Investigation of Marine Wind Veer Characteristics Using Wind Lidar Measurements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- ◆
- wind resources in the offshore areas are generally of better quality, with greater wind speed and less turbulence, which could lead to less fatigue load and a longer lifetime of wind turbine generators;
- ◆
- the more extensive free space in offshore areas allows for large-scale wind farms to be installed. In the meantime, negative environmental effects, such as noise emission and visual impact, can be largely minimized.
2. Data Collection and Processing
2.1. Site Description and Measurement Instrumentation
2.2. Fidelity of Wind Mast and Lidar Measurements
2.3. Definition of Wind Veer Angle and Composite Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
- (1)
- R is calculated based on wind speed measured at three different heights (e.g., in this study, = 23.8 m, = 28.8 m,= 33.9 m):
- (2)
- RN is calculated according to the given heights, assuming :
- (3)
- The Obukhov length (L) is determined using the empirical functions [80,81]. If , Equation (1) is used in conjunction with Equation (3). Conversely, if then Equation (3) is replaced with Equation (4).
4. Summary and Conclusions
- ◆
- The occurrence of wind veer in the marine wind field was well observed, which can be affected by the change of upstream terrain conditions. In general, the wind veer profiles tend to exhibit a two-fold structure, in which the wind veer angle in the lower observation altitudes is likely to remain unchanged or slightly decrease, whereas at higher observation altitudes, the wind veer angle usually increases monotonically with height. From a comparative analysis point of view, the wind veer angles for hilly terrain conditions are much larger than those for open-sea terrain.
- ◆
- The maximum wind veer angle tends to exhibit a reverse correlation with mean wind speed, i.e., the larger the mean wind speed, the smaller the veering angle. With an increase in mean wind speed, the value decreases from 2.47° to 0.59° for open-sea terrain, and from 7.45° to 1.92° for hilly terrain.
- ◆
- Seasonal variability of the wind veer profile is apparent, in which winter and spring often possess larger values of wind veer angle, whereas autumn usually possesses the smallest value. On the other hand, the height at which the wind veer profile starts to increase with height is also found to be a function of seasonality.
- ◆
- The dependence of wind veer on atmospheric stability was examined, which is most pronounced during spring and winter. Typically, larger wind veer angles can be found under neutral stratification conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Description | L (m) | R |
---|---|---|---|
A | Stable | 10≤ L ≤ 200 | 1.9023 ≤ R ≤ 1.9885 |
B | Neutral | ≥ 200 | 1.8127 ≤ R ≤ 1.9023 |
C | Unstable | −200 ≤ L ≤ −50 | 1.8053 ≤ R ≤ 1.8127 |
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Shu, Z.; Li, Q.; He, Y.; Chan, P.W. Investigation of Marine Wind Veer Characteristics Using Wind Lidar Measurements. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111178
Shu Z, Li Q, He Y, Chan PW. Investigation of Marine Wind Veer Characteristics Using Wind Lidar Measurements. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(11):1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111178
Chicago/Turabian StyleShu, Zhenru, Qiusheng Li, Yuncheng He, and Pak Wai Chan. 2020. "Investigation of Marine Wind Veer Characteristics Using Wind Lidar Measurements" Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111178