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Article

Genome-Wide Identification of CCD Gene Family in Six Cucurbitaceae Species and Its Expression Profiles in Melon

by
Denghu Cheng
,
Zhongyuan Wang
,
Shiyu Li
,
Juan Zhao
,
Chunhua Wei
and
Yong Zhang
*
College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2022, 13(2), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020262
Submission received: 2 December 2021 / Revised: 19 January 2022 / Accepted: 26 January 2022 / Published: 28 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)
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Abstract

:
The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) gene family in plants comprises two subfamilies: CCD and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED). Genes in the NCED subfamily are mainly involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses such as salt, low temperature, and drought. Members of the NCED subfamily are the most important rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA). In the present study, genome-wide analysis was performed to identify CCD gene members in six Cucurbitaceae species, including watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (C.sativus), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and wax gourd (Benincasa hispida). A total of 10, 9, 9, 13, 8, 8 CCD genes were identified in the six species, respectively, and these genes were unevenly distributed in different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CCD genes of the six species clustered into two subfamilies: CCD and NCED, with five and three independent clades, respectively. The number of exons ranged from 1 to 15, and the number of motifs were set to 15 at most. The cis-acting elements analysis showed that a lot of the cis-acting elements were implicated in stress and hormone response. Melon seedlings were treated with salt, low temperature, drought, and ABA, and then tissue-specific analysis of CCDs expression were performed on the root, stem, upper leaf, middle leaf, female flower, male flower, and tendril of melon. The results showed that genes in CCD family exhibited various expression patterns. Different CCD genes of melon showed different degrees of response to abiotic stress. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of CCD gene family in six species of Cucurbitaceae, providing a strong foundation for future studies on specific genes in this family.

1. Introduction

Carotenoid is a terpenoid that is a fat-soluble pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoid is present in a large number of plants and is responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of fruits and flowers. Carotenoid is an isopentene-like polymer containing 40 carbons. It has a conjugated double bond chain and absorbs light in the UV and blue light range [1,2]. The color of carotenoids varies with the number of conjugated double bonds [3]. Carotenoids are synthesized in all photosynthetic organisms (bacteria, algae, and plants) and some non-photosynthetic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Currently, more than 700 types of natural carotenoids have been characterized. Carotenoids can be divided into carotene and lutein according to the different chemical structures [4]. In plants, carotenoids mainly exist in the chloroplasts and colored body membranes, and form binding proteins with chlorophyll, which are responsible for the function of light absorption as auxiliary pigments in photosynthesis [5,6].
Tan et al. (1997) [7] identified for the first time the NCED gene Vp14, which catalyzes carotenoid decomposition in mutants of maize viviparous seeds through a transposon mutagenic technique. The gene regulates ABA biosynthesis by catalyzing the conversion of 9-cis-epoxide carotenoids into Xanthoxin, a precursor of ABA biosynthesis. The substrate catalyzed by Vp14 protein has an epoxide structure, thus Vp14 is known as 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) [7]. The discovery of Vp14 was an instrumental step in the exploration of related genes in other species and organisms [8].
The CCD gene family comprises CCD and NCED subfamilies [9]. Nine members of the CCD family have been reported in Arabidopsis, four members of the CCD subfamily (CCD1, 4, 7, and 8), and five members of the NCED subfamily (NCED2, 3, 5, 6, and 9). The CCD gene family is further divided into five subfamilies: CCD1, CCD4, CCD7, CCD8, and NCED, according to the differences in cleavage sites and substrates of the members in this family [10]. A new member of the CCD family, CCD-like (CCDL), was reported for the first time in tomato [11]. All CCD proteins contain the retinal pigment epithelium membrane protein (RPE65) domain, typical of enzymes involved in carotenoid cleavage [12]. Similarity between members of the CCD protein sequences is very low, with the exception of four highly conserved histidine residues and a small number of glutamate residues [13,14]. Although CCDs and NCEDs belong to the same gene family, their sequence homology is relatively low, and their activities and substrates are different [8,15].
Degradation of carotenoids in higher plants mainly occurs through enzymatic degradation and non-enzymatic degradation processes. Enzymatic degradation process comprises the hydroxylase pathway, the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) pathway, and the lipoxygenase pathway [16,17]. The non-enzymatic degradation process includes direct chemical oxidation degradation, photooxidation degradation, and thermal oxidation degradation. Enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidative degradation of carotenoids results in biologically important carotenoid derivatives known as apocarotenoids. CCDs can specifically cleave the double bond of carotenoids and produce a variety of apocarotenoids, including pigments, flavor and aroma substances, and plant growth regulators, among which vitamin A and abscisic acid (ABA) are two common apocarotenoids [8,13,18,19]. The expression of CCD gene has an important relationship with the production of apocarotenoids. In previous studies, LcNCED1 is highly expressed in roots, stems, and flowers of Lycium barbarum. The expression of LcNCED1 in fruits was consistent with the accumulation of ABA [20]. LmCCD1 protein cleaved β-carotene and lycopene to produce β-ionone and pseudoionone, and the increase of LmCCD1 expression was related to the increase of β-ionone content in lycium barbarum fruit [21]. Reduced PhCCD1 transcription levels in petunias resulted in a 58–76% decrease in β-ionone synthesis [22]. The expression level of the AtNCED gene was highly consistent with the ABA biosynthesis in the root tip and reproductive organs [23].
At present, there are few reports on the functional characteristics of CCD gene in Cucurbitaceae.CCD4 protein was most closely related to carotenoid degradation in zucchini. The expression levels of CpCCD4a and CpCCD4b were higher in the varieties with the lowest carotenoid content, suggesting that CCD4 gene played an important role in carotenoid cleavage [24]. Melon CmCCD1 protein cleaved phytoene to produce geranylacetone, lycopene to pseudoionone, and β-carotene to β-ionone. In addition, the expression of CmCCD1 protein was upregulated during the development of three different color melon varieties, which is crucial to the formation of aroma and flavor of melon fruits [25]. The regulation of gene transcription level is very important for the composition and accumulation of carotenoids in watermelon fruit. The high expression of NCED gene was one of the main reasons for the yellow and white color of watermelon flesh [26]. Bottle gourd and wild watermelon promoted the accumulation of lycopene in grafted watermelon fruits by down-regulating the expression of NCED and CCD genes [27].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification and Physicochemical Properties of CCD Gene Family Members in Cucurbitaceae

The protein sequence database of watermelon (C. lanatus, 97103, v2), melon (C. melo, DHL92, v3.6.1), cucumber (C. sativus, Chinese Long, v3), pumpkin (C. moschata, Rifu, v1), bottle gourd (L. siceraria, USVL1VR-Ls, v1), and wax gourd (B. hispida, B227) were downloaded from the Cucurbitaceae genome database (http://cucurbitgenomics.org/, accessed on 1 December 2021). The following steps were used to identify CCD genes in the above six species. In the first step, protein sequences of all CCD genes in Arabidopsis thaliana were downloaded from the Uniprot database (https://www.uniprot.org/, accessed on 1 December 2021). Through TBtools software [28], the protein sequences of nine AtCCDs identified in Arabidopsis were searched by blast in the protein sequences database of the above six species, and the candidate sequences of CCDs protein sequences in the above six species were obtained. Step 2: The RPE65 (PF03055) domain sequences of all species were downloaded from the Pfam (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 1 December 2021) database. HMMER3.0 software was used to search the whole genome protein sequences of the above six species to obtain candidate CCDs protein sequences [29]. As the third step, the result of the combination of the first step and the second step, through the Conserved Domains Database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd/?term=, accessed on 1 December 2021) and Pfam domain database (http://pfam.xfam.org/search#tabview=tab1, accessed on 1 December 2021) analysis of structure, all CCD gene family genes of the above six species were obtained by removing the sequence excluding the RPE65 domain. The ExPASy website (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 1 December 2021) was used to predict the CCDs protein amino acid quantity, isoelectric point, relative molecular mass, and grand average of hydropathicity. Using the BUSCA website (http://busca.biocomp.unibo.it/, accessed on 1 December 2021) and the WoLF PSORT website (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp/, accessed on 1 December 2021) the CCDs protein subcellular localization was predicted. The location of the gene on the chromosome, the length of the gene, and the length of the gene CDS sequence are obtained from the Cucurbitaceae website.

2.2. Evolutionary Analysis

All the protein sequences of the CCDs in Cucurbitaceae were compared with the protein sequences of nine AtCCDs identified in Arabidopsis by using the program ClustalW, in the software MEGA7 (https://www.megasoftware.net/, accessed on 1 December 2021). The phylogenetic tree of the CCD gene family of Cucurbitaceae was constructed by MEGA7, using the neighbor-joining method (NJ) of the software, the self-help method of phylogeny test (Bootstrap method, Bootstrap = 1000), and partial deletion of gap or missing data. Finally, the phylogenetic tree of the Cucurbitaceae CCD gene family was constructed based on the Jones–Taylor–Thornton (JTT) model and rates among sites of Gamma Distributed (G).

2.3. Chromosomal Localization

The location information of the CCDs was obtained from the Cucurbitaceae website (http://cucurbitgenomics.org/, accessed on 1 December 2021), including the length of the chromosome, which chromosome it is located on, and the specific location on the chromosome. The picture showing the position of CCDs on the chromosome was obtained by using the TBtools software.

2.4. Gene Structure and Conserved Motifs Analysis

To investigate the gene structures of CCDs, the gff3 files of watermelon (C. lanatus, 97103, v2), melon (C. melo, DHL92, v3.6.1), cucumber (C. sativus, Chinese Long, v3), pumpkin (C. moschata, Rifu, v1), bottle gourd (L. siceraria, USVL1VR-Ls, v1), and wax gourd (B. hispida, B227) were subsequently downloaded from the Cucurbitaceae database (http://cucurbitgenomics.org/, accessed on 1 December 2021), and visualized by the software TBtools. The conserved motifs of all identified CCDs were analyzed and identified by the MEME website (https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme, accessed on 1 December 2021) [30] and the number of conserved domains was set to 15 at most. By using the TBtools software, the results of CCDs structure and the conservative motifs analysis of CCDs protein can be obtained.

2.5. Cis-Acting Regulating Element Prediction

The TBtools software was used to extract the 2K sequence upstream of the translation initiation codon of Cucurbitaceae CCDs. The sequences were submitted to the PlantCare (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 1 December 2021) website for cis-acting regulating element prediction.

2.6. Expression Analysis

In the current study, “TianJu” was used as the experimental material to analyze the CCD gene expression profile in melon in response to abiotic stress. “TianJu” is a melon variety developed by the Research Team of Melon Species Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding at the College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University. The melon variety was planted in a light incubator and maintained under a light intensity of 300 μmol m−2 s−1, photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark, and a temperature cycle of 30 °C /22 °C until the melon seedlings grew to the three-leaf stage. Strong and consistent melon seedlings were selected for subsequent treatments. For salt treatment, roots were treated with 300 μmol/L NaCl, and leaves were then collected at 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after treatment. The seedlings in the low-temperature group were maintained at 4 °C under a light intensity of 300 μmol m−2 s−1 and photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark. Leaves were collected at 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after treatment. Drought was simulated in the drought-treated group by placing seedlings under a light incubator with a light intensity of 300 μmol m−2 s−1, photoperiod 16 h light/8 h dark, and temperature cycle of 30 °C/22 °C. The leaves in this group were collected at day 0, day 1, day 3, day 5, day 7, and day 9 after treatment. Re-watering (RW) treatment was performed on day 9, and leaves were collected on the day after watering treatment. ABA solution (100 μmol/L) was sprayed on the leaves of seedlings in the ABA group until the solution dripped from the leaves. The leaves in the ABA group were then collected and immediately placed in liquid nitrogen and transferred to the refrigerator at −80 °C for RNA extraction. The experimental material for tissue-specific expression analysis of the CCD gene family in melon was a “TianJu” variety planted in the D08 chamber of the scientific research greenhouse, South Campus of Northwest A & F University. The variety was allowed to grow until the flowering period to obtain female flowers under a suitable growth environment. The root, stem, upper leaf (leaf at the top of the plant), middle leaf (leaf at the middle of the plant), the female flowers that opened on the same day, the male flowers that opened on the same day, and tendrils were then harvested. The samples were placed on tin foil. Liquid nitrogen was added to the samples and then transferred to a refrigerator at −80 °C for subsequent extraction of RNA. Three biological replicates were set for each treatment in all the experiments, and three samples were used for each replicate.
Total RNA was extracted using the general plant total RNA extraction kit (Beijing Junrode Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). First chain cDNA was synthesized using the FastKing cDNA first chain synthesis kit (Tiangen Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Specific primers for melon CCDs were designed using Primer 6.0 software. Primers were synthesized at Xi ’an Qingke Jersey Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Xi ’an, China) Details on the primers are presented in Table S1. Expression levels of CCDs in melon under abiotic stress and in different tissues were evaluated by Quantitative Real-time PCR instrument StepOnePlusTM (Applied Biosystems, Bedford, MA, USA). The total volume of the amplification system was 10 μL, comprising 5 μL SYBR, 3.6 μL ddH2O, 1 μL cDNA, and 0.2 μL upstream and downstream primers. The reaction program of Quantitative Real-time PCR analysis was set as follows: pre-denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, denaturation at 94 °C for 10 s, annealing at 60 °C for 30 s and 40 cycles. Relative expression of genes was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method, and actin was used as an internal control [31].

3. Results

3.1. Genome-Wide Identification of CCD Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae

A total of 57 CCDs protein sequences were identified from six Cucurbitaceae species through genome-wide analysis using TBtools and HMMER 3.0 tools. Sequences without RPE65 domain were eliminated through analysis using the Conserved Domains Database and the Pfam Database. The results showed 10, 9, 9, 13, 8 and 8 CCDs protein sequences in watermelon (C. lanatus), melon (C. melo), cucumber (C. sativus), pumpkin (C. moschata), bottle gourd (L. siceraria), and wax gourd (B. hispida), respectively (Table 1). These genes were subsequently named according to their homologous relationship with CCDs in Arabidopsis. The nucleotide sequences of CCDs showed significant variations; however, they encoded proteins with a length ranging from 500 to 600 amino acids and molecular weights ranging between 60 kD and 70 kD. Notably, the GRAVY (grand average of hydropathicity) values of all identified CCDs proteins were less than 0, implying that the proteins were hydrophilic. Moreover, most of the CCDs proteins had predicted isoelectric point (PI) values below seven, and were mainly localized in chloroplasts.

3.2. Evolutionary Analysis of CCD Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae

All the 57 CCD proteins from Cucurbitaceae were used to construct a phylogenetic tree using MEGA7 software to further explore the evolution of the CCD gene family (Figure 1), with nine Arabidopsis CCDs protein sequences as reference sequences. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree showed that the CDDs protein was clustered into two subfamilies (CCD and NCED). The CCD and NCED subfamilies comprised five (CCD1, CCD4, CCD7, CCD8, and CCDL) and three (NCED3, NCED5, and NCED6) clades, respectively. These findings were consistent with findings reported in a previous study on tobacco [1]. The findings showed that only watermelon had two proteins in the CCDL clade, whereas other Cucurbitaceae species only had one gene in the CCDL clade. Pumpkin and wax gourd had three and one proteins in the NCED5 clade, respectively, whereas all other species had two members in the NCED5 clade. Cucurbitaceae species only had one protein in CCD1, CCD4, CCD7, and CCD8 subfamilies, apart from pumpkin. Bottle gourd had no protein in the CCDL clade; however, bottle gourd CCDs proteins were observed in other clades like other species of Cucurbitaceae. The genetic distance between CCD8 and NCED proteins was relatively large, whereas the distance between CCD4 and NCED proteins was relatively small.

3.3. Members of CCDs Showed Variations in Chromosomal Localization in Cucurbitaceae

Distribution maps of the 57 CCDs identified on chromosomes were generated using TBtools software (Figure 2). The results showed that Cucurbitaceae CCDs are unevenly distributed on the chromosomes of different species. CCDs were localized on five chromosomes in bottle gourd and wax gourd, seven chromosomes in watermelon, six chromosomes in cucumber, and nine chromosomes in melon and pumpkin. The findings showed presence of two CCDs on chromosome 6, 7, and 11 of watermelon, chromosome 2 and 4 of cucumber, chromosome 4 and 16 of pumpkin, chromosome 7 and 9 of bottle gourd, and chromosome 1, 9, and 12 of wax gourd. Three CCDs were localized on chromosome 17 of pumpkin, whereas one CCD gene was observed in each chromosome of melon. Notably, CCDs were arranged in tandem on their chromosomes in melon and the other five species.

3.4. CCD Gene Family Presents Characteristic Gene Structure and Conserved Motifs in Cucurbitaceae

Conserved motifs in CCD proteins were explored using MEME webserver (https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme, accessed on 1 December 2021). Structural characteristics of CCDs comprising the coding DNA sequence (CDS), untranslated region (UTR), and intron were analyzed using TBtools software. The results showed that the number of motifs in the NCED subfamily was significantly higher than that in the CCD subfamily (Figure 3). The difference in number and species of conserved domains among different clades of CCD subfamily was significantly higher than that among different clades of NCED subfamily. Notably, LsiCCD1 protein lacked motif 14, and LsiCCD8 protein lacked motif 5 and motif 6, whereas all other CCDs proteins had motif 5, motif 6, motif 7, and motif 14. These findings indicate that these four motifs are highly conserved in the CCD gene family and may play an essential role in some common functions. The CCD proteins with close evolutionary relationships as shown in the phylogenetic tree exhibited similar motifs composition (Figure 3). The number of motifs in CCD1 and CCD4 clades was significantly higher relative to the number of motifs in other clades. AtCCD7 protein in CCD7 clade had a unique motif 10, but lacked motif 2, which was present in all other members in this clade. Analysis of the CCD-like clade showed that only BhCCDL protein had motif 4, and did not have motif 2, present in all other members of this clade. CmoCCD1 protein in CCD1 clade had motif 13, which was absent in other clades. Analysis of CCD4 clade showed that all members had the same motifs. Notably, motif 6 was only observed in AtCCD4 protein, and motif 3 was only present in LsiCCD4 protein. Analysis of the three clades of the NCED subfamily showed that all members had all 15 identified motifs. The number, type, and order of motifs were similar across different clades.
The findings showed significant differences in gene structure among different members of the CCDs. The members of this family showed a minimum of one exon and a maximum of 15 exons, and a minimum of zero introns, and a maximum of 14 introns. Further analysis of the gene structure showed that the gene structure of the CCD subfamily was more complex compared with the gene structure of the NCED subfamily. Analysis of the different clades of CCD subfamily showed that the gene structure of CCD4 clade was different from that of other clades in that each gene of the CCD4 clade had no introns. Each member of CCD8 clade had six exons. Analysis of CCD7 clade showed the presence of six exons in AtCCD7 gene, eight exons in the CmCCD7 gene, and seven exons in other members of this clade. CCDL clade and CCD1 clade members showed the significantly highest number of exons compared with the number of exons in other clades. The results showed that all members of the NCED subfamily had no introns, except CmNCED5b and CmoNCED3b genes, which had only one intron. Notably, the number of introns in the NCED subfamily was significantly lower, relative to that in the CCD subfamily.

3.5. Cis-Acting Elements of CCDs Were Identified in Cucurbitaceae

Cis-acting elements of the 2K sequence upstream of the CDS of all Cucurbitaceae CCDs were explored using the PlantCARE website. The CCD gene family mainly encodes hormones and proteins implicated in the stress response [32], and thus eight related elements were selected for analysis in the present study (Figure 4). The elements included the salicylic acid-responsive element, the abscisic acid-responsive element, the gibberellin-responsive element, the MeJA-responsive element, the defense and stress-responsive element, the drought-induced responsive element, the auxin-responsive element, and the low-temperature responsive element. The results showed differences in the number of response elements among the different subfamilies. The number of drought response elements in the CCDs was the least (19), whereas the number of abscisic acid response elements was the highest (148), indicating that most members of the CCDs were implicated in the ABA response.

3.6. Expression Profiles of CCD Candidate Genes in Different Tissues of Melon

The qRT-PCR results of CCDs in different tissues of melon showed differences in expression levels of different CCD candidate genes in different tissues (Figure 5). The expression level of CmCCD7 in roots was higher compared with the expression level in other tissues. The expression levels of CmCCD1 and CmCCD4 were lower in roots compared with the expression levels in other tissues. Four genes showed relatively high expression levels in the stem, including CmCCD1, CmCCD4, CmNCED3, and CmNCED6. Notably, seven genes showed low relative expression levels in the upper leaves, and only CmCCD4 showed a significantly high expression level. Three genes (CmCCD1, CmCCD4, and CmNCED5a) were highly expressed in middle leaves, and CmCCD4 was significantly overexpressed in upper leaves. CmCCD7 was the only gene that showed significantly low expression levels in female flowers, whereas all other genes showed high expression levels. The relative expression levels of six genes (CmCCD1, CmCCD4, CmCCD8, CmCCDL, CmNCED5a, and CmNCED5b) were high in male flowers, with CmNCED5b having the highest relative expression level. Five genes showed high expression, and four genes showed low expression levels in tendrils.

3.7. Expression Profiles of CCD Family Candidate Genes in Response to Abiotic Stress in Melon

The qRT-PCR results of samples obtained under abiotic stress showed significant differences in gene expression levels of melon CCDs after treatment with salt, cold (4 °C), drought, and ABA (Figure 6 and Figure 7). Expression of CmCCD4 and CmCCD8 was downregulated, whereas expression of CmNCED3 was significantly upregulated after salt treatment. Expression levels of CmNCED5a and CmNCED5b increased at the start of the experiment then decreased, and the expression level of CmNCED5b showed double peaks and exhibited significant upregulation at 3 h. Expression levels of CmCCD7 and CmNCED6 decreased at the beginning of the treatment then increased, and the expression profile showed double peaks. Expression levels of CmCCD1 and CmCCD4 increased at the start of treatment at 4 °C then decreased, and the expression level of CmCCD4 significantly increased at 3 h. Expression levels of CmNCED3 and CmNCED6 showed an increase at the start of low-temperature treatment, then a decrease and a further increase, and were significantly upregulated at 24 h and 3 h, respectively. Expression levels of CmCCD7, CmCCD8, CmNCED5a, and CmNCED5b decreased at the start of low-temperature treatment, and then increased in later stages of the experiment. Expression of CmCCD7, CmCCD8, CmNCED5a, and CmNCED5b was significantly downregulated at 1 h, 48 h, 48 h, and 1 h, respectively. Expression of CmCCD1 gene was upregulated, whereas expression of CmNCED5a gene was downregulated throughout the drought treatment experiment, with significant downregulation of CmNCED5a expression observed on day 9. The gene expression levels of CmCCD4, CmCCD7, CmCCD8 and CmNCED6 were downregulated only on the first day, and upregulated at other times. Expression levels of CmNCED3 and CmNCED5b initially decreased during the drought treatment, increased and then further decreased. Expression of CmNCED3 was significantly upregulated on day 3. Expression of most genes showed downregulation after RW treatment. Expression of CmCCD1 was upregulated after ABA treatment, with significant upregulation observed at 24 h. ABA treatment downregulated expression of CmNCED5a with significant downregulation observed from 6 h to the end of the experiment. CmNCED3 gene expression was upregulated at most time points, with downregulation observed only at 48 h, and significant upregulation of CmNCED3 expression was observed from 3 h to the end of the ABA treatment experiment. CmCCD4, CmCCD7 CmNCED5b, and CmNCED6 expression levels showed a decrease, then an increase during ABA treatment. Expression of CmCCD7 showed significant upregulation at 24 h during ABA treatment.

4. Discussion

The CCD gene family belongs to one of the smaller gene families in plants, owing to the low number of genes in the family [33]. In the present study, 10, 9, 9, 13, 8, and 8 CCDs protein sequences were identified in watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd, and wax gourd, respectively (Table 1). A total of 30, 19, 7, and 11 CCDs protein sequences were identified in oilseed rape [34], tobacco [1], tomato [11], and pepper [12], respectively. Molecular characteristics of all CCDs protein members of Cucurbitaceae are different, and proteins in the same clade showed different molecular weights and isoelectric points. Prediction results showed that CCDs proteins were distributed in the chloroplast, mitochondria, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Notably, more than half of the proteins were localized in the chloroplast, implying that CCDs proteins play an important role in the function of the chloroplast (Table 1).
The phylogenetic tree showed that the CCDs proteins in Cucurbitaceae clustered into two subfamilies (CCDs and NCEDs) and eight clades (CCD1, 4, 7, 8 and L; and NCED, 3, 5, 6). NCED2 and NCED9 clades were not identified, owing to the lack of corresponding homologues from Arabidopsis. Melon, cucumber, pumpkin, and wax gourd each had one gene in the CCDL clade first reported in tomato [11], whereas watermelon and bottle gourd had two and zero members in this clade, respectively. The NCED subfamily was more closely related to CCDL and CCD4 clades, and distantly related to CCD8 clade. In addition, the findings showed that the NCED subfamily evolved from the CCD4 clade (Figure 1).
Previous studies report that the position of exons and introns in gene family members plays an important role in evolution [35]. In the present study, motif and gene structure analysis showed that the number and location of exons and introns of motifs and genes in the same population were similar, which was consistent with the topology of phylogenetic trees. Further, motif and gene structure results showed that the number and location of motifs and exons and introns in the same clade were similar, consistent with the topology of the phylogenetic trees. All members of the NCED clade except CmNCED5b and CmoNCED3b had no introns (Figure 3). However, the motifs of members in the NCED subfamily were more conserved compared with those of the CCD subfamily, which is a common feature in plants [1].
The promoter located upstream of the initiation codon region is an important cis-acting element for genes and an important locus for transcription modulation [36]. Many cis-acting elements of the CCDs were predicted in Cucurbitaceae to be related to hormone and stress responses (Figure 4). These findings indicate that expression of CCDs are regulated by different cis-acting elements in hormone and abiotic stress-related promoters during the growth and development of Cucurbitaceae plants. In the present study, the expression levels of CCDs in melon exposed to ABA and four abiotic stresses were explored.
The CCD gene family is an ancient gene family in plants that plays a vital role in plant growth and stress response [34]. CCDs proteins are implicated in the production of various hormones and aromatic substances in plants [37]. CCD1 is the most widely studied gene in the CCD gene family. CCD1 protein is mainly responsible for the cleavage of carotenoids to form aromatic substances in flowers and fruits [38]. CCD1 protein is involved in the formation of β-ziroxone, pseudoionone, and geranylacetone flavor volatile compounds in tomato [39]. Further, CCD1 protein regulates the release of β-zionone in morning glens [22]. The results of the present study showed that CmCCD1 was highly expressed in stems and tendrils, but only low expression levels were observed in roots and the upper leaf (Figure 5). This finding was different from the expression patterns of SlCCD1a, and SlCCD1b reported in tomato [11], indicating that CCD1 exhibits different expression patterns in different plants. Salt, drought, and ABA upregulated expression of CmCCD1. The cleavage products of cleavage of carotenoids by the CCD4 protein are related to the coloration of plant flesh and flower organs, and are also implicated in the production of aromatic substances [40,41,42]. CCD4 protein controls the color of peach fruit. Expression of the CCD4 protein leads to carotenoid degradation in white flesh genotype peaches, and the yellow color of peaches results from the inactivation of CCD4 protein [43]. The lily tenth segment changes from yellow to white because the lily CCD4 protein cleaves the carotenoids present in lily [44]. The change of chrysanthemum color from white to yellow was due to the increase of carotenoid content caused by the inactivation of CCD4 protein [45]. This suggests that we can use CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi techniques to control the expression of CCD protein identified in this study, so as to change plant color, plant type, and other traits, and improve the nutritional quality of fruits. In the current study, CmCCD4 was highly expressed in stems and leaves (Figure 5). Previous studies reported that MdCCD4 is highly expressed in apple leaves [46], indicating that CCD4 may play an important role in the growth and development of leaves. Moreover, the CmCCD4 was highly sensitive to drought stress (Figure 6), which was consistent with previous findings that the GHCCD4a-A is upregulated in upland cotton under drought stress [47]. CCD7 and CCD8 are two key proteins in the plant hormone witcholactone synthesis pathway, and their role may be catalyzing carotenoid degradation [48]. Downregulation of CCD8 protein expression in kiwifruit is associated with increased branch development and delayed leaf senescence [49]. CCD7 protein is implicated in the production of witcholactone, branching, and arbuscular mycorrhizal-induced apopolyboid production in tomato [50]. In addition, CCD7 protein is the control protein of EMS mutagenesis in rice, leading to rice dwarfism and tillering increase [51]. A previous study used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out CCD8 in tobacco, and the findings showed an increase in the branches of tobacco and a decrease in plant height [52]. Furthermore, CCD8 protein plays the role of strigolactone in bud branching, mycorrhizal symbiosis, and parasitic weed interactions in peas [53]. In the present study, expression of CmCCD7 was tissue specific, with a higher expression level in roots (Figure 5). Notably, previous findings indicate that the expression level of NtCCD7 in roots of tobacco was higher relative to the expression level in other tissues [1], implying that CCD7 plays an important role in root growth and development. Drought induced sustained upregulation of CmCCD7 and CmCCD8 expression, indicating that these two genes play an important role in response to drought stress (Figure 6).
Abscisic acid is an important plant hormone implicated in the modulation of various plant development processes and plays an important regulatory role in different types of stresses [54]. Members of the NCED subfamily proteins are rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of ABA hormone [55]. Increase in ABA content in plants under stress is highly correlated with an increase in the expression of genes in the NCED subfamily [56], implying that NCED genes play an important role in plant response to stress. Under drought stress, the expression of NCED in roots, stems, and leaves of watermelon seedlings was up-regulated, suggesting that NCED proteins may regulate the synthesis and decomposition of endogenous ABA [57]. Under salt stress, the content of abscisic acid in cucumber was reduced by 67.68% by applying putrescine, but the expression of NCED gene was up-regulated and the content of ABA was increased by applying the inhibitor [58]. TaNCED expression in wheat is significantly upregulated by drought stress, whereas overexpression of TaNCED in Arabidopsis promotes an increase in endogenous ABA content, enhanced Arabidopsis tolerance to drought stress, and delayed seed germination [59]. PpNCED1 and VVNCED1 proteins in peach initiated ABA biosynthesis at the early stage of fruit ripening, and ABA accumulation plays a key role in the regulation of ripening and senescence in peach and grape fruits [60]. Overexpression of PvNCED1 of kidney beans in wild tobacco increases the ABA content, and significantly improves tolerance of the tobacco plants to drought stress [61]. Upregulation of CstNCED expression is observed when saffron stigma is subjected to low temperature, water, salt, exogenous ABA, and other biological stresses [62]. A high expression level of AtNCED3 in Arabidopsis roots promotes the synthesis of ABA and regulates the growth of Arabidopsis lateral roots [23]. Overexpression of Arabidopsis AtNCED3 lead to increased endogenous ABA level and increased drought tolerance in these plants [63]. AtNCED3 was the main response gene in the leaves of Arabidopsis under stress [23]. In the present study, the expression level of CmNCED3 was higher in stems, female flowers, and tendrils, but lower in leaves (Figure 5). Moreover, CmNCED3 expression was upregulated in melon leaves under all abiotic stress, indicating that CmNCED3 plays an important role in stress response (Figure 7). Further studies should explore the role of CmNCED3 of melon in depth and conduct gene cloning to elucidate the function of the NCED3 gene. AtNCED5 protein regulated ABA synthesis in Arabidopsis seeds, thus regulating seed maturation and dormancy [23]. In the current study, expression levels of CmNCED5a and CmNCED5b in female and male flowers were significantly higher relative to the expression levels in other tissues (Figure 5). This finding was consistent with the expression pattern of NtNCED5a in tobacco [1], implying that NCED5 protein plays an important role in flower growth and development. Abiotic stress treatments used in the present study all downregulated the expression of CmNCED5a (Figure 7) to varying degrees. CmNCED6 was highly expressed in stems, female flowers, and tendrils, and its expression was upregulated by drought stress (Figure 5 and Figure 7). In summary, the results of the present study provide a basis for further studies on the role of CCDs in Cucurbitaceae. However, further studies should be conducted to validate their functions.

5. Conclusions

The apocarotenoids produced by the cleavage of CCD subfamily proteins play an important role in influencing crop flavor and plant morphogenesis. The NCED subfamily proteins are the most important rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of plant hormone ABA, and are widely involved in the response process of plants to abiotic stress. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the CCDs. However, there are few reports about the function of CCDs in Cucurbitaceae. This study is the first to identify and bioinformatics analysis CCD genes in six species of Cucurbitaceae. In the present study, ten CCDs protein sequences were identified in watermelon, nine in melon, nine in cucumber, thirteen in pumpkin, eight in bottle, and eight in wax gourd. Notably, these CCDs were distributed on different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight clades based on the homologous relationship with Arabidopsis. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis showed that members of the same clade are highly conserved, consistent with the results on evolutionary relationships. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicate that the promoters of the six species CCDs in Cucurbitaceae comprise several potential cis-acting elements involved in hormonal and physiological stress. Additionally, the expression patterns of CCDs in melon under different tissues, ABA, and abiotic stresses were explored in this study. Comparative analysis showed that some melon CCDs are implicated in important roles in plants; however, further research should be conducted to verify their functions. For example, CmNCED5a and CmNCED5b were upregulated in female and male flowers, indicating that they play essential roles in the growth and development of flower organs. CmNCED3 and its homologous gene, AtNCED3, were highly expressed under abiotic stress, implying that CmNCED3 plays a vital role in environmental stress responses. This study provides a solid foundation for further research on the function of the CCDs in Cucurbitaceae and the interactions between the members of this gene family.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes13020262/s1, Table S1. Specific primers of melon CCDs used for qRT-PCR in this study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.C. and Z.W.; methodology, D.C. and Z.W.; software, D.C. and S.L.; validation, D.C. and S.L.; formal analysis, D.C. and J.Z.; investigation, S.L. and J.Z.; resources, D.C.; data curation, D.C. and Z.W.; writing—original draft preparation, D.C. and C.W.; writing—review and editing, D.C. and C.W.; visualization, D.C. and C.W.; supervision, C.W. and Y.Z.; project administration, C.W. and Y.Z.; funding acquisition, C.W. and Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (2021NY-089), and the Science and Technology Innovation and Achievement Transformation Project of Northwest A&F University(TGZX2021-10).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China, and funding agencies.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Evolutionary analysis of CCD proteins in Cucurbitaceae. The phylogenetic tree of the CCD gene family of Cucurbitaceae was constructed by MEGA7, using the neighbor-joining method (NJ) of the software. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CCD proteins of the six species clustered into two subfamilies: CCD and NCED, with five and three independent clades, respectively. Numbers on nodes represent bootstrap values.
Figure 1. Evolutionary analysis of CCD proteins in Cucurbitaceae. The phylogenetic tree of the CCD gene family of Cucurbitaceae was constructed by MEGA7, using the neighbor-joining method (NJ) of the software. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CCD proteins of the six species clustered into two subfamilies: CCD and NCED, with five and three independent clades, respectively. Numbers on nodes represent bootstrap values.
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Figure 2. Chromosomal distribution of CCDs in Cucurbitaceae. The chromosome number is labelled on top of each chromosome. The left scale represents the length of chromosomes, and scale is expressed in megabase (Mb). Note: (A) C. lanatus; (B) C. melo; (C) C. sativus; (D) C. moschata; (E) L. siceraria; (F) B. hispida.
Figure 2. Chromosomal distribution of CCDs in Cucurbitaceae. The chromosome number is labelled on top of each chromosome. The left scale represents the length of chromosomes, and scale is expressed in megabase (Mb). Note: (A) C. lanatus; (B) C. melo; (C) C. sativus; (D) C. moschata; (E) L. siceraria; (F) B. hispida.
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Figure 3. Gene structure of CCDs and conserved motifs analysis of CCD proteins in Cucurbitaceae based on phylogenetic relationships. (A) Gene structure of Cucurbitaceae CCDs. Black boxes indicate the untranslated 5′-3′ regions; red boxes indicate CDS; black lines represent introns. (B) The conserved motifs of all identified genes were analyzed and identified by the MEME website and the number of conserved domains was set to 15 at most.
Figure 3. Gene structure of CCDs and conserved motifs analysis of CCD proteins in Cucurbitaceae based on phylogenetic relationships. (A) Gene structure of Cucurbitaceae CCDs. Black boxes indicate the untranslated 5′-3′ regions; red boxes indicate CDS; black lines represent introns. (B) The conserved motifs of all identified genes were analyzed and identified by the MEME website and the number of conserved domains was set to 15 at most.
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Figure 4. Cucurbitaceae CCDs promoter cis-acting elements analysis based on their phylogenetic relationships. Cis-acting elements of the 2K sequence upstream of the CDS of all Cucurbitaceae CCDs were explored using the PlantCARE website and different color indicated different cis-acting elements.
Figure 4. Cucurbitaceae CCDs promoter cis-acting elements analysis based on their phylogenetic relationships. Cis-acting elements of the 2K sequence upstream of the CDS of all Cucurbitaceae CCDs were explored using the PlantCARE website and different color indicated different cis-acting elements.
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Figure 5. qRT-PCR analysis of CCDs and NCEDs in different tissues. Relative expression of genes was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (ANOVA with Turkey post-hoc analysis, 5% level). The mean ± S.D. of the biological replicates is presented. Note: R: Root; S: Stem; UL: Upper leaf; ML: Middle leaf; FF: Female flowers; MF: Male flowers; T: Tendril.
Figure 5. qRT-PCR analysis of CCDs and NCEDs in different tissues. Relative expression of genes was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (ANOVA with Turkey post-hoc analysis, 5% level). The mean ± S.D. of the biological replicates is presented. Note: R: Root; S: Stem; UL: Upper leaf; ML: Middle leaf; FF: Female flowers; MF: Male flowers; T: Tendril.
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Figure 6. qRT-PCR analysis of CCDs genes in response to abiotic stress in melon ((A) CmCCD1; (B) CmCCD4; (C) CmCCD7; (D) CmCCD8). Relative expression of genes was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (ANOVA with Turkey post-hoc analysis, 5% level). The mean ± S.D. of the biological replicates is presented.
Figure 6. qRT-PCR analysis of CCDs genes in response to abiotic stress in melon ((A) CmCCD1; (B) CmCCD4; (C) CmCCD7; (D) CmCCD8). Relative expression of genes was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (ANOVA with Turkey post-hoc analysis, 5% level). The mean ± S.D. of the biological replicates is presented.
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Figure 7. qRT-PCR analysis of NCED genes in response to abiotic stress in melon ((A) CmNCED3; (B) CmNCED5a; (C) CmNCED5b; (D) CmNCED6). Relative expression of genes was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (ANOVA with Turkey post-hoc analysis, 5% level). The mean ± S.D. of the biological replicates is presented.
Figure 7. qRT-PCR analysis of NCED genes in response to abiotic stress in melon ((A) CmNCED3; (B) CmNCED5a; (C) CmNCED5b; (D) CmNCED6). Relative expression of genes was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (ANOVA with Turkey post-hoc analysis, 5% level). The mean ± S.D. of the biological replicates is presented.
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Table
Table 1. The genes and encoded protein properties of all CCDs identified in this study.
Table 1. The genes and encoded protein properties of all CCDs identified in this study.
SpeciesGene NameGene IDPIMolecular Weight (kDa)Chromosome LocationGene Length (bp)CDS Length (bp)Number of Amino Acids (aa)Grand Average of HydropathicitySubcellular Localization
Citrullus lanatusClCCD1Cla97C09G1663806.2161.47Chr09: 3477850 .. 3484797 (+)69481644547−0.291Cytoplasm
ClCCD4Cla97C07G1377806.0065.07Chr07: 25368259 .. 25370034 (+)17761776591−0.234Chloroplast
ClCCD7Cla97C06G1117707.0468.63Chr06: 2532539 .. 2541011 (−)84731833610−0.215Chloroplast
ClCCD8Cla97C08G1554207.9161.00Chr08: 23384307 .. 23388101 (−)37951644547−0.235Chloroplast
ClCCDLaCla97C11G2211706.3060.37Chr11: 27257473 .. 27262531 (+)50591596531−0.301Cytoplasm
ClCCDLbCla97C11G2211806.8467.14Chr11: 27264241 .. 27270176 (+)59361764587−0.404Chloroplast
ClNCED3Cla97C07G1372605.8164.04Chr07: 24786951 .. 24788687 (+)17371737578−0.243Chloroplast
ClNCED5aCla97C01G0246306.2867.74Chr01: 35670071 .. 35671885 (+)18151815604−0.404Chloroplast
ClNCED5bCla97C03G0580305.6156.93Chr03: 7238075 .. 7239598 (−)15241524507−0.28Cytoplasm
ClNCED6Cla97C06G1173407.362.69Chr06: 9148622 .. 9150322 (+)17011701566−0.279Cytoplasm
Cucumis meloCmCCD1MELO3C023555.26.0161.28Chr01: 33650150 .. 33657132 (+)69831644547−0.278Cytoplasm
CmCCD4MELO3C016224.26.165.08Chr07: 22480061 .. 22482158 (−)20981779592−0.235Chloroplast
CmCCD7MELO3C022291.27.8275.47Chr11: 32532564 .. 32539629 (+)70662010669−0.422Chloroplast
CmCCD8MELO3C011142.26.1361.14Chr03: 28383115 .. 28386694 (+)35801653550−0.232Chloroplast
CmCCDLMELO3C003462.27.1276.52Chr04: 1417853 .. 1422210 (−)43582010669−0.404Chloroplast
CmNCED3MELO3C027057.26.0669.64Chr00: 1582539 .. 1584421 (+)18831881626−0.214Chloroplast
CmNCED5aMELO3C007127.28.3467.09Chr08: 991369 .. 993401 (−)20331800599−0.389Chloroplast
CmNCED5bMELO3C002744.26.3265.23Chr12: 21375227 .. 21377259 (−)20331728575−0.378Mitochondrion
CmNCED6MELO3C023086.27.9863.02Chr05: 7293775 .. 7295481 (−)17071707568−0.278Mitochondrion
Cucumis sativusCsCCD1CsaV3_7G0310105.9361.34Chr07: 19638561 .. 19646579 (+)76791644547−0.276Cytoplasm
CsCCD4CsaV3_4G0071805.8365.04Chr04: 4915379 .. 4917916 (−)25381776591−0.236Chloroplast
CsCCD7CsaV3_6G0087306.7369.42Chr06: 7029451 .. 7035039 (+)55891845614−0.345Chloroplast
CsCCD8CsaV3_2G0308706.1760.76Chr02: 20280011 .. 20284196 (−)41861644547−0.235Chloroplast
CsCCDLCsaV3_3G0485708.9259.86Chr03: 39663250 .. 39666931 (+)36821578525−0.364Chloroplast
CsNCED3CsaV3_4G0077606.0465.82Chr04: 5381592 .. 5384221 (−)26301785594−0.273Chloroplast
CsNCED5aCsaV3_1G0323406.8266.92Chr01: 19294926 .. 19297672 (−)27471782593−0.335Chloroplast
CsNCED5bCsaV3_6G0517908.3467.15Chr06: 30131435 .. 30133535 (+)21011803600−0.377Chloroplast
CsNCED6CsaV3_2G0120808.7863.02Chr02: 9534360 .. 9536321 (+)19621707568−0.298Chloroplast
Cucurbita moschataCmoCCD1CmoCh17G0093206.8269.02Chr17: 8291575 .. 8300490 (−)89161848615−0.186Cytoplasm
CmoCCD4aCmoCh04G0065005.764.61Chr04: 3223403 .. 3225163 (−)17611761586−0.222Chloroplast
CmoCCD4bCmoCh16G0054606.0565.30Chr16: 2645574 .. 2647358 (+)17851785594−0.231Chloroplast
CmoCCD7CmoCh17G0050606.4568.79Chr17: 4737408 .. 4741956 (−)45491848615−0.258Chloroplast
CmoCCD8aCmoCh05G0061808.7360.84Chr05: 3082399 .. 3087453 (−)50551644547−0.221Chloroplast
CmoCCD8bCmoCh12G0020406.5859.53Chr12: 1340192 .. 1343166 (−)29751608535−0.23Chloroplast
CmoCCDLCmoCh01G0148606.5968.36Chr01: 11513752 .. 11518925 (−)51741821606−0.293Chloroplast
CmoNCED3aCmoCh04G0069106.4964.70Chr04: 3434234 .. 3435985 (−)17521752583−0.254Mitochondrion
CmoNCED3bCmoCh16G0049505.6163.95Chr16: 2388840 .. 2390824 (+)19851725574−0.291Chloroplast
CmoNCED5aCmoCh03G0139706.5865.79Chr03: 10201389 .. 10203155 (+)17671767588−0.389Chloroplast
CmoNCED5bCmoCh07G0010205.8657.28Chr07: 595470 .. 596999 (−)15301530509−0.314Cytoplasm
CmoNCED5CCmoCh13G0055706.0665.71Chr13: 6389844 .. 6391610 (−)17671767588−0.287Chloroplast
CmoNCED6CmoCh17G0011807.2662.53Chr17: 638459 .. 640162 (−)17041704567−0.226Chloroplast
Lagenaria sicerariaLsiCCD1Lsi02G0257106.3358.89Chr02: 32164396 .. 32169161 (+)476615365110.037Plasma membrane
LsiCCD4Lsi07G0078105.9165.09Chr07: 8595598 .. 8597373 (−)17761776591−0.207Chloroplast
LsiCCD7Lsi09G0169906.359.89Chr09: 25505283 .. 25512032 (+)67501596531−0.212Cytoplasm
LsiCCD8Lsi08G0108508.3446.52Chr08: 19415522 .. 19419519 (−)39981245414−0.161Chloroplast
LsiNCED3Lsi07G0084505.9465.41Chr07: 9468950 .. 9470722 (−)17731773590−0.265Chloroplast
LsiNCED5aLsi01G0014006.6566.92Chr01: 1451654 .. 1453447 (−)17941794597−0.385Chloroplast
LsiNCED5bLsi02G0089606.2265.05Chr02: 8564357 .. 8566090 (+)17341734577−0.325Chloroplast
LsiNCED6Lsi09G0116008.1662.28Chr09: 18638525 .. 18640216 (−)16921692563−0.243Cytoplasm
Benincasa hispidaBhCCD1Bhi09G0005366.1661.37Chr09: 13766074 .. 13779057 (−)129841644547−0.266Cytoplasm
BhCCD4Bhi01G0023646.0564.50Chr01: 75445296 .. 75451135 (−)58401764587−0.228Chloroplast
BhCCD7Bhi12G0019948.5468.73Chr12: 71046834 .. 71054528 (+)76951830609−0.192Chloroplast
BhCCD8Bhi04G0006988.1760.39Chr04: 21509866 .. 21515484 (+)56191632543−0.266Chloroplast
BhCCDLBhi09G0021826.2667.97Chr09: 70181013 .. 70188430 (+)74181785594−0.35Chloroplast
BhNCED3Bhi01G0024266.3870.01Chr01: 77692588 .. 77694885 (−)22981902633−0.214Chloroplast
BhNCED5Bhi03G0000838.5367.40Chr03: 2257210 .. 2259286 (+)20771803600−0.387Chloroplast
BhNCED6Bhi12G0013287.2462.85Chr12: 49163168 .. 49165223 (+)20561707568−0.271Chloroplast
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Cheng, D.; Wang, Z.; Li, S.; Zhao, J.; Wei, C.; Zhang, Y. Genome-Wide Identification of CCD Gene Family in Six Cucurbitaceae Species and Its Expression Profiles in Melon. Genes 2022, 13, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020262

AMA Style

Cheng D, Wang Z, Li S, Zhao J, Wei C, Zhang Y. Genome-Wide Identification of CCD Gene Family in Six Cucurbitaceae Species and Its Expression Profiles in Melon. Genes. 2022; 13(2):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020262

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Cheng, Denghu, Zhongyuan Wang, Shiyu Li, Juan Zhao, Chunhua Wei, and Yong Zhang. 2022. "Genome-Wide Identification of CCD Gene Family in Six Cucurbitaceae Species and Its Expression Profiles in Melon" Genes 13, no. 2: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020262

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