Identification of the Origins of Vadose-Zone Salinity on an Agricultural Site in the Venice Coastland by Ionic Molar Ratio Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Soil and Water Sampling, Analysis, and Monitoring Network
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weather and Water Table Depth Monitoring
3.2. Soil Characterization
3.3. Soil Water and Groundwater Chemistry
3.4. Ionic Ratios
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|---|
A | 28 July–15 October 21 December–31 December | 1 January–21 March 16 May–23 September | 26 April–26 October |
B | 28 July–15 October 21 December–31 December | 1 January–21 March 16 May–23 September | 26 April–31 October |
C | 28 July–15 October 21 December–31 December | 1 January–21 March 16 May–23 September | 26 April–26 October |
D | - | 16 May–23 September | 26 April–25 October |
E | - | 16 May–23 September | 26 April–26 October |
A | B | C | D | E | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth (m below soil surface) | Max | 0.94 | 1.29 | 0.67 | 1.04 | 1.50 |
Min | 0.56 | 0.96 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 1.17 | |
Average | 0.74 | 1.14 | 0.53 | 0.82 | 1.43 | |
Elevation (m above msl) | Max | −3.97 | −3.21 | −2.73 | −3.72 | −3.05 |
Min | −3.59 | −3.54 | −2.94 | −4.11 | −3.38 | |
Average | −3.77 | −3.39 | −2.80 | −3.89 | −3.31 |
Station * | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | pH1:2 | EC1:2 | SOC | CEC | CaCO3 | Mg2+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | K+ | BD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | % | dS m−1 | % | meq 100 g−1 | g cm−3 | |||||||||
A | 0–0.15 | 39.58 | 40.97 | 19.45 | 5.66 | 0.21 | 13.72 | 5.34 | 11.5 | 4.72 | 0.22 | 11.65 | 0.21 | 0.94 |
A | 0.15–0.45 | 42.27 | 41.65 | 16.08 | 5.54 | 0.38 | 15.84 | 30.56 | 0.50 | 4.82 | 0.30 | 12.23 | 0.26 | 0.77 |
A | 0.45–0.80 | 17.78 | 54.57 | 27.66 | 5.38 | 1.13 | 4.79 | 15.16 | 1.00 | 4.10 | 0.39 | 8.74 | 0.25 | 1.09 |
B | 0–0.15 | 51.86 | 37.21 | 10.94 | 7.25 | 0.35 | 5.61 | 12.21 | 7.08 | 2.52 | 0.16 | 10.64 | 0.18 | 1.09 |
B | 0.15–0.45 | 49.22 | 38.01 | 12.76 | 7.22 | 0.28 | 5.96 | 21.04 | 7.17 | 2.57 | 0.16 | 10.17 | 0.18 | 1.01 |
B | 0.45–0.80 | 92.09 | 7.06 | 0.85 | 7.70 | 0.29 | 2.73 | 2.35 | 16.25 | 1.39 | 0.15 | 8.54 | 0.09 | 1.2 |
C | 0–0.15 | 26.87 | 47.74 | 25.4 | 7.67 | 0.55 | 8.75 | 13.95 | 12.5 | 2.68 | 0.84 | 15.00 | 0.26 | 0.94 |
C | 0.15–0.45 | 32.35 | 49.18 | 18.47 | 7.50 | 0.88 | 7.97 | 16.86 | 12.25 | 2.59 | 0.81 | 15.04 | 0.28 | 0.89 |
C | 0.45–0.80 | 45.04 | 39.69 | 15.27 | 6.49 | 4.82 | 16.34 | 0.41 | 7.17 | 4.31 | 3.26 | 17.57 | 0.33 | 0.21 |
D | 0–0.15 | 39.28 | 47.64 | 13.09 | 6.3 | 0.79 | 20.81 | 20.97 | - | 5.71 | 0.28 | 14.29 | 0.18 | 0.63 |
D | 0.15–0.45 | 27.06 | 50.69 | 22.25 | 5.82 | 0.41 | 20.41 | 21.97 | 0.79 | 6.10 | 12.51 | 14.35 | 0.28 | 0.6 |
D | 0.45–0.80 | 55.95 | 32.98 | 11.06 | 5.62 | 2.01 | 21.64 | 24.4 | 3.00 | 3.57 | 0.28 | 9.10 | 0.11 | 1.01 |
E | 0–0.15 | 64.66 | 23.47 | 11.88 | 7.39 | 0.29 | 1.29 | 3.23 | 25.61 | 0.63 | 0.06 | 8.73 | 0.08 | 1.52 |
E | 0.15–0.45 | 61.14 | 26.69 | 12.17 | 7.79 | 0.2 | 1.41 | 3.76 | 25.31 | 0.70 | 0.11 | 7.98 | 0.08 | 1.51 |
E | 0.45–0.80 | 82.47 | 12.45 | 5.08 | 8.11 | 0.18 | 26.99 | 2.19 | 29.33 | 0.54 | 0.09 | 7.97 | 0.05 | 1.37 |
ECw | Cl− | Na+ | SO42− | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | K+ | Br− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECw | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.33 | 0.60 | −0.20 | 0.80 | 0.46 |
Cl− | 0.81 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.18 | 0.50 | −0.19 | 0.81 | 0.56 |
Na+ | 0.84 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.52 | −0.31 | 0.93 | 0.58 |
SO4− | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.52 | −0.06 | −0.03 |
Mg2+ | 0.72 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.36 |
Ca2+ | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 1.00 | −0.13 | −0.15 |
K+ | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 0.60 |
Br− | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.81 | −0.20 | 0.61 | 0.22 | 0.72 | 1.00 |
Soil Water | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Cl− | SO42− | Br− | ECw | pH | ||
Soil | Na+ | 0.70 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.52 | −0.19 |
Mg2+ | 0.30 | 0.26 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.13 | −0.63 | |
K+ | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.58 | −0.13 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.36 | −0.12 | |
Ca2+ | 0.52 | 0.13 | 0.49 | −0.18 | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.11 | |
CaCO3 | −0.14 | −0.21 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.17 | −0.42 | −0.18 | −0.12 | 0.61 | |
EC1:2 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.36 | 0.59 | 0.87 | 0.18 | 0.78 | 0.89 | −0.18 | |
pH | −0.28 | −0.30 | −0.08 | −0.14 | −0.26 | −0.45 | −0.13 | −0.23 | 0.79 |
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Zancanaro, E.; Teatini, P.; Scudiero, E.; Morari, F. Identification of the Origins of Vadose-Zone Salinity on an Agricultural Site in the Venice Coastland by Ionic Molar Ratio Analysis. Water 2020, 12, 3363. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123363
Zancanaro E, Teatini P, Scudiero E, Morari F. Identification of the Origins of Vadose-Zone Salinity on an Agricultural Site in the Venice Coastland by Ionic Molar Ratio Analysis. Water. 2020; 12(12):3363. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123363
Chicago/Turabian StyleZancanaro, Ester, Pietro Teatini, Elia Scudiero, and Francesco Morari. 2020. "Identification of the Origins of Vadose-Zone Salinity on an Agricultural Site in the Venice Coastland by Ionic Molar Ratio Analysis" Water 12, no. 12: 3363. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123363