Partial Upgrading of Athabasca Bitumen Using Thermal Cracking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Catalyst Characterization
2.2. Temperature, Pressure and Energy Measurements
2.3. Product Yield and Quality
2.4. Kinetic Modelling
2.5. Energy Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Upgrading
3.3. Analysis
3.4. Kinetic Model
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BAS | Brønsted acid sites |
CCR | Conradson carbon residue |
LAS | Lewis acid sites |
TI | Toluene insoluble |
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Feed | CCR (wt.%) | Sulfur (wt.%) | |
---|---|---|---|
12.9 | 5.4 | ||
400 °C | control | 20.9 | - |
catalytic | 14.2 | - | |
420 °C | control | 11.6 | 4.1 |
catalytic | 10.4 | 4.2 | |
440 °C | control | 14.8 | - |
catalytic | 8.4 | - |
ki (h−1) | Ea (kJ/mol) | ln(ko) | R2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
400 °C | 410 °C | 420 °C | ||||
Non-Catalytic | ||||||
1 | 0.100 | 0.183 | 0.522 | 319.9 | 54.79 | 0.974 |
2 | 0.175 | 0.209 | 0.368 | 143.3 | 23.80 | 0.910 |
3 | 0.022 | 0.070 | 0.083 | 255.1 | 41.94 | 0.852 |
4 | 0.038 | 0.054 | 0.116 | 213.4 | 34.81 | 0.951 |
5 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 380.9 | 61.57 | 0.857 |
6 | 0.015 | 0.033 | 0.077 | 315.2 | 52.13 | 0.999 |
Catalytic | ||||||
1 | 0.128 | 0.211 | 0.614 | 303.3 | 52.06 | 0.954 |
2 | 0.035 | 0.143 | 0.323 | 433.6 | 74.22 | 0.979 |
3 | 0.295 | 0.392 | 0.481 | 94.5 | 15.68 | 0.992 |
4 | 0.051 | 0.091 | 0.147 | 204.0 | 33.51 | 0.998 |
5 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 91.7 | 11.94 | 0.975 |
6 | 0.101 | 0.159 | 0.213 | 144.8 | 23.62 | 0.986 |
°API gravity | 13.1 ± 2.2 |
Viscosity (cSt) | >200,000 |
Asphaltenes (wt.%) | 15.4 ± 1.2 |
Maltenes (wt.%) | 82.2 ± 0.3 |
Sulfur (wt.%) | 5.4 |
CCR (wt.%) | 12.9 |
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Kaminski, T.; Husein, M.M. Partial Upgrading of Athabasca Bitumen Using Thermal Cracking. Catalysts 2019, 9, 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050431
Kaminski T, Husein MM. Partial Upgrading of Athabasca Bitumen Using Thermal Cracking. Catalysts. 2019; 9(5):431. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050431
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaminski, Thomas, and Maen M. Husein. 2019. "Partial Upgrading of Athabasca Bitumen Using Thermal Cracking" Catalysts 9, no. 5: 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050431