, the grinding conditions of muscovite were optimized. The grinding method used was wet grinding, and zirconia balls were used as the grinding media to minimize the contamination of the samples. The mill feed D90 = 361 μm and the particles above 100 μm accounted for 50%. The media filling rate was 50% (volume ratio); the grinding concentration was 40%; the speed of the mill was 400 r/min; the media size and mass ratio were m (Φ7 mm): m (Φ5 mm): m (Φ3 mm) = 1:4:1; the grinding time was 30 min. A total of 100 g of samples were put into each grinding, and then an appropriate dosage of grinding aid was dissolved in 150 g of water (the mass of grinding aid accounts for the percentage of the mass of muscovite). After grinding, the particle size of the ground product was analyzed using a BT-9300H laser particle size analyzer produced in Liaoning, China. The grinding experiment and particle size test were repeated five times. The grinding effect was evaluated by the content of −20 μm and −10 μm products.

2.2.2. XRD Analysis

An Empyrean X-ray diffractometer was used in this study to conduct an XRD analysis of the milled products. The high-voltage generator power of this instrument is 4 kW, the maximum high-voltage is 60 kV, the current and voltage stability is better than ±0.01%, and the 2θ angle measurement range is −10°~140°. In this study, XRD analysis was carried out on the grinding products under different dosages of SHMP to determine the effect of adding SHMP on the crystal structure of muscovite. The particle size of samples in this test was below 0.074 mm.

2.2.3. Vickers Hardness Analysis

HVS-1000 Vickers hardness tester was used to analyze the hardness changes in samples treated with different dosages of SHMP. The test force was 0.098 N, the magnification of the microscope was 400×, the magnification of the microscope was 100×, and the load retention time of the test force was 15 s. In this test, the same flake muscovite was cut into four pieces of 20 mm × 20 mm flake muscovite. Muscovite pieces were mixed in SHMP solution of different concentrations for 30 min, then dried and measured.

2.2.4. FT-IR Spectroscopy

The muscovite, SHMP, and samples after adding SHMP to aid grinding, were tested using a Nexus smart Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The wavenumber range of this instrument used was 10,000–100 cm−1, the highest resolution was 0.019 cm−1, wavenumber accuracy was ±0.1 cm−1 and it was equipped with a brilliant single-point reflection accessory. Pure muscovite samples were ground to below 74 μm with a mortar before testing. The other mineral samples were grinding experiment products.

2.2.5. SEM and EDS Analysis

The JSM-IT300 scanning electron microscope produced in Japan was used to investigate the morphology of the muscovite raw materials and the grinding products treated with different dosages of SHMP. The instrument has a magnification of 5–300,000 times, a resolution of 3 nm in high vacuum mode, and an operating voltage of 15.0 kV. The Inca X-Act energy dispersive spectrometer produced in Germany was used for elemental analysis of the milled products with different dosages of SHMP. With a resolution better than 129 eV and an MK peak-to-back ratio of 20,000:1, the instrument can analyze elements 5B-92U. After washing and drying, the SEM and EDS tests were conducted on the grinding products. The powder was sprinkled on the double-sided tape on the sample table during sample preparation, and blow the powder in different directions with the rubber suction bulb to ensure that the powder is firmly and evenly stuck on the double-sided tape. Gold spraying was performed prior to testing.

2.2.6. Pulp Dispersion Analysis

Two portions of 3 g muscovite powder and 100 mL deionized water were prepared to form a solution. One portion was added with 15 mg SHMP. Both were stirred in a magnetic agitator for 30 min and then precipitated for 2 h. The dispersion of muscovite powder was observed in two beakers.
The Nano-ZS90 Zeta Potentiometer was used to test the Zeta potential of muscovite powder after the action of different doses of SHMP in this study. During the test, the ambient temperature was kept at 25 °C, and the particle size of the sample was −5 μm. When the sample was prepared, the pulp was placed on a magnetic agitator to adjust the solution environment. After adjustment, the solution was stirred for 15 min to ensure that the pH would not change, so that the components in the pulp were fully mixed and reacted, and then allowed to stand for 5 min (settling was allowed). The supernatant of the settled solution was then removed with a disposable dropper and used to test for Zeta potential. In this test, the pH ranged from 3 to 11. Three samples of the same solution environment were prepared for each test, and the results were averaged for analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Grinding Aid Effect of SHMP on Muscovite

In the grinding experiment, the dosage of SHMP was 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.8%, respectively (percentage of SHMP and muscovite mass). The experimental results are shown in Figure 3.
It can be seen from Figure 3 that with the increase in the SHMP dosage, the content of −10 μm and −20 μm increased, and the standard deviation (SD) of each group of data are less than 1, which is representative. Without SHMP, the contents of −10 μm and −20 μm in muscovite products are 32.10% and 65.43%, respectively. When the dosage of SHMP is 0.8%, the contents of −10 μm and −20 μm in the muscovite products are 43.35% and 78.74%, which increased by 11.25% and 13.31%, respectively, compared with the products without SHMP.
The above data show that SHMP significantly affects the fine grinding of muscovite. This may be due to SHMP being absorbed on the surface of muscovite particles, which reduces the free energy of the surface of the particles, changes the particle hardness, and leads to the acceleration of the granularity of muscovite particles [26,27]. It is also possible that SHMP changes the pulp environment, improves the dispersion of muscovite particles during the grinding process, reduces the pulp viscosity, and produces more fine-grained muscovite at the same grinding time [28,29]. This paper focuses on the grinding aid mechanism of SHMP on muscovite.

3.2. Effect of SHMP Dosage on Crystal Surface and Vickers Hardness of Muscovite

XRD analysis of muscovite grinding products with different SHMP dosages was carried out. The test results are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 shows that the diffraction peak intensity of the principal crystal planes of the muscovite product is significantly reduced after the addition of SHMP. Compared with the XRD pattern of the muscovite product without SHMP, the primary diffraction peaks intensity of the muscovite product after adding SHMP is significantly reduced. Even the diffraction peak disappears or widens. The diffraction peak of the (002) plane decreases with the increase in SHMP dosage, and the diffraction peak of the (008) plane almost disappears. As the SHMP dosage increases, the particle size of muscovite products decreases, and the ordered crystal planes in muscovite decreases, resulting in the formation of amorphous muscovite lattice. The above data indicate that adding SHMP in the grinding process of muscovite makes the damage to muscovite more serious.
Reagent adsorption may change the hardness [30]. To determine the effect of SHMP on the muscovite hardness, the Vickers hardness test was conducted on muscovite treated with different dosages of SHMP. The test results are shown in Figure 5.
According to Figure 5, when the SHMP dosage is 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.8%, the Vickers hardness of muscovite is 140.5 HV, 132.8 HV, 142.2 HV, and 135.65 HV respectively. With the increase in SHMP dosage, the Vickers hardness of muscovite do not change significantly after SHMP treatment. The serious damage of muscovite may be caused by the change of pulp properties.

3.3. Effect of SHMP Dosage on the Surface Functional Groups of Muscovite Grinding Products

To study the adsorption state of SHMP on the muscovite surface. FT-IR analysis was carried out on muscovite grinding products with different SHMP dosages. FT-IR test results are shown in Figure 6.
In Figure 6, the absorption peaks of muscovite at 3627 cm−1 and 3424 cm−1 are the stretching vibrations of -OH in Al-O-H and Si-O-H groups. A total of 1024 cm−1 is the stretching vibration peak of Si-O group in muscovite, 800 cm−1 is the O-Si-O symmetric stretching peak, and 750 cm−1 is the symmetric stretching vibration peak of the Si-O [31,32]. In the spectrum of SHMP, 1282 cm−1 is the stretching vibration peak of P=O, and 1097 cm−1 and 992 cm−1 are the characteristic peaks of P-O [33]. With the increase in SHMP dosage, the absorption peak at 3424 cm−1 in the muscovite product spectrum shifted to 3445 cm−1, indicating that -OH is affected by SHMP. However, there is no new absorption peak and the effective shift of other characteristic peaks in the infrared spectrum of muscovite with SHMP, indicating that SHMP may not chemically adsorbed on the muscovite surface. The reason for the shift in the absorption peak of -OH may be mechanical dehydroxylation [34].

3.4. Effect of SHMP Dosage on the Morphology and Surface Elements of Muscovite Grinding Products

In order to further illustrate that SHMP has a significant effect on muscovite grinding and the adsorption state of SHMP on the muscovite surface, SEM and EDS tests were carried out on muscovite raw materials and grinding products under different conditions. The results are shown in Figure 7.
As shown in Figure 7a, the morphology of the muscovite powder without grinding showed an irregular flake shape, the surface is smooth and the boundary is clear. Figure 7b,d,f are the surface topography of muscovite products under a magnification of 1000 times. With the increase in the SHMP dosage, the needle-shaped muscovite particles decreased, the surface is roughened, the acicular muscovite fine particles increases, and the layered structure of muscovite is destroyed. There are apparent cracks perpendicular to the cleavage plane of muscovite in Figure 7f, the muscovite particles are obviously refined, and the effect of the SHMP grinding aid is significant. This conclusion is consistent with the results of XRD and grinding experiments. Figure 7c,e,g shows that the muscovite product with SHMP grinding has rough surfaces and cracks. The crack in grinding products may be due to the change in pulp environment with SHMP, which makes muscovite particles challenging to adhere to the media and increases the collision probability between particles and media. At the same grinding time, muscovite particles absorb more mechanical energy [31]. It can be seen from the regional EDS energy spectra of Figure 7c,e,g that there is no peak of the P element in the muscovite products added with SHMP as a grinding aid. Because the sample was washed muscovite powder after grinding, it means that SHMP did not form firm chemical adsorption on the muscovite surface. However, it is due to the physical adsorption generated by van der Waals force. This conclusion is consistent with the results of FT-IR analysis.

3.5. Effect of SHMP on Dispersion of Muscovite Grinding Pulp

SHMP has a significant effect on the dispersibility of muscovite particles [35]. To intuitively understand the dispersion of SHMP, a settlement experiment was conducted. Two portions of 3 g muscovite powder and 100 mL deionized water were prepared to form a solution. One portion was added with 5% SHMP. Both were stirred in a magnetic agitator for 30 min and then precipitated for 2 h. The settlement results are shown in Figure 8.
To further analyze the action mechanism of SHMP on muscovite grinding aid, the Zeta potential analyzer was used to measure the effect of different dosages of SHMP on the surface potential of muscovite. The test results of adding different dosages of SHMP to the surface potential of muscovite with the pH of the pulp are shown in Figure 9.
As shown in Figure 8, without SHMP, the solution is stratified after 2 h of settling, and fewer muscovite particles are dispersed. The sample with SHMP is turbid and the solution system is full of muscovite particles. From Figure 9, it can be seen that the action of SHMP on muscovite significantly reduces the pulp potential, increases the negative Zeta potential of the muscovite surface, and increases the absolute value of the surface potential of the muscovite particles. Zeta potential shifted negatively with the increase in SHMP dosage. The pulp pH was measured between 7.3 and 8 in the grinding experiment.
In order to further explain the cause of Zeta potential change, the relationship between SHMP hydrolyzed components and pH was analyzed, and the results are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows that when the pH value is between 7.3 and 8, SHMP in the pulp exists as HPO42− and H2PO4− and attaches to the surface of the muscovite, which makes the Zeta potential of the muscovite surface increase negatively. Increasing the absolute value of Zeta potential on the surface of muscovite particles can enhance the mutual repulsion between muscovite particles and improve the dispersibility of the particles in the pulp [36,37]. The improved dispersion of muscovite particles prevents the fine particles from reuniting and adhering to the cylinder wall and increases the probability of collision between the particles and the grinding media, thus improving the grinding efficiency [38,39,40].

4. Conclusions

In the fine grinding process of muscovite, SHMP as a grinding aid can significantly improve the grinding efficiency of muscovite. When the dosage of SHMP was 0.8%, the −10 μm and −20 μm increased by 11.25% and 13.31%, respectively. When SHMP was added, the surface of the grinding product became rough, there were obvious cracks, needle-shaped particles increased, and the crystal order structure was destroyed more seriously. SHMP can significantly improve the dispersibility of pulp during the grinding of muscovite, mainly due to the physical adsorption of hydrolyzed HPO42− and H2PO4− on the muscovite surface, which increases the repulsive force between particles and improves the fluidity of pulp. SHMP effectively improves muscovite’s grinding efficiency, providing a theoretical basis for the efficient preparation of fine-grained muscovite.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.F. and L.R.; methodology, C.F.; validation, C.F., S.B. and Z.Y.; resources, Y.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, C.F.; supervision, Y.Z.; project administration, L.R.; funding acquisition, L.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2003129).

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2003129) for the financial support provided.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Zhou, Q.; Qin, K.; Tang, D.; Wang, C. A Combined EMPA and LA-ICP-MS Study of Muscovite from Pegmatites in the Chinese Altai, NW China: Implications for Tracing Rare-Element Mineralization Type and Ore-Forming Process. Minerals 2022, 12, 377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Chen, G.; Ren, L.; Zhang, Y.; Bao, S. Improvement of fine muscovite flotation through nanobubble pretreatment and its mechanism. Miner. Eng. 2022, 189, 107868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Xiao, W.; Peng, Y.; Zheng, S.; Feng, Q.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, J.; Hao, Y.; Liao, M.; Zhou, Y. Thermally Stable and Radiation Hard Ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin Films on Muscovite Mica for Flexible Nonvolatile Memory Applications. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2019, 1, 919–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Chen, J.; Li, S.; Zhong, J.; Wang, B.; Pan, R.; Wang, Z.; Gao, L. The effect of epoxidized natural rubber on mechanical properties of siliceous earth/natural rubber composites. Polym. Bull. 2017, 74, 3955–3975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Wang, L.; Li, Z.; Luo, K.; Guan, S.; Ge, W.; Zhang, J. Study on the measurement method for resistivity of mineral powder—Taking micro-crystal muscovite for example. Powder Technol. 2011, 214, 400–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Tohidifar, M.; Taheri-Nassaj, E.; Alizadeh, P. Precursor content assessment and its influence on the optical interference of a nano-sized mica-hematite pearlescent pigment. Powder Technol. 2010, 204, 194–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Shen, F.; Chen, H. The Preparation and Characteristics of a Blue Pearlescent Pigment with LTA-Type Ultramarine Coated on the Mica Substrate. Nano 2021, 16, 2150065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Singh, H.; Meghwal, M.; Prabhakar, P.; Kumar, N. Grinding characteristics and energy consumption in cryogenic and ambient grinding of ajwain seeds at varied moisture contents. Powder Technol. 2022, 405, 117531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Prziwara, P.; Breitung-Faes, S.; Kwade, A. Comparative study of the grinding aid effects for dry fine grinding of different materials. Miner. Eng. 2019, 144, 106030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Mao, Y.; Wang, Z.; Liu, W.; Tian, P. Effect of TIPA/TEA combined grinding aid on the behavior of quartz flotation in DDA system. Powder Technol. 2022, 406, 117570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Drahman, S.; Kueh, A.; Zainal Abidin, A.; Nikmatin, S. Efficient cumulative breakage distribution and breakage rate computation with minimal experiment intervention incorporating optimal time determination for fine grinding simulation. Powder Technol. 2018, 329, 313–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Toprak, N.; Benzer, A.; Karahan, C.; Zencirci, E. Effects of grinding aid dosage on circuit performance and cement fineness. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 265, 120707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Li, H.; Jiang, Z.; Yang, X.; Yu, L.; Zhang, G.; Wu, J.; Liu, X. Sustainable resource opportunity for cane molasses: Use of cane molasses as a grinding aid in the production of Portland cement. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 93, 56–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Cheng, F.; Feng, Y.; Su, Q.; Wei, D.; Wang, B.; Huang, Y. Practical strategy to produce ultrafine ceramic glaze: Introducing a polycarboxylate grinding aid to the grinding process. Adv. Powder Technol. 2019, 30, 1655–1663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Prziwara, P.; Kwade, A. Grinding aids for dry fine grinding processes—Part I: Mechanism of action and lab-scale grinding. Powder Technol. 2020, 375, 146–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Chipakwe, V.; Semsari, P.; Karlkvist, T.; Rosenkranz, J.; Chehreh, C. A critical review on the mechanisms of chemical additives used in grinding and their effects on the downstream processes. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 8148–8162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Yang, J.; Ma, S.; Zhou, W.; Zhu, P. Study on Grinding Additives in Cassiterite–Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Grinding. Minerals 2022, 12, 472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Chen, Y.; Lian, X.; Zheng, S. Research on superfine grinding process and kinetics of calcined black talc in planetary mill. Procedia Eng. 2015, 102, 379–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. He, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wu, G.; Shi, P. Effects of Polycarboxylate-based Grinding Aid on the Performance of Grinded Cement. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed. 2021, 36, 682–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. David, A.; Ali, H.; Timothy, N.H.; John, R.; John, L.E.; Stephen, S.; David, H. Role of sodium hexametaphosphate in ultra-fine grinding of alumina-doped titanium dioxide. Powder Technol. 2022, 397, 117022. [Google Scholar]
  21. Ren, L.; Zhang, Z.; Zeng, W.; Zhang, Y. Adhesion between nanobubbles and fine cassiterite particles. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 2023, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Li, G.; Cai, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Xie, Q.; Chen, P.; Li, C.; Sun, J.; Li, T.; Dong, L. Direct Z-scheme heterojunction rutile-TiO2/g-C3N4 catalyst constructed by solid grinding method for photocatalysis degradation. Chem. Phys. 2022, 559, 111558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Bao, S.; Xin, C.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, B.; Ding, W.; Luo, Y. Application of Capacitive Deionization in Water Treatment and Energy Recovery: A Review. Energies 2023, 16, 1136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Robinson, T.; Eisenstein, N.; Cox, S.; Stapley, S.; Grover, L. Dispersing heterotopic ossification with hexametaphosphate. Biomed. Tech. 2017, 62, 167. [Google Scholar]
  25. Rasouli, M.; Abbasi, S.; Azarikia, F.; Ettelaie, R. On the heat stability of whey protein: Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate. Int. J. Dairy Technol. 2020, 73, 46–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Zhang, H.; Zhou, F.; Yu, H.; Liu, M. Double roles of sodium hexametaphosphate in the flotation of dolomite from apatite. Coll. Surf. A Phys. Eng. Asp. 2021, 626, 127080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Li, Z.; Han, Y.; Li, Y.J.; Gao, P. Effect of serpentine and sodium hexametaphosphate on ascharite flotation. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2017, 27, 1841–1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Ding, W.; Bao, S.; Zhang, Y.; Xiao, J. Efficient Selective Extraction of Scandium from Red Mud. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Sun, L.; Zhang, X.; Tan, W.; Zhu, M.; Liu, R.; Li, C. Rheology of pyrite slurry and its dispersant for the biooxidation process. Hydrometallurgy 2010, 104, 178–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Patcharanat, K.; Douglas, H.; Fumitake, T. Adsorptive reduction of water hardness by a highly porous and regenerative geopolymer fabricated from coal fly ash waste with low-temperature calcination. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021, 28, 54594–54607. [Google Scholar]
  31. Sayin, M.; von Reichenbach, H. Infrared spectra of muscovites as affected by chemical composition, heating and particle size. Clay Miner. 1978, 13, 241–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Wang, Y.; Wen, K.; Dang, W.; Xun, J. Strengthening the inhibition effect of sodium silicate on muscovite by electrochemical modification. Miner. Eng. 2020, 161, 106731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Liao, R.; Wen, S.; Liu, J.; Feng, Q. Flotation separation of fine smithsonite from calcite using sodium hexametaphosphate as the depressant in the Na2S-Pb(Ⅱ)-KIAX system. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 295, 121245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Shishelova, T.; Lipovchenko, E.; Shulga, V. Mica Dehydroxylation Mechanism. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 2019, 86, 817–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Rebolledo, E.; Laskowski, J.; Gutierrez, L.; Castro, S. Use of dispersants in flotation of molybdenite in seawater. Miner. Eng. 2017, 100, 71–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Zhang, Z.; Ren, L.; Zhang, Y. Role of nanobubbles in the flotation of fine rutile particles. Miner. Eng. 2021, 172, 107140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Pek-Ing, A.; Siew-Yee, S.; Lavanya, A.; Ee-Meing, L.; Yee-Kwong, L. Muscovite mica and koalin slurries: Yield stress–volume fraction and deflocculation point zeta potential comparison. Powder Technol. 2014, 262, 124–130. [Google Scholar]
  38. Greta, F. Grinding Media Motion and Collisions in Different Zones of Stirred Media Mills. Minerals 2021, 11, 185. [Google Scholar]
  39. He, K.; Jia, M.; Sun, F.; Yang, Q.; Wu, B.; Li, X.; Meng, C. Simulation of Grinding Media Motion and Collisions in Wet-Operated Accelerator-Mill Using DEM Coupled with CFD. Minerals 2022, 12, 341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Strobel, A.; Schwenger, J.; Wittpahl, S.; Schmidt, J.; Romeis, S.; Peukert, W. Assessing the influence of viscosity and milling bead size on the stressing conditions in a stirred media mill by single particle probes. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2018, 136, 859–869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Minerals 13 00457 g001 550
Figure 1. Characteristic curve of particle size of material.
Figure 1. Characteristic curve of particle size of material.
Minerals 13 00457 g001
Minerals 13 00457 g002 550
Figure 2. XRD of sample.
Figure 2. XRD of sample.
Minerals 13 00457 g002
Minerals 13 00457 g003 550
Figure 3. Grinding products −10 μm and −20 μm content.
Figure 3. Grinding products −10 μm and −20 μm content.
Minerals 13 00457 g003
Minerals 13 00457 g004 550
Figure 4. XRD analysis of muscovite products under different dosages of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP).
Figure 4. XRD analysis of muscovite products under different dosages of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP).
Minerals 13 00457 g004
Minerals 13 00457 g005 550
Figure 5. Effect of SHMP dosage on Vickers hardness of muscovite.
Figure 5. Effect of SHMP dosage on Vickers hardness of muscovite.
Minerals 13 00457 g005
Minerals 13 00457 g006 550
Figure 6. Infrared spectra of different samples.
Figure 6. Infrared spectra of different samples.
Minerals 13 00457 g006
Minerals 13 00457 g007 550
Figure 7. Surface morphologies of muscovite products with different dosages of SHMP (the red frame area is the EDS detection area). (a) Raw material, (b,c) no SHMP, (d,e) 0.2% SHMP, (f,g) 0.8% SHMP.
Figure 7. Surface morphologies of muscovite products with different dosages of SHMP (the red frame area is the EDS detection area). (a) Raw material, (b,c) no SHMP, (d,e) 0.2% SHMP, (f,g) 0.8% SHMP.
Minerals 13 00457 g007
Minerals 13 00457 g008 550
Figure 8. Effect of SHMP on the dispersion of muscovite.
Figure 8. Effect of SHMP on the dispersion of muscovite.
Minerals 13 00457 g008
Minerals 13 00457 g009 550
Figure 9. Influence of different dosages of SHMP on the surface potential of muscovite.
Figure 9. Influence of different dosages of SHMP on the surface potential of muscovite.
Minerals 13 00457 g009
Minerals 13 00457 g010 550
Figure 10. Distribution map of hydrolysis components of SHMP.
Figure 10. Distribution map of hydrolysis components of SHMP.
Minerals 13 00457 g010
Table
Table 1. XRF of sample.
Table 1. XRF of sample.
ElementContent/%
SiO243.614
Al2O335.900
K2O8.360
CO24.904
Fe2O33.926
F1.727
Na2O0.653
MgO0.520
Rb2O0.396
MnO0.163
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Fan, C.; Ren, L.; Zhang, Y.; Bao, S.; Yang, Z. Influence of Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Muscovite Grinding and Its Mechanism Analysis. Minerals 2023, 13, 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040457

AMA Style

Fan C, Ren L, Zhang Y, Bao S, Yang Z. Influence of Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Muscovite Grinding and Its Mechanism Analysis. Minerals. 2023; 13(4):457. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040457

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fan, Chenyu, Liuyi Ren, Yimin Zhang, Shenxu Bao, and Zhilu Yang. 2023. "Influence of Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Muscovite Grinding and Its Mechanism Analysis" Minerals 13, no. 4: 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040457

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop