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Article

Utilization of Clay Materials as Support for Aspergillus japonicus Lipase: An Eco-Friendly Approach

by
Daniela Remonatto
1,
Bárbara Ribeiro Ferrari
1,
Juliana Cristina Bassan
1,
Cassamo Ussemane Mussagy
1,2,
Valéria de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma
1,* and
Ariela Veloso de Paula
1,*
1
Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil
2
Department of Pharmaceutical-Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14000-000, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2021, 11(10), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101173
Submission received: 29 August 2021 / Revised: 26 September 2021 / Accepted: 26 September 2021 / Published: 28 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes and Biocatalysis)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Lipase is an important group of biocatalysts, which combines versatility and specificity, and can catalyze several reactions when applied in a high amount of industrial processes. In this study, the lipase produced by Aspergillus japonicus under submerged cultivation, was immobilized by physical adsorption, using clay supports, namely, diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF (MKSF) and kaolinite. Besides, the immobilized and free enzyme was characterized, regarding pH, temperature and kinetic parameters. The most promising clay support was MKSF that presented 69.47% immobilization yield and hydrolytic activity higher than the other conditions studied (270.7 U g−1). The derivative produced with MKSF showed high stability at pH and temperature, keeping 100% of its activity throughout 12 h of incubation in the pH ranges between 4.0 and 9.0 and at a temperature from 30 to 50 °C. In addition, the immobilized lipase on MKSF support showed an improvement in the catalytic performance. The study shows the potential of using clays as support to immobilized lipolytic enzymes by adsorption method, which is a simple and cost-effective process.

1. Introduction

Lipases (also triacylglycerol ester hydrolase) [EC 3.1.1.3] are enzymes that hydrolyze ester linkages of triglycerides [1,2]. Since these enzymes present large structural and functional versatility, they are of greatest importance in industrial sector to be applied in the food, pharmaceutical, detergent, textile, biodiesel production, cosmetic, among others [3,4]. Considering the high number of lipase applications, the microbial lipase market was valued at $400.6 million in 2017, with expectations to achieve a $590 million in 2023 at a Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% [5]. Over the last years, the growing interest in large-scale production of more natural enzymes, i.e., microbial lipase, has increased due to its outstanding advantages, viz., high stability, high productivity yield, no seasonal restrictions, use of agro-waste/residues as feedstock and low-cost production as compared to other sources (animal or vegetable) [2,3,6].
In nature, a large number of microorganisms have been described as natural lipase producers, among these, filamentous fungi stand out due to their ability to biosynthesize extracellular lipases with improved catalytic characteristics in relation to stability and specificity [7,8,9,10]. The filamentous fungi from the genera Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Mucor, and Fusarium are commonly used for the commercial production of lipases [10], with special notoriety on A. niger, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, R. arrhizus, R. delemar, R. japonicus, R. niveus, and R. oryza species [8]. The industrial needs for new microbial sources of lipases with different catalytic characteristics [11] encouraged the search of new strains, viz, A. japonicus. In this sense, following the selection of lipase-strain producer, the enzyme immobilization its necessary, as it allows easy control of reaction parameters (flow rate and substrates), reuse of immobilized catalysts and suitable chemical, mechanical and thermal stability [3,12].
A wide range of physical and chemical techniques have been used over the last few years for lipases immobilization purpose, cf., adsorption, encapsulation and entrapment, confinement, covalent binding and cross-linking [12], physical adsorption (lipases immobilized by hydrophobic interactions) [13,14,15] followed by covalent binding being the main methods used [16]. It should be noted that the choice of support for immobilization is crucial for the catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme, and in general, the support is considered ideal when it has good biocompatibility, high physical and chemical stability, presence of multiple enzyme-support binding points and low cost [17]. Inorganic clays are low-cost supports, with high adsorption capacity, environmentally friendly properties and renewable abundance [18,19]. Among those, clay minerals such as, diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF and kaolinite are good examples of supports for enzyme immobilization [20], due to the unique physicochemical characteristics, viz, high thermal and chemical stability, mechanical strength, charge density (excellent ion exchange and adsorption capacity), relative hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity, high surface area, microbial resistance, environmental sustainability and economically viable [18,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].
The adsorption of enzymes to clay miners depends on a series of physical and chemical characteristics of the clays, as well as the structural characteristics of the enzymes, ionic strength of the adsorbent solution and the interaction between these factors [22,31]. Smectite clays such as montmorillonite have a large surface area and pore volume, useful characteristics in the adsorption process, the enzymes can be adsorbed on both the internal and external surface of the mineral [21,31,32]. These materials have been successful used to immobilize invertase [33,34], α-amylase [34], glucoamylase [34], lipase [22,35,36,37,38,39,40,41], inulinase [42], pectinase [25], phytase [21] and rhynchophorol [30].
Following these promising reports, the aim of this study was focused on the production by submerged culture and immobilization of Aspergillus japonicus (A. japonicus) lipase using different supports (diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF and kaolinite) by physical adsorption procedure. As a final test to validate the industrial potential of A. japonicus lipase, the kinetic properties of enzymatic derivatives and its free form were evaluated and compared.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Production of Lipase by A. japonicus

As aforementioned, microbial lipases, cf., Aspergillus-based lipases present great potential to be used in many industrial fields, to produce detergents, biodiesel, bread, functional foods, among others [43]. There are few reports about the microbial production of lipase by A. japonicus in the literature [44,45,46,47,48,49,50]. However, among the works found, it is clear that the kinetic parameters (KM and Vmax) are directly affected by the composition of nutritional media, substrate used in the enzymatic assay, type of cultivation (solid or submerged) and several processual parameters, i.e., pH, temperature and agitation [44,45,46,47,48,49,50]. The ideal temperature to achieve high lipase production yields generally ranges from 30 to 50 °C [45,46,47,48,49,50] and pH 6.0 to 8.5 which are considered optimal for A. japonicus growth and therefore the successful production of lipase [45,46,47,48,49,50].
In this work, the production of extracellular lipase by A. japonicus using olive oil as substrate was evaluated, and the obtained enzymatic extract clearly demonstrate the ability of microorganism to hydrolyze triacylglycerols, achieving, 20.42 U ml−1 and 934.958 U mg−1 of lipase hydrolytic activity and specific activity, respectively. These results are in accordance with those (20.6 U ml−1) obtained by Karanam et al. [44] in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP) by a lipase preparation using a genetically modified strain of A. japonicus MTCC 1975. Evaluating the lipase production by A. japonicus LAB01 in medium supplemented with sunflower oil (1% w w−1), at pH 6.0, Souza et al. [47] achieved 28.04 U ml−1 on pNPP hydrolysis. Likewise, purified lipase obtained by A. japonicus produced in cultivation media containing malt extract, also showed specific activity of 36.83 U mg−1, using Jatropha oil as substrate [45]. So, the filamentous fungi A. japonicus has the ability to metabolize different substrate to produce lipolytic enzymes with application in several biotechnological processes.

2.2. Characterization of Free A. japonicus Lipase

2.2.1. pH Effects on Enzyme Activity and Stability

The pH has great effect on the lipase activity, being essential to define this parameter for the efficient characterization of the A. japonicus lipase produced. The activity profiles and stability of the free lipases at pH 3.0 to 10.0 using different buffers at the same concentration (0.1 M) were measured (Figure 1a).
As depicted in Figure 1a the hydrolytic activity of the free lipase is highest in the pH 8.0. It is well-known that lipases show their activity at alkaline pH as result of a change in the ionization state of amino acid that varies with pH, and consequently affect the active site and the enzyme conformation [51,52,53]. The optimum pH found in this study for the activity of A. japonicus lipase are similar to results reported in literature using the same microbial specie, in which maximum lipase activities were obtained around pH 6.7 to 7.9 [45] and 8.5 [47].
The pH stability of lipases produced through submerged cultivation of A. japonicus was initially assessed at pH 4.0 to 9.0 (Figure 1b). In this particular case, the initial activity value (time zero) obtained for each pH (from 4.0 to 9.0) was defined as 100%. As shown in Figure 1b, at pH 7.0 lipase showed high stability value, preserving 92% of its original hydrolytic activity after 12 h of reaction. This result is in accordance with previous studies [54] in which lipase produced by Aspergillus sp., achieved high pH stability at 7.0 after 48 h of incubation. In this work, interesting results were also observed at pH 9.0 (Figure 1b), in which a slight decrease of ~20% after 4 h was detected maintaining the original activity (~80%) until the end of 12 h of incubation. The present results demonstrate that the microbial enzyme under study is an alkaline lipase, that maintain the stability under basic conditions and can be used in several industries for the production of detergents, for example [47].

2.2.2. Temperature Effects on Enzyme Activity and Stability

The effect of temperature (at pH 8.0, optimal pH conditions) on the lipase activity was also evaluated, and the enzyme demonstrate activity in a wide range of temperatures (20–60 °C), with maximum activity value reached at 30 °C (Figure 2a). The results were similar to those of A. niger strain MTCC 872 [55] and A. niger [56]. According to the literature, several microbial lipases produced by Aspergillus species exhibit optimal temperature close to 37 °C [51,54,57,58].
The thermostability of lipase was studied by incubating it at different temperatures: 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C, at pH 8.0 for 12 h. Note that, the 100% is referred to the initial activity value obtained at time zero for each temperature evaluated. As depicted in Figure 2b, at 30 °C, the enzyme was stable for the 12 h of study and retained 100% of its activity. However, when the enzyme was incubated at 20 °C and 40 °C the enzyme maintained 95.45% and 93.1% of its activity after 4 h of incubation. After this period, at 20 °C a pronounced loss of enzyme activity was observed, reaching around of 50% of activity after 12 h of incubation. Interestingly, at 20 °C, the activity loss initiated from 4 h of incubation, and after 12 h, it was achieved an activity loss around 75%. For 50 °C, lipase lost about 40% of its relative activity after 2 h and at the end of 12 h of incubation time, a decrease in the hydrolytic activity (75–60%) was perceived, indicating a possible lipase denaturation caused by prolonged exposure to temperatures (20, 40 and 50 °C) [54,59]. According to these results, 30 °C in not only the temperature of optimal enzyme activity but also the one that keeps the lipase stability. From the literature, it is known that the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex is impacted by the temperature since it has influence in the number of collisions between the enzyme and substrate [54,59]. However, high temperatures, 40 and 50 °C in the case of A. japonicus lipase, may promote the protein denaturation which explains the low activity measured at these conditions after 12 h of incubation.
It was also performed the polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic of culture media containing the enzyme. According to Mala and Takeuchi [60], the molecular weight of microbial lipase is from 20 to 60 kDa. From the electrophoresis data, it can be seen that the culture media containing the A. japonicus lipase has a single band with a relative molecular weight of 25 kDa on SDS-PAGE gel (Figure 3), demonstrating that the obtained A. japonicus lipase has a single subunit. A. japonicus lipase with molecular weight of 25 kDa was reported by Souza et. al [47] while the same specie produced an enzyme with molecular weight of 43 kDa using Jatropha oil as substrate [45].

2.3. Immobilization of A. japonicus Lipase Using Different Supports

The immobilization of lipase was performed by physical adsorption using four different supports, namely, diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF (MKSF) and kaolinite, and in all cases 1 g of support were suspended in 20 mg mL−1 of protein. The immobilization yield of each derivative was calculated by comparing the protein content of enzymatic solution in the initial and the final immobilization. The results in Figure 4 exhibit the hydrolytic activity expressed in U g−1 and immobilization yield (%) of A. japonicus lipase immobilized in the above-mentioned supports.
As shown in Figure 4 all supports were able to immobilize lipase from A. japonicus, the immobilization yields (%) and enzymatic activity (U g−1) follow the trend: MKSF (69.47 and 270.7) > kaolinite (68.14 and 75.51) > vermiculite (58.45 and 72.89) > diatomite (7.97 and 10.5). So, the MKSF support presented the highest yield. The hydrolytic activity obtained for lipase immobilization using MKSF (270.7 U g−1) were three-fold more than the obtained using kaolinite (75.51 U g−1) with immobilizations yield around ~70%. The adsorption of enzymes in a different types of clay minerals, involves a wide variety of physical and/or chemical interactions, which mainly depend on the nature and type of both compounds. The surfaces of clay minerals may differ mainly due to the presence of the enzyme molecule [61], and even with high immobilization yields, i.e., kaolinite (68.14%) and vermiculite (58.45%) (Figure 4), low biocatalyst activity can occur. This behavior usually arises, when the adsorption occurs near to the enzyme active site, hindering the access of substrate molecules, or even due to the diffusion resistance [33].
Similar studies regarding lipases and MKSF, were also reported by Scherer et al. [38], in the immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase by physical adsorption using MKSF. In this case the immobilization yield reached 38.2% and high esterification activity were also observed (1400 U g−1) demonstrating the potential of MKSF effective support for use in the immobilization of lipases.
Proteins are usually adsorbed by several interactions such as, cation exchange, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, or by the hydrophobic/hydrophilic moiety present on the clay surface [31,62,63]. Often, in protein immobilization using clay supports, protein molecules spontaneously interact with hydrophobic regions [31] and in particular case of the increased activity of lipases in the presence of MKSF (hydrophobic interphases) is known as “interfacial activation” [35,64,65,66].
In the study developed by Sani et al. [67], the lipase from Rhizopus oryzae was immobilized by physical adsorption on a polypropylene support with additive CAVAMAX ® W6 achieving an increase of 100% in relative activity after immobilization. According to the authors, the interactions between lipase and support were mostly hydrophobic, the hydrophobic effect resulted in open conformation and interfacial activation of lipase during adsorption, leading to an improvement in the enzymatic activity after immobilization procedure.
Most lipolytic enzymes present on their surface, close to the active site, a helical loop, referred in the literature as a “lid” [68,69]. When lipases come into contact with hydrophobic surfaces, the reaction is similar to the way they recognize natural substrates (generally lipids) and the “lid” opens, allowing exposure of the enzyme’s active site, a phenomenon called interfacial activation [35,64,65,66]. In a hydrophobic or non-aqueous environment, the hydrophobic layer triggers the opening of the “lid”, allowing the entry of the substrate into the active site, whereas in aqueous environments the lipase remains inactive [70,71]. Thus, the enzymatic activity of the lipases that contain the “lid” is controlled by the cap domain [71,72]. Thus, immobilization process on hydrophobic supports allows the immobilization of the open conformation of the lipase, improving its enzymatic activity, causing the enzyme to hyperactivate [66,73,74,75]. It is important to highlight that the lipase contains one or more caps in the helix form and that not all lipases undergo interfacial activation [71].
As a result of the interesting immobilization yield and hydrolytic activity obtained with lipase from A. japonicus immobilized with MKSF, this derivative was selected to evaluate the effect of pH and temperature on activity and stability and the determination of kinetic parameters in the next section.

2.4. Characterization of A. japonicus Lipase Immobilized on MKSF

In the previous section, it was shown that the great hydrolytic activity and immobilizations yields of lipase were obtained using MKSF as a support. Therefore, to obtain a better understanding of the impact of the support (MKSF) it is essential to understand the changes occurred in the kinetics parameters, pH and temperature stability during the lipase immobilization process, as discussed in the next subsections.

2.4.1. Effect of pH and Temperature on Immobilized Lipase Activity

The effect of pH in the immobilized lipase activity was studied in the range of pH from 3.0 to 10.0 using different buffers at 0.1 M (Figure 5). The immobilized lipase showed different behaviors of pH dependence than the free lipase, achieving the optimal pH at 7.0 and 8.0, with high relative activity of 95.5% and 100%, respectively (Figure 5a). As also depicted in Figure 5a, the immobilized lipase showed much higher activity than the free enzyme (Figure 1a), and improvements in relation to the hydrolytic activity in the range of pH 4.0 to 10.0 were observed. A similar observation was reported by Tacin et al. [76] using Aspergillus sp. lipase immobilized by octyl-sepharose. In this particular case, the authors suggested that the changes in the optimal pH of immobilized lipase is directly related to the conformation change of the enzyme molecules after immobilization, making the catalytic site more easily accessible to the ions (H+ or OH−).
In this set of trials, the initial activity (time zero) defined as 100%, was considered different to each pH as depicted in Figure 5b. In all evaluated pH (from 4.0 to 9.0) the immobilized lipase showed great pH stability, maintaining the catalytic activity (100%) for 12 h of incubation reaction, achieving an improvement (40%) in pH stability as compared with the free lipase (Figure 1b). A similar extended pH profile for lipase immobilized on montmorillonite K10 was also reported by Sanjay and Sugunan [33]. The shift in the pH optimum for lipase immobilized in usually, and as reported by Dong et. al [35], the maximum amount of H+ ions in the support surfaces leads to the changes in pH value on the catalysis microenvironment.
In a study performed by Sanjay and Sugunan [33] to immobilize invertase enzyme using montmorillonite K10, this process changed the optimal pH from 5.0 to 6.0. According to the author, negatively charged supports, as montmorillonite K10, changes the optimal pH due to charge interaction changing the enzyme ionization.
Additionally, the effect of temperature on the immobilized A. japonicus lipase activities was also investigated in the range of 20 a 60 °C (Figure 6a). The maximal activity of the immobilized lipase was as high as 30 °C, the same value obtained by the free lipase (Figure 2a). Similar results were found by Zou et. al [41] and Sani et. al. [66] in which the enzymes kept their optimal temperature at 50 °C. However, the immobilized enzymes were more stable in a wide range of temperature as compared with free-enzyme.
Figure 6b, demonstrates the effect of reaction temperature on the activities of the immobilized lipases within the range of 20, 40 and 50 °C at optimal pH (8.0), and the initial activity (at time zero) was defined 100% for each temperature evaluated. As observed, the optimal reaction temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C) of immobilized lipase achieved the 100% of the original catalytic activity for 12 h of incubation. On the contrary, with the reaction temperature constantly decreasing to 20 °C, the relative activity of immobilized lipase only maintained 87.1% of its activity at the end of 12 h. In this set of experiments, it was observed that immobilized A. japonicus lipase present much wider temperature endurance range.
The temperature has two-main impacts on the A. japonicus lipase catalytic activity, namely, (i) the thermal energy of substrate (olive oil) is affected by the increasing of temperature that led to the collision of substrate molecules with enzymes and (ii) the increase of temperature can also lead the denaturation of lipase caused by the cleavage of non-covalent bonds [54,59]. In this way, the immobilization process can promote a protection against exposure to high temperature [37,77] and prevent the unfolding of the tertiary structure of the enzyme [78]. As cited before, high temperatures can promote the disruption of disulphide bonds and salt bridges (ionic bonds), interactions that maintain the spatial conformation of the enzymes [79,80]. Thus, the immobilized enzyme maintained these bonds in the studied temperature range.
Montmorillonite are 2:1 dioctahedral, and are the most commonly used clay mineral as outstanding supports with capability to adsorb enzymes on the external surface (hydrophobic interactions) and intercalated in interlayer space (cation exchange) [61]. The enzymes (e.g., lipases) immobilization by cation exchange, in the support (montmorillonite) interlayer space, provides to the enzyme, more stability, and protection against thermal denaturation [61,81,82,83]. Thus, the great results concerning the stability (in pH and temperature), of derivatives immobilized in MKSF may be related to the partial immobilization of A. japonicus lipase by intercalation.
Similar trends were observed by Benamia et. al [37] in a work focused on the identification of natural supports for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). In this work, the immobilized CRL on Maghnite-H exhibited good thermostability over a wide temperature range (30–90 °C) compared to the free one. Tu et. al [40] studied the Yarrawia lipolytica lipase immobilization in chitosan modified with clay (Na-betonite) and the lipase immobilized were more thermostable than the enzyme immobilized in chitosan no-modified and the free one and showed more reusability (up to 7 reuses). According to the authors, the incorporation of clay provided a support with greater adsorption capacity and greater rigidity (mechanical resistance), improving its performance. In the studies performed by Morais et al. [84] in the immobilization of Endocellulase and β-glucosidase in magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrated that the enzymatic immobilization improved the thermal stability of the biocatalysts, achieving residual activities of 80% in 72 h of incubation at 60 °C.

2.4.2. Kinetic Parameters of Free and Immobilized Lipase

Apparent kinetic parameters are essential for the selection of enzyme regarding different industrial processes and applications. Kinetic parameters of the free and immobilized lipases were determined in the optimal temperature and pH conditions (30 °C, pH 8.0, 200 rpm at 5 min), varying only the olive oil (substrate) from 186 to 2604 mM in the reactional media. Through using software Origin 8.0, the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) and the initial maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of the lipase were calculated. The results for free and immobilized lipases are given in the Figure 7a and b, respectively.
As observed in Figure 7a the experimental data set fit with the calculated theoretical data, with an R2 = 0.9986, demonstrating that the produced lipase from A. japonicus follows the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The values of KM and Vmax obtained was 79.35 mM and 30.71 µmol min−1, respectively. In study reported by Bharti et al. [45], lipase produced by other strain of A. japonicus also followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
As observed in Figure 7b, the predicted and experimentally KM value illustrated a correlation of R2 = 0.9849. The Vmax and KM values of immobilized lipase were 402.56 µmol min−1 and 9.87 mM, respectively. The KM value obtained with the immobilized lipase was 4 times lower than those obtained with free lipase (79.35 mM) (Figure 7a). Note that, the higher KM value suggested the lower affinity between the enzyme and substrate [85], and in this particular work, the low value of the KM in the A. japonicus lipase immobilized MKSF suggested the higher affinity to the substrate in comparison to the free form. The Vmax value of immobilized lipase (402.56 µmol min−1) was 13 times greater than those obtained with the free one (30.71 µmol min−1) (Figure 7a) proving that the enzyme activity improved. Moreover, these results suggest that the native lipase conformation was not altered by the immobilization process [34].
Actually, immobilized enzyme in different supports is applied in continuous process in food industry to produce corn syrup, cocoa butter analogues and galacto-oligosaccharides, synthesis of chiral molecules among others [86], in pharmaceutical industry to synthetize chiral molecules [86] and in the chemical industry to produce complex molecules such as chiral amines and herbicides [86]. So, there is a wide range of process that immobilized enzymes can be applied and the results reported in the present work demonstrate that the low cost MKSF is a promising support for A. japonicus lipase, and can encourage the scientific community to explore other clays-based substrates for enzymes immobilization, providing a natural and economical support to the industrial application of immobilized enzyme.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Material

Peptone (bacteriological) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) were acquired from Acumedia®. Olive oil from Carbonell® (Córdoba, Spain) was obtained in a local market. Kaolinite was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF, were acquired from Laboratório de Peneiras Moleculares (LABPEMOL) from Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). All the other reagents were of analytical grade and used as received.

3.2. Microorganism

Aspergillus japonicus DPUA1727 was kindly provided by the Culture Collection of Federal University of Amazonas, DPUA, AM, Brazil. The A. japonicus preserved in distilled water was reactivated in PDA (39.0 g L−1 agar potato dextrose composed of dehydrated Potato Infusion and Dextrose) supplemented with yeast extract (0.5% w v−1) and maintained at 30 °C for 7 days. Afterward, the cultures were kept in the refrigerator at 4 °C and defined as a stock culture for the whole work.

3.3. Production of Aspergillus japonicus Lipase by Submerged Culture

Initially, lipase was produced using a methodology described by Tacin et al. [54]. Briefly, the inoculum was prepared in PDA plates, and the cultures were maintained at the same reactivation conditions. Following, 5 mycelial agar discs (8 mm diameter) of microorganism were inoculated in Erlenmeyer flasks (250 mL) containing 50 mL of culture medium composed of (g L−1, in deionized water): peptone (40); olive oil (1.6); MgSO4·7H2O (1.2); KH2PO4 (2.0) and NH4NO3 (2.0). The experiments were performed in triplicate and the initial pH of the culture medium was adjusted to 7.0. Cells were grown for 72 h at 30 °C and 150 rpm in an orbital shaker New Ethics, model 521/2DE (Piracicaba, SP, Brazil). After the cultivation, A. japonicus biomass was separated from the fermented supernatant containing the enzyme by conventional filtration using a filter paper Whatman 80 g m−2 (Maidstone, Kent, England). The cell-free filtrate containing lipases, was used to measure the hydrolytic enzyme activity and total proteins, according methodologies described in Section 3.4.1 and Section 3.4.2, respectively.

3.4. Analytical Methods

3.4.1. Determination of Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity

The hydrolytic enzyme activity was carried out using an emulsion containing olive oil 50% w w−1 and gum Arabic 7% w w−1 [87]. The unit of hydrolytic enzyme activity was calculated as the amount of enzyme required to hydrolyze 1 μmol of fatty acid per minute of reaction. The activity was expressed in μmol mL−1 min−1 (U mL−1) for lipase in free form and in μmol g−1 min−1 (U g−1) for immobilized derivatives.

3.4.2. Determination of Protein Content

The concentration of total proteins was determined by the method described by Bradford [88]. Briefly, 100 µL sample was mixed with 5 mL Bradford reagent Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). After 5 min, the absorbance was measured in the wavelength of 595 nm in a Spectrophotometer model Thermo Scientific™ GENESYS 10S UV-Vis (Waltham, MA, USA). Protein content was estimated by means of a calibration curve obtained using concentrations of 0.05 to 1 mg mL−1 of Bovine Serum Albumin from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

3.4.3. SDS-PAGE Analysis

The electrophoresis analyzes of A. japonicus extracts performed based on the methodology described by Laemmli [89]. The gel was prepared with 12% polyacrylamide by applying 30 μL of the sample ate the concentrations 155.2 mg mL−1 and 257.2 mg mL−1 and 14.4–97.0 kDa molecular weight marker BluEYE Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

3.4.4. Lipase Immobilization Using Different Supports

The immobilizations of microbial lipase on different supports, namely diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF and kaolinite, were performed based on the methodology described by Vescovi et al. [14]. For that, 1 g of each support was suspended in 25 mL of enzyme solution (20 mg mL−1 of protein prepared in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0). The suspension was kept under mild stirring in a roller Shaker Quimis (Diadema, SP, Brazil) for 24 h, at 25 °C. After that, the solution was centrifuged at 8161× g in centrifuge Eppendorf model 5415 D (Hamburg, Germany) for 5 min, to separate derivates, followed in the supernatant was determined the hydrolytic activity and the protein content, according methodologies described at Section 3.4.1 and Section 3.4.2, respectively. The immobilization yield (n, %) was calculated according to the Equation (1):
N = 100 − ((P × 100)/Po)
where: P = Protein content of immobilized derivative supernatant; Po = Protein content absorbance in time 0.

3.5. Characterization of Free and Immobilized Microbial Lipase

3.5.1. Determination of Optimum pH and Temperature

In order to evaluate the optimal pH of the enzyme, the hydrolytic lipase assay was carried out at different pH values (from 3.0 to 10.0) using different buffers at 0.1 M: Mcllvaine buffer (pH 3.0 to 6.0), phosphate buffer (pH 7.0 and 8.0) and carbonate bicarbonate Buffer (pH 9.0 to 10.0). These experiments were performed at 30 °C. The optimal temperature was determined in the optimum pH 8.0 and it was calculated using a hydrolytic lipase activity incubated in the temperature ranged from 20 to 60 °C, in a thermostatic bath New Ethics model 521/2DE (New Ethics, Piracicaba, Brazil).

3.5.2. Determination of Kinetic Parameters

The influence of olive oil substrate concentration on the initial hydrolysis activity of A. japonicus lipase (free or immobilized), was evaluated under the optimum pH and temperature conditions of the reaction (30 °C, pH8, 200 rpm at 5 min). Since olive oil concentration lower than 186 mmol did not generate a stable emulsion, the kinetic studies were performed varying the olive oil substrate from 186 to 2604 mmol, i.e, 5 to 70% w w−1. For this relation (mmol in % w w−1), the average molar mass of olive oil of 1344 g mol−1 was considered, based on its fatty acid composition. The kinetic constant: Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) and specific enzyme activity (Vmax) were calculated from the data obtained experimentally with the equation of Michaelis-Menten using software Origin 8.0 OriginLab (serial GA3S5-6089-7173339, USA).

3.5.3. Stability of the Free and Immobilized Microbial Lipase

For pH stability, the enzymatic extract (1 mL) or immobilized derivative (0.05 g) were incubated in a thermostatic bath at 30 °C, pH from 4.0 to 9.0 for 12 h. In the case of temperature stability, the enzymatic extract (1 mL) or immobilized derivative (0.05 g) were also incubated in a thermostatic bath at 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C, in optimal pH for 12 h. In both cases, the residual hydrolytic activity of lipase was determined after 0, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h according to methodology described at Section 3.4.1.
For the stability assays, the relative activity (RA, %) of lipase from A. japonicus lipase immobilized by physical adsorption were calculated according to the Equation (2):
RA = (LA × 100)/LA0
where: LA is the free/immobilized lipase activity after the incubation time and LA0 initial enzymatic activity.

4. Conclusions

In this work, the immobilization process of lipase produced by A. japonicus using clays as support was studied. The lipase immobilized in MSKF showed the more promising results comparing to the other supports evaluated achieving immobilization yield and hydrolytic activity of 69.47% and 270.7 U g−1, respectively. Comparing the catalytic performance of enzyme immobilized and free, the immobilization process improved the lipase stability regarding temperature and pH and promoted an increment in the enzyme-substrate affinity since the value of VMAX increased compared to the free one while the value of KM decreased. These findings shows that the lipase immobilization on clay support creates a good synergetic able to improve the lipase catalytic performance being an interest purpose to apply in lipases with industrial interests.

Author Contributions

D.R. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. B.R.F. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data. J.C.B. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. C.U.M. analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. V.d.C.S.-E. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. A.V.d.P. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo FAPESP (Process 2017/11482-7, 2018/06908-8, 2019/15493-9, 2020/09592-1 and 2020/08655-0), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CNPq.

Acknowledgments

Maria Francisca Simas Teixeira that provided the microorganism from the Culture Collection of Federal University of Amazonas, DPUA, AM, Brazil.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Characterization of lipase from A. japonicus in relation to optimal pH (a) and pH stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at 30 °C. In the optimal pH, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the pH stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each pH was considered 100% (different values for each pH values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
Figure 1. Characterization of lipase from A. japonicus in relation to optimal pH (a) and pH stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at 30 °C. In the optimal pH, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the pH stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each pH was considered 100% (different values for each pH values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
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Figure 2. Characterization of A. japonicus lipase in relation to optimal temperature (a) and temperature stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at pH 8.0. In the optimal temperature, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the temperature stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each temperature was considered 100% (different values for each temperature values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
Figure 2. Characterization of A. japonicus lipase in relation to optimal temperature (a) and temperature stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at pH 8.0. In the optimal temperature, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the temperature stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each temperature was considered 100% (different values for each temperature values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
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Figure 3. SDS-Page of A. japonicus lipase produced by submerged culture. The columns represent: M: molecular weight markers (14.4–97 kDa). A: culture media containing A. japonicus lipase at 155.2 mg mL−1; B: culture media containing A. japonicus lipase at 257.2 mg mL−1.
Figure 3. SDS-Page of A. japonicus lipase produced by submerged culture. The columns represent: M: molecular weight markers (14.4–97 kDa). A: culture media containing A. japonicus lipase at 155.2 mg mL−1; B: culture media containing A. japonicus lipase at 257.2 mg mL−1.
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Figure 4. Enzymatic activity and immobilization yield of A. japonicus lipase immobilized on the supports: diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF (MKSF) and kaolinite by physical adsorption. The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
Figure 4. Enzymatic activity and immobilization yield of A. japonicus lipase immobilized on the supports: diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF (MKSF) and kaolinite by physical adsorption. The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
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Figure 5. Characterization of A. japonicus lipase immobilized in MKSF support in relation to optimal pH (a) and pH stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at 30 °C. In the optimal pH, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the pH stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each pH was considered 100% (different values for each pH values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
Figure 5. Characterization of A. japonicus lipase immobilized in MKSF support in relation to optimal pH (a) and pH stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at 30 °C. In the optimal pH, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the pH stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each pH was considered 100% (different values for each pH values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
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Figure 6. Characterization of A. japonicus lipase immobilized in MKSF support in relation to optimal temperature (a) and temperature stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at pH 8 In the optimal pH, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the pH stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each pH was considered 100% (different values for each temperature values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
Figure 6. Characterization of A. japonicus lipase immobilized in MKSF support in relation to optimal temperature (a) and temperature stability through time (until 12 h of incubation) (b). These experiments were performed at pH 8 In the optimal pH, 100% is related to the highest hydrolytic activity achieved. In the pH stability studies, the initial activity obtained at time zero to each pH was considered 100% (different values for each temperature values). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
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Figure 7. Hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten regression of A. japonicus lipase (a) free and (b) immobilized in MKSF support, at different concentration of olive oil substrate at 30 °C and pH 8.0. The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
Figure 7. Hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten regression of A. japonicus lipase (a) free and (b) immobilized in MKSF support, at different concentration of olive oil substrate at 30 °C and pH 8.0. The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicates.
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Remonatto, D.; Ferrari, B.R.; Bassan, J.C.; Mussagy, C.U.; de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma, V.; Veloso de Paula, A. Utilization of Clay Materials as Support for Aspergillus japonicus Lipase: An Eco-Friendly Approach. Catalysts 2021, 11, 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101173

AMA Style

Remonatto D, Ferrari BR, Bassan JC, Mussagy CU, de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma V, Veloso de Paula A. Utilization of Clay Materials as Support for Aspergillus japonicus Lipase: An Eco-Friendly Approach. Catalysts. 2021; 11(10):1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101173

Chicago/Turabian Style

Remonatto, Daniela, Bárbara Ribeiro Ferrari, Juliana Cristina Bassan, Cassamo Ussemane Mussagy, Valéria de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma, and Ariela Veloso de Paula. 2021. "Utilization of Clay Materials as Support for Aspergillus japonicus Lipase: An Eco-Friendly Approach" Catalysts 11, no. 10: 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101173

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