Crystal Structure, Topological and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of a Zn(II) Zwitterionic Schiff Base Complex Exhibiting Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Properties Using Z-Scan Technique

Abstract

A mononuclear Zn(II) complex of (Zn(H₂L) (CH₃OH) Cl₂) (1) has been synthesized by using a nonlinear optically active Zwitterionic Schiff base which is 4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) amino) benzoic acid (H₂L). Complex 1 has been structurally analyzed by FTIR and UV spectroscopy, TGA, Powder-XRD and single crystal X-ray diffraction. X-Ray crystallographic studies revealed Zn(II) complex crystallizes in a P21/c space group and exists in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry (τ = 0.68). The topological analysis of complex 1 showed that the underlying net is characterized by an unknown topological type and point symbol {3⁴².4⁶⁸.5¹⁰}, and multilevel analysis of complex packing as dimer gives a 18-c uninodal net with unknown topological type and point symbol {3⁴⁸.4⁹⁹.5⁶}. The calculation results of a Hirshfeld surface analysis have been investigated to explore the H-bonding within the crystal. Third-order non-linear properties were also studied, which revealed that the lower input power (5.0 mM) for the material shows full transparency; however, it becomes opaque for higher input power. Such limiting behavior of complex 1 suggests its potential for instrumental protective devices against high laser illuminations.

1. Introduction

In the recent development of third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) based inorganic materials have been widely used in applications such as in photonic devices like telecommunications, optical computing, optical storage, and optical information processing optoelectronics, medical etc. [1,2,3]. Nonlinear optical effects arise upon the exposure of high intensity of lesser light to the optical material, and thus act as an influential part in the delocalization of π-electrons by light exposure [4,5]. There are double key aspects which regulate the NLO response of molecules such as (a) electron donor and acceptor π-electron conjugated arrangement as a connection providing the electronic link between them and, (b) the connection structure unit should be packed in a non-centrosymmetric way [6]. Literature reports revealed that 3d-transition metal complexes have increased attention in the third-order nonlinear optical response over the non-coordination molecules due to their (a) wide range of molecular structure assembly, (b) diversity of coordination environment exhibited by the metal center [7,8,9]. Moreover, the scheme of building new third-order non-linear optical active materials required for applied applications is still a decidedly challenging task.

Among a variety of π-conjugated organic ligands, Schiff bases bearing nitrogen and oxygen donors atoms have appeared as promising molecules for nonlinear optical materials on explanation of the π-electron bridge from carbon–nitrogen double bonds (C=N), which plays a critical role in enhancing the molecular NLO response [8,10,11,12]. It is evident that the third-order NLO susceptibility increases with the length of conjugation within a molecule, because they can afford convenient electronic transfer passage and the delocalization of π-electrons throughout the molecular system [11,13,14]. Additionally, the planar aromatic ring connected through the π-electron bridge (C=N) acts as an ideal candidate for large and fast optical nonlinearities materials. This is due to the fact that these compounds hold the extended mobile π-electron clouds over molecular distances and are easily polarized [15]. In this context, Schiff base metal complexes have shown to be of immense interest for the building of NLO materials. Therefore, several Schiff base ligands have been used to study their electronic structure and nonlinear optical properties [16,17]. One of the NLO behavior is the third harmonic generation (THG), where light of angular frequency (ω) is converted into light at three times higher angular frequency (3ω) upon absorption by the nonlinear optical material [18]. In the recent past, investigations on the NLO properties of materials for optical limiting (OL) behavior have been motivated by the need to guard sensitive photonic devices and human eyes from exposure to high intensity laser light [19,20]. By tuning the factors affecting the nonlinear behavior, specifically the ease of processability, the uniqueness of metal ions, and changing the symmetry of the molecule, it is possible to modulate the nonlinear response along with optical limiting performance of a material [21,22].

To date, Zn(II) Schiff-base complexes have been examined for their interesting photophysical and third-order nonlinear optical properties [23,24]. The choice of zinc(II) as the metal center is an important prerequisite for such applications, as its transparency avoids absorption of the second harmonic in a large spectral range due to the absence of d–d transitions, and it exhibits the largest hyperpolarizability [25]. Nevertheless, the zinc(II) metal ion, due to its Lewis acidity, flexible coordination number (ranges from four to six) and lack of redox behavior, has long been recognized as an important co-factor in several biological systems [26]. Furthering the aim of understanding the Zwitterionic Schiff base towards NLO response [27], herein, we report the synthesis, structural characterization and interesting structural topological behavior of the Zn(II) coordination complex through explored its NLO properties. We have also measured the nonlinear refractive index (n₂), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and third-order optical susceptibility,${ \mathsf{\chi }}^{\left(3\right)}$, by the Z-scan method. Moreover, the supramolecular network is also probed by the Hirshfeld surface analysis.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Reagents and Materials

All the chemicals and solvents were commercially purchased and used without further purification. Reagent grade 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-aminobenzoic acid and zinc chloride tetrahydrate was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, and Methanol was procured from S.D. Fine Chemicals, India.

2.2. Methods and Instrumentation

Infrared spectrum was collected (KBr disk, 400–4000 cm⁻¹) by using a Perkin-Elmer Model 1320 spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were acquired on a Mettler Toledo Star System (heating rate of 10 °C/min). Elemental analysis was done using a CE-440 elemental analyzer (Exeter Analytical Inc.). Powder X-ray diffraction measurements (CuKα radiation, scan rate 3°/min, room temperature) were performed on a Bruker D8 Advance Series 2 powder X-ray diffractometer.

2.3. Synthesis

2.3.1. Synthesis of (H₂L)

4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)benzoic acid ligand was synthesized following the previously described method [28]. 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (7.2 mmol) was added to the hot solution of 4-Aminobenzoic acid (7.2 mmol) in 15 mL methanol. The reaction mixture was heated for about another 30 min until the completion of the reaction. Then, it was filtered and repeatedly washed with hot methanol and dried under vacuum. Yield (~78%). It was crystallized by slow evaporation in methanol. M.P. 254–255 °C, FT-IR (KBr cm⁻¹): 3422(s) 2917(s), 2837(m), 2536(m), 1691(s), 1593(m), 1462(s), 1421(s), 1364(s), 1288(s), 1252(s), 1166(m), 1169(s), 1099(m), 1016(s), 967(s), 853(s), 745(s), 731(s), 691(m). UV–vis absorption: (λ_max, nm): 315 nm.

2.3.2. Synthesis of [Zn(H₂L) (CH₃OH) Cl₂] (1)

Solution of ZnCl₂.4H₂O (0.136 g, 0.5 mmol) in 15 mL methanol was slowly added to a hot stirring solution of H₂L (0.271 g, 1 mmol) in 15 mL methanol. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The resulting mixture was subsequently filtered and slowly evaporated at room temperature. Orange colored block shaped crystal suitable for single crystal diffraction was obtained after 1 week. Yield: 74%; m.p. > 340 °C. Anal. (%) Calc. for C₁₆H₁₇Cl₂NO₅ Zn: C, 43.71; H, 3.89; N, 3.18. Found: C, 43.85; H, 3.73; N, 3.19. FT-IR (KBr pellet: cm⁻¹): 3438 (s, O–H), 2918 (m, C–H), 1678 (m, C=N), 1246 (s, C–O), 1260, 1245, 1140 (m, Ph–OH), 498, 545 (w, Zn–O). UV-Vis [C₂H₅OH; λ_max/nm]: 344 nm (Supplementary Material, Figures S1 and S2).

The details of X-ray crystal refinement, topological and Hirshfeld surface analysis have been moved to supporting information (See the Supplementary Materials).

2.4. Z-Scan Method

To find out the third-order NLO characteristics of complex 1 the Z-scan technique [29] was employed with a Gaussian beam CW diode laser (Thorlabs) operating at 520 nm. Herein the laser beam was focused at a sample using a convex lens of 50 mm focal length, and the sample was translated along the beam propagation axis (say Z-axis)at a long travel stage (LTS150/M, Thorlabs) of 150 mm length. The sample was prepared in ethanol at a solution concentration of 5.0 Mm. When the sample poured in the cuvette of 1 mm thickness is translated, it behaves like a thin lens fulfilling the conditions of a thin lens [30]. Further, an aperture was placed before a photomultiplier tube (PMM01-1, Thorlabs) kept at far-field. The signal transmitted through the sample was detected using PMTvia aperture for close and open scans. The signal was digitalized using an A/D converter (Leybold, Sensor Cassy-2) and stored in a computer in the form of transmittance. The detailed information on the Z-scan setup can be seen in our reported articles [27,31].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis and Characterization

The present examination aims to ascertain the role of Zwitterionic Schiff base, namely 4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) amino) benzoic acid (H₂L) in the mononuclear Zn(II) complex 1 on non-optical behavior using the Z-scan method, in order to determine both the nonlinear refractive index (n₂) and the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β). Of the various methods available, Z-scan technique is a simple and reliable tool for defining nonlinear properties of materials for optical limiting (OL). The proposed geometry of complex 1 was established by microanalytical, TGA, PXRD, FTIR, and electronic spectral studies. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction method reveals the distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around Zn(II) metal center. The reaction of H₂L with zinc chloride tetrahydrate in 1:1 molar ratio in methanol under reflux condition is depicted in Scheme 1). The complex is found to be air-stable and soluble in methanol, acetonitrile, DMSO and DMF.

The IR spectra for complex 1 is taken in from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹. It exhibited a broad band in the region of 3438 cm⁻¹, which corresponds to the ν(O–H) stretching vibration. The Schiff base molecule has a tendency to form zwitterionic forms via the transfer of a H-atom from OH group, forming N–H…O+ intramolecular hydrogen bonding and its absorption band found from 3432 to 3449 cm⁻¹ and presence of absorption peak at 1604 cm⁻¹ for ν(C=O). Further, there is no significant shift in the azomethine group ν(C=N) 1678 cm⁻¹ as compared the free ligand, which shows the azomethine group does not take part in coordination of the Zn-complex. A band appeared at 499 cm⁻¹, attributed to the M–O stretching vibration which attributes to the coordination of Zn–O.

UV-vis spectra of complex 1 were recorded in ethanol medium. Where the free ligand exhibited a peak at 315 nm, after the coordination of Zn-metal it is shifted to 344 nm, which may be attributed to n→π*.

3.2. Structure Description

Single-crystal X-ray structure determination revealed that complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system in P21/c space group with the four unit per cell (

Table 1. Crystal and structure refinement data for complex 1.

CCDC Number	2,075,253
Empirical formula	C16H17Cl2NO5Zn
Formula weight	439.61
Temperature/K	100(2)
Crystal system	Monoclinic
Space group	P21/c
a/Å	9.2547(11) Å
b/Å	31.069(4)
c/Å	6.3645(8)
α/°	90
β/°	103.797(4)
γ/°	90
Volume/Å3	1777.2(4)
Z	4
ρcalcg/cm3	1.6429
μ/mm−1	1.709
F(000)	898.8
Crystal size/mm3	0.37 × 0.28 × 0.17
Radiation	MoKα (λ = 0.71073)
2Θ range for data collection/°	4.54 to 50.08
Index ranges	−12 ≤ h ≤ 12, −41 ≤ k ≤ 41, −8 ≤ l ≤ 8
Reflections collected	27,216
Independent reflections	3150 [Rint = 0.1598, Rsigma= 0.1170]
Data/restraints/parameters	3150/0/235
GOF a on F2	1.072
Final R indexes [I >= 2σ (I)]	R1 = 0.1093, wR2 = 0.2556
Final R b indexes [all data]	R1 = 0.1374, wR2 = 0.2745
Largest diff. peak/hole/e Å−3	1.89/−3.18

^a GOF is defined as $\{{\displaystyle \sum }[w(F_0^2-F_c^2)]/\left(n-p\right)\}1/2$ where n is the number of data and p is the number of parameters. ^b R₁ = $\{{\displaystyle \sum }\Vert F_{0 }|-| F_C\Vert /{\displaystyle \sum }\left|F_0\right|$, $w{R}_2=\{{\displaystyle \sum }w{(F_0^2-F_c^2)}^2]/{\displaystyle \sum }w{(F_0^2)}^{2 }{\}}^{1/2}$.

). Its asymmetric unit consists of a mononuclear zinc(II) center coordinated to a Schiff base ligand, chloride ion and methanol. ORTEP view of asymmetric unit is depicted in Figure 1. Complex contains a penta-coordinated mononuclear zinc (II) ion, which has distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry with Addison parameter τ = 0.68 (τ = (β – α)/60° where: β and α are the two greatest valence angles of the coordination metal; τ = 1 for perfect trigonal bipyramidal geometry) [32]. It is coordinated with the three O-atoms, two Schiff base ligands, with bond distance Zn1–O1 (1.99 Å) and Zn1–O2_methoxo (2.407 Å) while one O-atom of methanol Zn1–O5 (2.11 Å), and two chloride ions (bond distance of Zn –Cl1, Zn–Cl2 is 2.25 Å and 2.21 Å, respectively). Bond distance of Zn–O and Zn–Cl are in the normal range for the Schiff base complex [33], while the Zn–O_methoxo bond is larger than the average bond distance of Zn–O_phenoxo. The longer bond length of Zn–O_methoxo as compared to Zn–O_phenoxo shows that the Zn–O_methoxo bond is weaker than the Zn–O_phenoxo bond. This is due the steric hindrance caused by the methyl group to form closer bonds of the methoxy O-atom to the Zn(II) ion. In the crystal, the Schiff base molecule is in the zwitterionic form, which contributes to its structural stability forming N–H…O intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The bond angles around Zn(II) ions are in the range of from 88 to 159°. Selected bond length and bond angles of complex 1 are listed in Table S1.

The detailed structural analysis shows that the crystal is not only stabilized by the coordination of the Zn(II) ion with ligands but also by the weak intermolecular H-bonding interaction of the Cl ion, and the carboxylate ion of the Schiff base. The mononuclear units are linked through classical H-bonding of the carboxylate ion O4–H4…O3 (1.64 Å), and C4–H4a…π interaction leads to generation of the 2D zig-zag layered structure shown in Figure 2. Further, the weak interaction formed by O–H…Cl and C–H…Cl (O5–H5…Cl1 (2.30 Å), C13–H13…Cl1 (2.68 Å), C8–H8…Cl2 (2.78 Å), C10–H10…Cl1 (2.81 Å)) (

Table 2. Classical hydrogen bond geometry (Å) in crystal of complex 1.

D—H…A	D—H	H…A	D…A	Label
Intra N(1)–H(1)⋯O(1)	0.86	1.86	2.56 (3)	1
1 O(4)–H(4)⋯O(3)	0.98	1.64	2.61 (3)	2-deep red spot
1 O(5)–H(5)⋯Cl(1)	0.91	2.3	3.12 (4)	3-deep red spot
1 C(8)–H(8)⋯Cl(2)	0.93	2.78	3.61 (5)	4-red spot
1 C(10)–H(10)⋯Cl(1)	0.93	2.81	3.50 (5)	5-red spot
1 C(13)–H(13)⋯Cl(1)	0.93	2.68	3.55 (5)	6-red spot
Intra 1 C(13)–H(13)⋯O(4)	0.93	2.44	2.75 (4)	7

) extends it to the 3D supramolecular structure.

3.3. Topological Analysis

The topological analysis was done by the ToposPro program to study all atoms, especially the weakest links between them, which resemble the whole representation of a molecular framework. Other representation with a derived topology is partial, which can be labelled by subnet of an underlying net (UN), so-called standard simplification of the valence-bonded supramolecular network. Complex 1 displayed hydrogen bonds of the first type (1.846 Å), as an intramolecular bond. Hydrogen bonds of second type (1.646 Å) connected two molecules such as in dimers (1M2-1 topological type). Hydrogen bonds of third type, with chlorine, connected molecules in [001] direction, and form a chain. Subsequently, the resulting underlying net for this structure in standard representation H-bonded molecular MOFs is classified as 3-c net with (4,4) (0,2) topological type (Figure 3).

The topological analysis of complex 1 involves the standard simplification procedure of the Coulomb or van der Waals bonded structure. Taking into account all intermolecular contacts during the simplification procedure, one can obtain a description of the molecular packing. The calculation results showed that the underlying net is characterized by an unknown topological type and point symbol {3⁴².4⁶⁸.5¹⁰}.

By means of the subroutine applied in ToposPro, different subnets were found from the underlying net that comprise the edges of a weight no less than a specified value. Having applied the multilevel analysis, we obtain the following order of the subnets that describe the packing of the structure on different levels of the solid angle (Supplementary Material; Table S5).

Packing of dimers (Figure 4 right) can be considered for complex 1. This is a 18-c uninodal net (Figure 4 left) with an unknown topological type and point symbol {3⁴⁸.4⁹⁹.5⁶}. Generation of representation for this net is shown in Supplementary Materials, Table S6.

3.4. Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA) and Powder-XRD Patterns

TGA analysis was performed to investigate the thermal stability of complex 1 under N₂ atmosphere at 10 °C/min in the temperature range 20–800 °C (Figure 5). The thermogram curve of the Zn (II) complex displays three weight loss steps. The first weight loss is in the region from 63 to 90 °C, and corresponds to the loss of coordination of methanol. Due to the departure of solvent molecules further decomposition begins. The second weight loss in the region from 200 to 270 °C shows loss of coordination of chloride ions. The third weight loss in the region from 271 to 680 °C corresponds to the gradual decomposition of the Schiff base ligand and residual formation of ZnO.

Here, we have performed PXRD analysis to look over the crystalline nature of complex 1 in bulk phase in the range from 5.0 to 40.00 (2θ). The PXRD pattern of complex 1 matches with the stimulated pattern obtained from single crystal-XRD. This confirms the stability of the crystalline nature of the complex in bulk phase (Figure 6).

3.5. Hirshfeld Surface Analysis

For complex 1, Hirshfeld surface analysis for complex 1 is mapped over d_norm (normalize contact distance) in the color range from 0.758 to 1.742 a.u (Figure 7), which indicates the different close contacts with neighboring species of the molecule. The d_norm image is made transparent for visualizing the molecular structure of complex 1, where d_norm shows the different region of different color scheme ,i.e., red, white and blue. Deep red spots are indicating the strong close interaction with the neighboring species that are listed in Table 2. Spots 2 and 3 revealed classical O–H···O and O–H···Cl bonding, respectively, in the crystal of complex 1. Beside this, some light red spots, 5, 6 and 9 are corresponding to C–H···Cl and CH–CH interactions and other visible spots are corresponding to C–H···π interaction with neighboring species. Hirshfeld surface analysis is also mapped over shape index and curvedness in complex 1.

Furthermore, 2D fingerprint plots were generated to quantify the intermolecular interaction in the crystal packing of complex 1 (Figure 8). It is evident that H···H contacts predominate, contributing 32.4% of total Hirshfeld surface area of the molecules. The second most significant interaction is Cl···H/H···Cl contributing 25.9%, which attributed to O–H···Cl and C–H···Cl H-bonding interactions, indicating two sharp symmetrical spikes in the 2D fingerprint plot. After that O···H/H···O interactions contributed 16.2%, which corresponds to the O–H···O H-bonding with symmetrical long sharp spikes in the 2D fingerprint plot. The presence of sharp symmetrical spikes shows the strong hydrogen bonding. Apart from the above, C···H/H···C (12%), C···C (6.6%), O···C/C···O (3.8%), C···N/N···C (1.5%) and N···H/H···N (0.4%) interactions were also evident.

3.6. Third-Order NLO and Optical Limiting Behavior

The third-order nonlinear optical behavior of complex 1 dissolved in ethanol has been explored using close and open aperture Z-scan methods at a solution concentration of 5.0 mM and input laser power of 100 mW. The recorded normalized transmittance corresponding sample position (Z) for closed aperture (CA) and open aperture (OA) have been depicted in Figure 9a,b respectively. Figure 9a, revealing the pre-focal peak and post-focal valley transmittance, demonstrates the self-defocusing nature of the sample. This peak-valley configuration is a clear indication of negative nonlinear refraction, (n₂ < 0), and it is attributed to thermal nonlinearity in the sample produced due to laser interaction [30]. The negative nonlinear refraction is payable to density changes of the medium, which overcome the positive sign of the transient orientational nonlinearity. In this situation, the measured transmittance remains constant as the sample approaches the beam focus and irradiance increases, leading to self-lensing in the sample [34]. Figure 9b reveals the minimum (valley) transmittance at focus, which suggests the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) nature of the sample. This reverse saturable absorption nature provides information about the positive nonlinear absorption in material, (β > 0).

The difference in normalized transmittance (ΔTP-V) between peak and valley relates to the on-axis phase shift ($\mathsf{\Delta }{\mathsf{\varphi }}_0$) at the focus as

$${\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{V} }=0.406{(1-\mathrm{S})}^{0.25}\left|{\mathsf{\Delta }\mathsf{\Phi }}_0\right|$$

The phase shift provides the nonlinear refractive index (n₂), and they are related as $\left|\mathsf{\Delta }{\mathsf{\varphi }}_0\right|={\mathrm{kn}}_2{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{eff}}{\mathrm{I}}_0$, where S represents the linear transmittance and is defined as $\mathrm{S}=1-\exp \left(-2{\mathrm{r}}_0^2/{\mathrm{w}}_0^2\right)$, and r_0, w₀ denote the radius of aperture and size of the laser beam at aperture entrance, respectively, and $\mathrm{k}=\frac{2\mathsf{\pi }}{\mathsf{\lambda }}$ is the wavenumber corresponding to laser wavelength (λ). Further, the effective thickness (L_eff) for bulk of the materials with the optical path length, which is actual thickness (L_a) for thin films of the sample are related as $\left[1-\exp \left(-{\mathsf{\alpha }}_0\mathrm{L}\right)\right]/{\mathsf{\alpha }}_0$, where α₀ and I₀ are the linear absorption coefficient and peak intensity of laser beam, respectively. The on-axis intensity of the laser beam at the focus is defined as ${\mathrm{I}}_0=2\mathrm{P}/{\mathsf{\pi }\mathsf{\omega }}_0^2$, where P and ω₀ are the actual laser power and beam waist radius. The magnitude of n₂ is calculated doing theoretical fitting to the experimental CA normalized transmittance (T) using the following relations [35]

$$\mathrm{T}\left(\mathrm{close}\right)=1+\frac{2\left(-{\mathsf{\rho }\mathrm{x}}^2+2\mathrm{x}-3\mathsf{\rho }\right)}{\left({\mathrm{x}}^2+9\right)\left({\mathrm{x}}^2+1\right)}\mathsf{\Delta }{\mathsf{\varphi }}_0$$

where ρ and x are the dimensionless parameters, defined as $\mathsf{\rho }=\mathsf{\Delta }\mathsf{\psi }/\mathsf{\Delta }{\mathsf{\varphi }}_0$ and $\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{Z}/{\mathrm{Z}}_{\mathrm{R}}$, respectively, and $\mathsf{\Delta }\mathsf{\psi }$ is the phase shift at the focus due to nonlinear absorption and defined as ($\mathsf{\Delta }\mathsf{\psi }={\mathsf{\beta }\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{eff}}{\mathrm{I}}_0/2$). The distances Z and Z_R are the sample positions along the laser beam axis and the Rayleigh diffraction length of the laser beam, respectively. The Rayleigh diffraction length is denoted as ${\mathrm{Z}}_{\mathrm{R}}={\mathrm{k}\mathsf{\omega }}_0^2/2$.

To find out the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), the theoretical fitting is performed on experimental OA normalized transmittance (T) using the following relations [30]

$$\mathrm{T}\left(\mathrm{z}, \mathrm{S}=1\right)={\displaystyle \sum }_{\mathrm{m}=0}^{\infty }\frac{{\left[-{\mathrm{q}}_0\left(\mathrm{z}\right)\right]}^{\mathrm{m}}}{{\left(\mathrm{m}+1\right)}^{3/2}}$$

This relation is valid for${\mathrm{q}}_0\left(0\right)$ < 1, with ${\mathrm{q}}_0\left(\mathrm{z}\right)= \mathsf{\beta }{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{eff}}{\mathrm{I}}_0/\left(1+{\mathrm{z}}^2/{\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{R}}^2\right)$.

The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, χ⁽³⁾, of material is calculated using the coefficients of nonlinear refraction (n₂) and nonlinear absorption (β). The nonlinear susceptibility is the combination of real and imaginary parts and it is defined as${ \mathsf{\chi }}^{\left(3\right)}={\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{R}}^{\left(3\right)}+\mathrm{i}{\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{I}}^{\left(3\right)}$.The real, ${\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{R}}^{\left(3\right)}$ and imaginary,${\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{I}}^{\left(3\right)}$ parts of χ⁽³⁾ are defined as

$${\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{R}}^{\left(3\right)}={10}^{-4}\frac{{\mathsf{\epsilon }}_0{\mathrm{c}}^2{\mathrm{n}}_0^2}{\mathsf{\pi }}{\mathrm{n}}_2({\mathrm{cm}}^2/\mathrm{W})$$

$${\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{I}}^{\left(3\right)}={10}^{-2}\frac{{\mathsf{\epsilon }}_0{\mathrm{c}}^2{\mathrm{n}}_0^2\mathsf{\lambda }}{4{\mathsf{\pi }}^2}\mathsf{\beta } \left(\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{W}\right)$$

(1)

where, ${\mathsf{\epsilon }}_0$, c and n₀ denote the permittivity of free space, speed of light in vacuum, and the coefficient of linear refraction of the material, respectively. The absolute value of nonlinear susceptibility is calculated as: $\left|{ \mathsf{\chi }}^{\left(3\right)}\right|=\sqrt{{\left({\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{R}}^{\left(3\right)}\right)}^2+{\left({\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathrm{I}}^{\left(3\right)}\right)}^2}$.

The enumerated third-order NLO characteristics of complex 1 are given in

Table 3. Third-order NLO characteristics of complex 1 and its ligand (H₂L) and comparison with other reported materials.

Materials	n2 [cm2/W]	${\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathbf{R}}^{\left(3\right)}$ [esu]	Β [cm/W]	${\mathsf{\chi }}_{\mathbf{I}}^{\left(3\right)}$ [esu]	$\left| {\mathsf{\chi }}^{\left(3\right)}\right|$ [esu]	References
Complex 1	−1.35 × 10−7	−6.34 × 10−6	2.63 × 10−4	0.512 × 10−7	6.36 × 10−6	This work
H2L	−1.89 × 10−7	……	−9.59 × 10−4	……	8.85 × 10−6	[27]
BDMHC	1.00 × 10−9	……	3.84 × 10−5	……	1.24 × 10−7	[16]

. The absolute values of third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of complex 1 are found to be comparable to those of reported Schiff base compounds measured in the CW regime as shown in Table 3. These outcomes of the NLO study for complex 1 reflect its potential applications for photonic and optoelectronic devices.

The optical limiting behavior (OLB) of complex 1 is represented in Figure 9c, where the transmitted power is measured corresponding to the laser input power at a solution concentration of 5.0 mM. The optical limiting character of complex 1 demonstrates that for lower input power the material shows full transparency, but it becomes opaque for higher input power. The threshold limit and saturating limit of complex 1 are found to be 26 mW and 110 mW, respectively. This limiting behavior of complex 1 suggests its potential for instrumental protective devices against high laser illuminations.

4. Conclusions

In this work, Zn(II) complex synthesized by using zwitterionic Schiff base ligand under reflux condition has been studied. Structural characterization revealed the Zn(II) complex occupied distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry with Addison parameter τ = 0.68. Moreover, Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the most prominent interaction in the crystal packing is O–H···Cl, C–H···Cl and C–H···π interaction. PXRD data provides the bulk phase purity of complex 1 and thermal stability of the compound is reflected by its TGA analysis. The topological analysis of complex 1 was also performed in order to give deep insight into the role of H-boding and other weak interactions involved in the supramolecular architecture of the Lewis acidic, zwitterionic Schiff base Zn(II) complex. The third-order non-linear properties of complex 1 were measured by Z-scan technique and it was found that the optical limiting character of complex 1 may provide its potential applications for instrumental protective devices against high laser illuminations.