Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from the Chilean Superfruit (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biological Material
2.2. Chemicals and Solvents
2.3. Extraction Equipment and Procedure
2.4. Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds
2.5. Identification of Anthocyanins
2.6. Separation and Quantification of Anthocyanins
2.7. Box–Behnken Design Experiments (BBD)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Development of the MAE Method
3.2. Optimized Conditions
3.3. Extraction Time
3.4. Analytical Precision of the MAE Method
3.5. Application to Real Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run | Factors | Responses | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solvent | pH | Temp. | Ratio | Phenolic Compounds (mg g−1) | Anthocyanins (mg g−1) | |||
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | Measured | Predicted | Measured | Predicted | |
1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 46.32 | 45.49 | 27.92 | 28.85 |
2 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 49.95 | 50.81 | 37.70 | 39.48 |
3 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 38.06 | 34.63 | 28.72 | 28.04 |
4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 46.88 | 45.12 | 38.22 | 38.39 |
5 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 46.72 | 47.69 | 42.75 | 39.92 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 62.03 | 60.15 | 20.20 | 26.20 |
7 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 51.13 | 50.44 | 43.04 | 38.14 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 60.60 | 57.06 | 30.15 | 34.07 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45.93 | 43.87 | 43.68 | 41.25 |
10 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 39.60 | 36.36 | 26.63 | 27.65 |
11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 57.18 | 49.82 | 37.57 | 37.61 |
12 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 39.20 | 41.75 | 29.01 | 30.17 |
13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 45.67 | 44.09 | 41.03 | 41.19 |
14 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 56.85 | 50.67 | 39.07 | 43.71 |
15 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 49.43 | 49.47 | 25.63 | 33.43 |
16 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 72.13 | 67.28 | 32.09 | 25.48 |
17 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 50.57 | 51.94 | 37.31 | 33.86 |
18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43.30 | 43.87 | 40.14 | 41.25 |
19 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 46.86 | 54.42 | 38.26 | 36.91 |
20 | 0 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 43.48 | 47.43 | 38.86 | 35.98 |
21 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 52.10 | 55.54 | 39.38 | 39.98 |
22 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46.15 | 45.98 | 39.96 | 39.01 |
23 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 35.61 | 37.32 | 32.56 | 30.13 |
24 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 43.00 | 47.15 | 41.67 | 39.38 |
25 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 45.55 | 48.78 | 20.00 | 19.99 |
26 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 49.08 | 54.76 | 31.59 | 31.72 |
27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42.39 | 43.87 | 39.94 | 41.25 |
(A) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Degrees of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | Coefficient |
Model | 14 | 1337.37 | 95.53 | 3.52 | 0.0174 | 43.87 |
A-Solvent | 1 | 187.39 | 187.39 | 6.91 | 0.0219 | 3.95 |
B-pH | 1 | 205.34 | 205.34 | 7.58 | 0.0175 | −4.14 |
C-Temp. | 1 | 272.84 | 272.84 | 10.07 | 0.0080 | 4.76 |
D-Ratio | 1 | 0.0867 | 0.0867 | 0.0032 | 0.9584 | −0.08 |
AB | 1 | 6.73 | 6.73 | 0.2485 | 0.6274 | 1.29 |
AC | 1 | 3.72 | 3.72 | 0.1374 | 0.7177 | −0.96 |
AD | 1 | 30.86 | 30.86 | 1.14 | 0.3065 | −2.78 |
BC | 1 | 49.98 | 49.98 | 1.84 | 0.1993 | −3.53 |
BD | 1 | 1.65 | 1.65 | 0.0609 | 0.8093 | −0.64 |
CD | 1 | 8.53 | 8.53 | 0.3146 | 0.5894 | −1.44 |
A2 | 1 | 78.93 | 78.93 | 2.91 | 0.1135 | −3.85 |
B2 | 1 | 84.82 | 84.82 | 3.13 | 0.1019 | 3.99 |
C2 | 1 | 259.69 | 259.69 | 9.58 | 0.0093 | 6.97 |
D2 | 1 | 47.38 | 47.38 | 1.75 | 0.2112 | 2.98 |
Residual | 12 | 325.23 | 27.10 | |||
Lack of Fit | 10 | 318.47 | 31.85 | 9.42 | 0.0997 | |
Pure Error | 2 | 6.76 | 3.38 | |||
Total | 26 | 1662.60 | ||||
(B) | ||||||
Model | 14 | 964.38 | 68.88 | 3.18 | 0.0256 | 41.23 |
A-Solvent | 1 | 330.12 | 330.12 | 15.26 | 0.0021 | 5.24 |
B-pH | 1 | 2.73 | 2.73 | 0.1260 | 0.7287 | −0.47 |
C-Temp. | 1 | 237.45 | 237.45 | 10.98 | 0.0062 | −4.45 |
D-Ratio | 1 | 27.91 | 27.91 | 1.29 | 0.2782 | 1.52 |
AB | 1 | 0.0196 | 0.0196 | 0.0009 | 0.9765 | −0.07 |
AC | 1 | 1.54 | 1.54 | 0.0711 | 0.7943 | 0.62 |
AD | 1 | 0.2916 | 0.2916 | 0.0135 | 0.9095 | 0.27 |
BC | 1 | 87.05 | 87.05 | 4.02 | 0.0679 | 4.66 |
BD | 1 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 4.623E−06 | 0.9983 | −0.01 |
CD | 1 | 23.33 | 23.33 | 1.08 | 0.3195 | 2.41 |
A2 | 1 | 172.52 | 172.52 | 7.98 | 0.0153 | −5.69 |
B2 | 1 | 18.75 | 18.75 | 0.8668 | 0.3702 | 1.87 |
C2 | 1 | 147.42 | 147.42 | 6.81 | 0.0228 | −5.26 |
D2 | 1 | 10.60 | 10.60 | 0.4902 | 0.4972 | −1.41 |
Residual | 12 | 259.59 | 21.63 | |||
Lack of Fit | 10 | 250.73 | 25.07 | 5.66 | 0.1593 | |
Pure Error | 2 | 8.85 | ||||
Total | 26 | 1223.97 |
Foodstuff made with Maqui | Type of Sample Analyzed | Sample Preparation | Total Phenolic Compounds (mg g−1) | Total Anthocyanins (mg g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
M-1 | Capsules | Opening each of the capsules and using the powder inside | 8.22 ± 0.34 | 1.73 ± 0.16 |
M-2 | 103.30 ± 0.30 | 74.55 ± 3.80 | ||
M-3 | Pills | Crushing with a conventional electric grinder to get a fine powder | 11.45 ± 0.45 | – * |
M-4 | Lyophilized | Does not need any previous preparation | 53.06 ± 1.53 | 30.35 ± 3.25 |
M-5 | 49.29 ± 2.17 | 27.66 ± 1.02 | ||
M-6 | 59.57 ± 0.70 | 34.51 ± 1.40 | ||
M-7 | 52.13 ± 2.53 | 19.89 ± 1.44 |
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Vázquez-Espinosa, M.; Espada-Bellido, E.; V. González de Peredo, A.; Ferreiro-González, M.; Carrera, C.; Palma, M.; G. Barroso, C.; F. Barbero, G. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from the Chilean Superfruit (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz). Agronomy 2018, 8, 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110240
Vázquez-Espinosa M, Espada-Bellido E, V. González de Peredo A, Ferreiro-González M, Carrera C, Palma M, G. Barroso C, F. Barbero G. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from the Chilean Superfruit (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz). Agronomy. 2018; 8(11):240. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110240
Chicago/Turabian StyleVázquez-Espinosa, Mercedes, Estrella Espada-Bellido, Ana V. González de Peredo, Marta Ferreiro-González, Ceferino Carrera, Miguel Palma, Carmelo G. Barroso, and Gerardo F. Barbero. 2018. "Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from the Chilean Superfruit (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz)" Agronomy 8, no. 11: 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110240