Studying the Interfacial Properties of Carbon/Glass Hybrid Composites via the Nanoindentation Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2. Nanoindentation Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Load vs Indentation Depth for the Different Phases
3.2. Elastic Modulus and Hardness of the Different Phases
3.3. Interface around the Carbon and Glass Fibers
3.4. Influence of Different Fiber Spacings
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Boopalan, M.; Niranjanaa, M.; Umapathy, M. Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 2013, 51, 54–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kretsis, G. A review of the tensile, compressive, flexural and shear properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced plastics. Composites 1987, 18, 13–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marom, G.; Fischer, S.; Tuler, F.; Wagner, H. Hybrid effects in composites: Conditions for positive or negative effects versus rule-of-mixtures behaviour. J. Mater. Sci. 1978, 13, 1419–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Ma, H.; Yu, T. Tensile and interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2013, 88, 172–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, P.; Zhang, Z.; Xie, L.; Ren, F.; Jin, Y.; Di, Y.; Fang, C. Hybrid effect on mechanical properties of M40-T300 carbon fiber reinforced Bisphenol A Dicyanate ester composites. Polym. Compos. 2010, 31, 2129–2137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aveston, J.; Kelly, A. Tensile first cracking strain and strength of hybrid composites and laminates. Math. Phys. Sci. 1980, 294, 519–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, B.; Postle, R. The tensile strength of hybrid fiber composites: A probabilistic analysis of the bybrid effects. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 1996, 354, 1875–1897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manders, P.; Bader, M. The strength of hybrid glass/carbon fibre composites. Part 1 Failure strain enhancement and failure mode. J. Mater. Sci. 1981, 16, 2233–2245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, C.; Duong, J.; Davies, I. Flexural properties of S-2 glass and TR30S carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Polym. Compos. 2012, 33, 773–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giancaspro, J.; Papakonstantinou, C.; Balaguru, P. Flexural response of inorganic hybrid composites with E-glass and carbon fibers. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. Trans. ASME 2010, 32, 0210051–0210058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noorunnisa, K.; Ramachandra, R.; Raghu, K.; Venkata, N. Tensile, flexural, and compressive properties of coir/silk fiber-reinforced hybrid composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2010, 29, 2124–2127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sayer, M.; Bektaş, N.; Sayman, O. An experimental investigation on the impact behavior of hybrid composite plates. Compos. Struct. 2010, 92, 1256–1262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, R.; Jang, J. Impact behavior of aramid fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite: Evaluation of four-layer hybrid composites. J. Mater. Sci. 2001, 36, 2359–2367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sevkat, E.; Liaw, B.; Delale, F.; Raju, B. Drop-weight impact of plain-woven hybrid glass-graphite/toughened epoxy composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2009, 40, 1090–1110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; Wang, X.; Iwashita, K.; Sasaki, T.; Hamaguchi, Y. Tensile fatigue behaviour of FRP and hybrid FRP sheets. Compos. Part B Eng. 2010, 41, 396–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuo, P.; Srinivasan, D.; Vassilopoulos, A. Review of bybrid composites fatigue. Compo. Struct. 2021, 274, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrucci, R.; Santulli, C.; Puglia, D.; Sarasini, F.; Torre, L.; Kenny, J. Mechanical characterisation of hybrid composite laminates based on basalt fibers in combination with flax, hemp and glass fibers manufactured by vacuum influsion. Mater. Des. 2013, 49, 728–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Enfedaque, A.; Molina, J.; Gálvez, F.; González, C.; Llorca, J. Effect of glass fiber hybridization on the behavior under impact of woven carbon fiber/epoxy laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 2010, 44, 3051–3068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Charleston, J.; Agrawal, A.; Mirzaeifar, R. Effect of interphase configuration on the mechanical properties and dislocation mechanisms in metal graphene composites. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2020, 178, 109621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Y.; Tan, Z.; Fan, G.; Wang, L.; Ding, X.; Guo, Q.; Su, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhang, D. Reaction-free interphase promoting strength-ductility balance in graphene nanosheet/Al composites. Carbon 2020, 158, 449–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, R.; Wang, Y.; Shen, P.; Shaga, A.; Ma, Y.; Jiang, Q. Influence of matrix property and interfacial reaction on the mechanical performance and fracture mechanism of TiC reinforced Al matrix lamellar composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2020, 775, 138956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Chen, J.; Huang, Z. Damage evolution in fibrous composites caused by interfacial debonding. Int. J. Damage Mech. 2020, 29, 67–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, B.; Xu, W.; Guo, F. Creep behavior due to interphase diffusion in unidirectional fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites under general loading conditions: A micromechanics analysis. Acta Mech. 2020, 231, 1321–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Z.; Song, B.; Wang, T.; Wang, L. Significant improved interfacial properties of PBO fibers composites by in-situ constructing rigid dendritic polymers on fiber surface. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 512, 145719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Wang, T.; Wang, S.; Cong, X.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, M.; Luan, J.; Wang, G. Strong interphase construction of carbon fiber—reinforced PEEK Composites: An efficient method for modifying carbon fiber with crystalline PEEK. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2020, 41, 2000001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hisseine, O.; Tagnit, A. Characterization and nano-engineering the interphase properties of PVA fibers in strain-hardening cementitious composites incorporating high-volume ground-glass pozzolans. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 234, 117213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Srivastava, A.; Gupta, V.; Yerramalli, C.; Singh, A. Flexural strength enhancement in carbon-fiber epoxy composites through graphene nano-platelets coating on fibers. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 179, 107539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, K.; Wang, G.; Raju, R.; Rajin, G.; Fang, J.; Stenzel, M.; Farrar, P.; Prusty, B. Influence of surface treatment on the interfacial and mechanical properties of short S-glass fiber-reinforced dental composites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 32328–32338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Randall, N.; Vandamme, M.; Ulm, F. Nanoindentation analysis as a two dimensional tool for mapping the mechanical properties of complex surfaces. J. Mater. Res. 2009, 24, 679–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Constantinides, G.; Ravi, C.; Ulm, F.; Van, V. Grid indentation analysis of composite microstructure and mehcanics: Priciples and validation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2006, 430, 189–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tranchida, D.; Piccarolo, S.; Soliman, M. Nanoscale mechanical characterization of polymers by AFM nanoindentations: Critical approach to the elastic characterization. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4547–4556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czél, G.; Wisnom, M. Demonstration of pseudo-ductility in high performance glass/epoxy composites by hybridisation with thin-ply carbon prepreg. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2013, 52, 23–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Díez-Pascual, A.; Gómez, M.; Ania, F.; Flores, A. Nanoindentation Assessment of the Interphase in Carbon Nanotube-Based Hierarchical Composites. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 24193–241200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jiang, X.; Gao, M.; Zhu, J.; Ji, H.; Lang, F. Studying the Interfacial Properties of Carbon/Glass Hybrid Composites via the Nanoindentation Method. Polymers 2022, 14, 2897. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142897
Jiang X, Gao M, Zhu J, Ji H, Lang F. Studying the Interfacial Properties of Carbon/Glass Hybrid Composites via the Nanoindentation Method. Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2897. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142897
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Xin, Mingze Gao, Jing Zhu, Hongwei Ji, and Fengchao Lang. 2022. "Studying the Interfacial Properties of Carbon/Glass Hybrid Composites via the Nanoindentation Method" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2897. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142897