Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Soil Sampling
2.3. Measurement of Soil Nitrogen
2.4. DNA Extraction, PCR, and Sequencing of the Nitrogen Conversion Functional Genes
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. NH4+ and NO3− Concentration at Each Stage
3.2. Absolute Abundance and Diversity of Nitrogen Conversion Genes
3.3. Alpha Diversity of Nitrogen Conversion Genes Communities
3.4. Community Structure of Nitrogen Conversion Genes
3.4.1. Community Structure of AOA amoA and AOB amoA
3.4.2. Community Structure of nirS and nirK
3.5. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Nitrogen
4.2. Nitrogen Conversion-Related Microorganisms
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Antibiotic Concentrations (A) | Irrigation Methods (W) |
---|---|---|
A0W1 | A0 | W1 |
A0W2 | A0 | W2 |
A0W3 | A0 | W3 |
A1W1 | A1 | W1 |
A1W2 | A1 | W2 |
A1W3 | A1 | W3 |
A2W1 | A2 | W1 |
A2W2 | A2 | W2 |
A2W3 | A2 | W3 |
A3W1 | A3 | W1 |
A3W2 | A3 | W2 |
A3W3 | A3 | W3 |
Genes | Name of Primer | Sequence (5′ to 3′) |
---|---|---|
AOA amoA | Arch-amoA26F | GACTACATMTTCTAYACWGAYTGGGC |
Arch-amoA417R | GGKGTCATRTATGGWGGYAAYGTTGG | |
AOB amoA | amoB-F | GGGGTTTCTACTGGTGGT |
amoB-r | CCCCTCKGSAAAGCCTTCTTC | |
nirK | nirKF1aCu | ATCATGGTSCTGCCGCG |
nirKR3Cu | GCCTCGATCAGRTTGTGGTT | |
nirS | cd3aF | GTSAACGTSAAGGARACSGG |
R3cd | GASTTCGGRTGSGTCTTGA |
Growth Stages | Treatments | AOA amoA | AOB amoA | nirS | nirK | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chao1 | Shannon | Chao1 | Shannon | Chao1 | Shannon | Chao1 | Shannon | ||
late tillering | A0W2 | 24 | 3.113744 | 24 | 0.768873 | 34 | 2.060788 | 299.4286 | 4.729482 |
A3W1 | 23 | 3.065076 | 19 | 1.155675 | 22 | 2.764163 | 284.6364 | 4.776766 | |
A3W2 | 23 | 2.904411 | 15 | 0.857637 | 17.5 | 2.110334 | 292.5526 | 4.368037 | |
A3W3 | 24 | 2.687998 | 21.33333 | 3.391534 | 19.5 | 3.050141 | 255.45 | 5.180928 | |
yellow ripening | A0W2 | 24 | 3.129178 | 22 | 0.240285 | 20.2 | 3.707995 | 327 | 3.452603 |
A3W1 | 23.5 | 3.306445 | 13 | 0.392306 | 20 | 2.956571 | 278.0882 | 4.347746 | |
A3W2 | 21 | 3.279984 | 13 | 0.478024 | 42.46154 | 2.113301 | 207.2 | 2.755407 | |
A3W3 | 24 | 3.206926 | 11 | 1.74004 | 18 | 3.458921 | 242 | 5.106296 |
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Chen, L.; Wang, H.; Li, J.; Wu, W.; Guo, G. Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123034
Chen L, Wang H, Li J, Wu W, Guo G. Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123034
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Lina, Haiming Wang, Jiang Li, Wenbo Wu, and Guomian Guo. 2022. "Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123034