The Synchronous Development Pattern and Type Division of Functional Coupling Coordination and Human Activity Intensity Based on the “Production–Living–Ecological” Space Perspective: A Case Study of Wanzhou District
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Quantitatively evaluate the CCD of the PLEFs;
- (2)
- Calculate the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the HAI in Wanzhou District;
- (3)
- Use a synchronous development model to explore the response process of the HAI to the CCD of the PLEFs;
- (4)
- Divide the development types and put forward different regulation strategies.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Evaluation of PLEFs
2.3.2. PLEF Coupled Coordination Model
2.3.3. Human Activities Intensity Measurement Model
2.3.4. The Synchronous Development Model
3. Results
3.1. Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics of the PLEFs
3.1.1. Production Function
3.1.2. Living Function
3.1.3. Ecological Function
3.2. Coupling Coordination Degree of the PLEsF
3.2.1. Coupling Degree
3.2.2. Coupling Coordination Degree
3.3. Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics of HAI
3.4. The Development Type of the PLEF Coupling Coordination Degree and HAI
4. Discussion
4.1. Policy Recommendations
4.2. Contributions and Limitations
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In Wanzhou District, the PLEFs showed significant spatial distribution differences and evident spatial complementarity. The spatial distribution of the production function was higher in the west than in the east. The living function showed the spatial distribution characteristics of being higher in the middle. The ecological function showed the spatial distribution characteristics of being higher in the east and lower in the west.
- (2)
- From 2000 to 2020, the coupling degree of the PLEFs in the Wanzhou District decreased and the interaction became weak. The CCD of the PLEFs was at a good coordination level, but there was also a downward trend. The coupling coordination of the living–production function was poor, which is the critical direction for future optimization.
- (3)
- The HAI in Wanzhou District showed an increasing trend and formed a high concentration in the central town and its surrounding areas. The development type of most regions in Wanzhou District was positive.
- (4)
- In Wanzhou District, the “good coordination–lagging development” type was dominant, but the area ratio decreased, while the proportion of “dysregulation recession–advanced development” increased. We proposed different regulation strategies for further development types to improve the regional CCD of the PLEFs and guide the harmonious development of regional human–land relationships.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ahmad, M.; Rehman, A.; Shah, S.A.A.; Solangi, Y.A.; Chandiod, A.A.; Jabeen, G. Stylized heterogeneous dynamic links among healthcare expenditures, land urbanization, and CO2 emissions across economic development levels. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 753, 142228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.; Jiang, D.; Fu, J.; Lin, G.; Zhang, J. Comprehensive assessment of production–living–ecological space based on the coupling coordination degree model. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, G.; Fu, J.; Jiang, D. Production–living–ecological conflict identification using a multiscale integration model based on spatial suitability analysis and sustainable development evaluation: A case study of Ningbo, China. Land 2021, 10, 383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Helming, K.; Perez-Soba, M.; Tabbush, P. (Eds.) Sustainability Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.S. Introduction to land use and rural sustainability in China. Land Use Policy 2018, 74, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.Y.; Bao, W.K.; Liu, Y.S. Coupling coordination analysis of rural production-living-ecological space in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Ecol. Ind. 2020, 117, 106512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, D.; Xu, J.C.; Lin, Z.L. Conflict or coordination? Assessing land use multi-functionalization using production-living- ecology analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 577, 136–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zou, L.L.; Liu, Y.S.; Yang, J.X.; Yang, S.F.; Wang, Y.S.; Cao, Z.; Hu, X.D. Quantitative identification and spatial analysis of land use ecological-production-living functions in rural areas on China’s southeast coast. Habitat Int. 2020, 100, 102182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, Y.G.; Liu, J.S. Diversified agriculture and rural development in China based on multi–function theory: Beyond modernization paradigm. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2015, 70, 257–270. [Google Scholar]
- Long, H.L.; Tu, S.S.; Ge, D.Z.; Li, T.T.; Liu, Y.S. The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: Problems and prospects. J. Rural Stud. 2016, 47, 392–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.N.; Long, H.L.; Tu, S.S.; Ge, D.Z.; Ma, L.; Wang, L.Z. Spatial identification of land use functions and their tradeoffs/ synergies in China: Implications for sustainable land management. Ecol. Ind. 2019, 107, 1100–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geoghegan, J. The value of open spaces in residential land use. Land Use Policy 2002, 19, 91–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shan, Y.J.; Wei, S.K.; Yuan, W.L.; Miao, Y. Spatial-temporal differentiation and influencing factors of coupling coordination of “production-living-ecological” functions in Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2022, 42, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Azadi, H.; Vanhaute, E.; Janekova, K.; Sklenick, P.; Teklemariamet, D.; Feng, L.; Witlox, F. Evolution of land distribution in the context of development theories. Land Use Pol. 2020, 97, 104730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sumari, N.S.; Cobbinah, P.B.; Ujoh, F.; Xu, G. On the absurdity of rapid urbanization: Spatio-temporal analysis of land-use changes in Morogoro, Tanzania. Cities 2020, 107, 102876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, T.; Du, P.; Yang, F.; Su, Y.; Luo, Y.; Wu, Y.; Wen, C. Potential land-use conflicts in the urban center of Chongqing based on the “production–living–ecological space” perspective. Land 2022, 11, 1415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.L.; Zheng, X.Q.; Meng, C.; Zhang, P.T. Space and temporal division of land multi-function coupling and coordination in Hunan Province. China Land Sci. 2019, 33, 85–94. [Google Scholar]
- Bernues, A.; Rodríguez-Ortega, T.; Alfnes, F.; Clemetsen, M.; Eik, L.O. Quantifying the multifunctionality of fjord and mountain agriculture by means of sociocultural and economic valuation of ecosystem services. Land Use Policy 2015, 48, 170–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.D.; Sun, R.H.; Liu, H.L. Progress on the evolution of urban landscape pattern. J. Ecol. 2013, 33, 1042–1050. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Q.Y.; Luo, K.; Lao, X. Evolution and enlightenment of foreign spatial planning: Exploration from the perspective of geography. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2020, 75, 1223. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.S.; Fang, F.; Li, Y.H. Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making. Land Use Policy 2014, 40, 6–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, D.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Q.; Su, K.; Zhang, H.; Li, Y. Modeling spatiotemporal population changes by integrating DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data in Chongqing, China. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, B.; Wu, C.; Huang, X.; Yang, X. Examining the relationship between urban land expansion and economic linkage using coupling analysis: A case study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, H.; Yang, Q.; Su, K.; Zhang, H.; Lu, D.; Xiang, H.; Zhou, L. Identification and optimization of production-living- ecological space in an ecological foundation area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study of Jiangjin district of Chongqing, China. Land 2021, 10, 863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zou, L.L.; Liu, Y.S.; Wang, J.Y.; Yang, Y.Y. An analysis of land use conflict potentials based on ecological-production-living function in the southeast coastal area of China. Ecol. Indic. 2021, 122, 107297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dullinger, I.; Essl, F.; Moser, D.; Erb, K.; Haberl, H.; Dullinger, S. Biodiversity models need to represent land-use intensity more comprehensively. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2021, 30, 924–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gkargkavouzi, A.; Halkos, G.; Matsiori, S. A multi-dimensional measure of environmental behavior: Exploring the predictive power of connectedness to nature, ecological worldview and environmental concern. Soc. Indicat. Res. 2019, 143, 859–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Duan, Y.M.; Wang, H.; Huang, A.; Xu, Y.Q.; Lu, L.H.; Ji, Z.X. Identification and spatial-temporal evolution of rural “production-living-ecological” space from the perspective of villagers’ behavior–A case study of Ertai Town, Zhangjiakou City. Land Use Policy 2021, 106, 105457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, J.C.; Lin, H.X.; Qi, X.X. A literature review on optimization of spatial development pattern based on ecological- production-living space. Prog. Geogr. 2017, 36, 378–391. [Google Scholar]
- Liang, T.; Yang, F.; Huang, D.; Luo, Y.; Wu, Y.; Wen, C. Land-Use Transformation and Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Based on the “Production–Living–Ecological Space” Perspective. Land 2022, 11, 1234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, X.; Liu, Z.W.; Li, C.X.; Cha, L.S.; Song, Z.Y.; Zhang, X.R. Land use function transformation in the Xiong’an New Area based on ecological-production-living spaces and associated eco-environment effects. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2020, 40, 7113–7122. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C.; Tang, N. Spatio-temporal characteristics and evolution of rural production-living-ecological space function coupling coordination in Chongqing Municipality. Geogr. Res. 2018, 37, 1100–1114. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.; Yang, Q.Y.; Min, J. An analysis of coupling between the bearing capacity of the ecological environment and the quality of new urbanization in Chongqing. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2016, 71, 817–828. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng, X.; Long, R.; Chen, H.; Li, Q. Coupling coordination degree and spatial dynamic evolution of a regional green competitiveness system-A case study from China. Ecol. Ind. 2019, 104, 489–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Yi, P. Assessment of city sustainability-Coupling coordinated development among economy, society and environment. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 256, 120453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, J.; Li, P.X. The scientific foundation of major function oriented zoning in China. J. Geogr. Sci. 2009, 19, 515–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Sun, X.Y.; Tang, Q. Human activity intensity of land surface: Concept, method, and application in China. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2015, 70, 1068–1079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schönbrodt-Stitt, S.; Behrens, T.; Schmidt, K.; Shi, X. Thomas Scholten. Degradation of cultivated bench terraces in the Three Gorges Area: Field mapping and data mining. Ecol. Indic. 2013, 34, 478–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Mi, X.; Wu, X.; Cheng, Z. Spatiotemporal Evolution Patterns of “Production- Living-Ecological” Spaces and the Coordination Level and Optimization of the Functions in Jilin Province. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Qin, K.; Jia, Y.; Yuan, X.; Yang, S. Land Use Transition and Eco-Environmental Effects in Karst Mountain Area Based on Production-Living-Ecological Space: A Case Study of Longlin Multinational Autonomous County, Southwest China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Hou, P.; Jiang, J.; Zhai, J.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Y.; Bai, J.; Zhang, B.; Xu, H. Coordination Study on Ecological and Economic Coupling of the Yellow River Basin. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, G.; He, P.; Gao, X.; Deng, L.; Zhang, H.; Feng, N.; Zhou, W.; Deng, O. The Production–Living–Ecological Land Classification System and Its Characteristics in the Hilly Area of Sichuan Province, Southwest China Based on Identification of the Main Functions. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.Y.; Fang, C.L.; Wang, S.J. Quality evaluation of provincial territorial space utilization in China: Based on the spatial perspective of “production-living-ecological”. Reg. Res. Dev. 2016, 35, 163–169. [Google Scholar]
- Han, M.; Zhang, C.; Lu, G.; Liu, Y.B.; Yu, H.Z. Response of wetland landscape pattern gradient to human activity intensity in Yellow River Delta. Trans. CSAE 2017, 33, 265–274. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Y.S.; Tong, L.J. Spatio-temporal coupling relationship between development strength and eco-environment in the Restricted Development Zone of Northeast China. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2021, 41, 684–694. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C.; Ji, M.Z.; Dai, R.L.; Chen, J.; Shen, Y. Coupling and coordination pattern and type division of village and town construction land expansion and ecological environment effect: A case study of Rongchang District, Chongqing Municipality. Prog. Geogr. 2022, 41, 409–422. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, M.Q.; Li, Y.B.; Li, Y.B.; Li, M.Z.; Chen, S.; Zeng, C.C.; Zhang, B.; Xia, C.H. Coupling respinse of human activity intensity and ladscape pattern in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2022, 42, 3959–3973. [Google Scholar]
The PLES Types | Secondary Categories | Land-Use Type | Function Score |
---|---|---|---|
Production land | Strong production land | Industrial and mining construction land | 5 |
Semi-production land | Paddy fields, dry land, urban land, and rural settlements | 3 | |
Weak production land | Woodland, grassland, rivers, reservoir ponds, and wetlands | 1 | |
Living land | Strong living land | Urban land and rural settlements | 5 |
Semi-living land | Industrial and mining construction land | 3 | |
Weak living land | Paddy fields, dry land, rivers, reservoir ponds, and wetlands | 1 | |
Ecological land | Strong ecological land | Woodland, grassland, rivers, and wetlands | 5 |
Semi-ecological land | Paddy fields and dry land | 3 | |
Weak ecological land | Reservoirs and ponds | 1 |
Coupling Degree | Specific Stage | Characteristic |
---|---|---|
C ∈ [0, 0.2] | Low coupling period | The game within the PLEFs began to be played, which were in a low-level coupling period. When C = 0, the PLEFs are unrelated and develop into disorder. |
C ∈ [0.2, 0.5] | Antagonism period | The interaction between the PLEFs is strengthened. The phenomenon is that the dominant function becomes stronger and occupies the space of other parts, while other parts continue to weaken. |
C ∈ [0.5, 0.8) | Run-in period | PLEF begins to balance and cooperate, showing a benign coupling feature. |
C ∈ [0.8, 1) | Coordinated coupling period | The benign coupling between the PLEFs is stronger and gradually develops in an orderly direction during the period of high-level coordination coupling. When C = 1.0, the PLEFs achieve benign resonance coupling and tend toward a new orderly structure. |
Coupling Coordination Degree | Specific Stage | Characteristic |
---|---|---|
D ∈ [0, 0.15) | Dysregulation recession | PLEFs conflict with each other and are in the low level of coupling and coordination stage. |
D ∈ [0.15, 0.35) | Barely coordinated | PLEFs check and balance each other and cooperate, and enter the transitional stage of coupling, coordination, or conflict. |
D ∈ [0.35, 0.5] | Good coordination | Coordinated development of the PLEFs with a high level of coupling and coordination stage |
Land-use Types | Cultivated Land | Woodland | Grassland | Water Area | Urban and Rural Industrial and Mining Areas and Residential Land | Unused Land |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CIij | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
Level of HAI | Standards (%) | Area Ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2010 | 2020 | ||
Lowest | <8 | 0.61% | 0.59% | 0.58% |
Lower | 8–15 | 38.49% | 38.29% | 38.03% |
Medium | 15–19 | 27.62% | 27.61% | 27.46% |
Higher | 19–38 | 30.12% | 29.29% | 28.46% |
Highest | >38 | 3.16% | 4.22% | 5.47% |
Development Types | Specific Types | Area Ratio (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2010 | 2020 | Variation | ||
Negative type | I: Dysregulation recession—Advanced development | 13.84 | 15.65 | 17.44 | 3.6 |
II: Barely coordinated—Advanced development | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.81 | 0.18 | |
III: Good coordination—Advanced development | 0.75 | 0.87 | 1.23 | 0.48 | |
Subtotal | 15.22 | 17.14 | 19.48 | 4.26 | |
Synchronous type | IV: Dysregulation recession—Synchronous development | 2.26 | 1.98 | 0.45 | −1.81 |
V: Barely coordinated—Synchronous development | 1.53 | 1.78 | 1.68 | 0.15 | |
VI: Good coordination—Synchronous development | 0.69 | 0.84 | 1.1 | 0.41 | |
Subtotal | 4.48 | 4.6 | 3.23 | −1.25 | |
Positive type | VII: Dysregulation recession—Lagging development | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
VIII: Barely coordinated—Lagging development | 15.13 | 14.56 | 14.55 | −0.58 | |
IX: Good coordination—Lagging development | 65.17 | 63.70 | 62.73 | −2.44 | |
Subtotal | 80.3 | 78.26 | 77.29 | −3.01 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liang, T.; Yang, F.; Luo, Y.; Fang, M.; Huang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Wen, C.; Ren, X. The Synchronous Development Pattern and Type Division of Functional Coupling Coordination and Human Activity Intensity Based on the “Production–Living–Ecological” Space Perspective: A Case Study of Wanzhou District. Land 2022, 11, 1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111897
Liang T, Yang F, Luo Y, Fang M, Huang X, Zhang Z, Wen C, Ren X. The Synchronous Development Pattern and Type Division of Functional Coupling Coordination and Human Activity Intensity Based on the “Production–Living–Ecological” Space Perspective: A Case Study of Wanzhou District. Land. 2022; 11(11):1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111897
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Tian, Fei Yang, Yinchen Luo, Mengying Fang, Xi Huang, Zhiyong Zhang, Chuanhao Wen, and Xiaohong Ren. 2022. "The Synchronous Development Pattern and Type Division of Functional Coupling Coordination and Human Activity Intensity Based on the “Production–Living–Ecological” Space Perspective: A Case Study of Wanzhou District" Land 11, no. 11: 1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111897