Green Flame-Retardant Composites Based on PP/TiO2/Lignin Obtained by Melt-Mixing Extrusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of PP/TiO2/Lignin Composites
2.3. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR (ATR)
3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.5. Cone Calorimetry
3.6. Mechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Identification | PP Content (g) | Weight of Additive (g) TiO2 | Weight of Additive (g) Lignin | Weight Percent of Additive (%) | Total Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP-0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 |
PP-10 | 270 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 300 |
PP-20 | 240 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 300 |
PP-25 | 225 | 50 | 25 | 25 | 300 |
PP-30 | 210 | 60 | 30 | 30 | 300 |
Sample | Temperature at 50% Weight Loss, T50% °C | Residue at 550 °C (%) |
---|---|---|
PP-0 | 429 | 0 |
PP-10 | 401 | 6 |
PP-20 | 413 | 17 |
PP-25 | 448 | 16 |
PP-30 | 453 | 21 |
Sample | Peak HRR (kW/m2) | THR (MJ/m2) | Reduction % HRR | Reduction % THR |
---|---|---|---|---|
PP-0 | 1260 ± 0.40 | 11.02 ± 0.72 | - | - |
PP-10 | 1463 ± 0.67 | 109.0 ± 0.40 | 16.11 ± 0.42 | 2.68 ± 0.4 |
PP-20 | 1041 ± 0.90 | 72.9 ± 0.50 | 17.39 ± 0.26 | 35.72 ± 0.2 |
PP-25 | 827 ± 0.34 | 72.3 ± 0.30 | 34.37 ± 0.37 | 35.45 ± 0.2 |
PP-30 | 853 ± 0.25 | 67.5 ± 0.12 | 32.31 ± 0.10 | 39.74 ± 0.6 |
Sample | Fire Retardancy Index |
---|---|
PP-10 | 0.87 |
PP-20 | 1.45 |
PP-25 | 1.76 |
PP-30 | 1.93 |
Sample | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PP-0 | 24.7 ± 0.25 | 218 ± 1.2 | 42.2 ± 1.79 | 1.26 ± 4.7 |
PP-10 | 20.8 ± 1.79 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 39.4 ± 0.61 | 1.33 ± 1.6 |
PP-20 | 18.2 ± 2.21 | 4.9 ± 2.5 | 36.4 ± 0.91 | 1.34 ± 2.5 |
PP-25 | 13.7 ± 1.58 | 4.8 ± 4.12 | 33 ± 1.28 | 1.35 ± 3.0 |
PP-30 | 12.7 ± 1.93 | 3.1 ± 2.36 | 39.6 ± 1.51 | 1.52 ± 4.8 |
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Andrade-Guel, M.; Cabello-Alvarado, C.; Avila-Orta, C.A.; Pérez-Alvarez, M.; Cadenas-Pliego, G.; Reyes-Rodríguez, P.Y.; Rios-González, L. Green Flame-Retardant Composites Based on PP/TiO2/Lignin Obtained by Melt-Mixing Extrusion. Polymers 2022, 14, 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071300
Andrade-Guel M, Cabello-Alvarado C, Avila-Orta CA, Pérez-Alvarez M, Cadenas-Pliego G, Reyes-Rodríguez PY, Rios-González L. Green Flame-Retardant Composites Based on PP/TiO2/Lignin Obtained by Melt-Mixing Extrusion. Polymers. 2022; 14(7):1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071300
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrade-Guel, Marlene, Christian Cabello-Alvarado, Carlos Alberto Avila-Orta, Marissa Pérez-Alvarez, Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego, Pamela Yahaira Reyes-Rodríguez, and Leopoldo Rios-González. 2022. "Green Flame-Retardant Composites Based on PP/TiO2/Lignin Obtained by Melt-Mixing Extrusion" Polymers 14, no. 7: 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071300