Robust Automatic Modulation Classification Using Convolutional Deep Neural Network Based on Scalogram Information
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- 2D-scalogram images are used in order to automatically detect modulation type.
- CWT-based scalogram images are used for the visualization of modulation features in order to increase the performance of the proposed method.
- The CNN architecture is proposed to automatically classify scalogram images.
- Simulation results indicate that the presented model showed better accuracy compared to other methods.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Formulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK
- Amplitude-shift keying: The identical frequency carriers in A1 and A2 carry bits 0 and 1 of the baseband signal.
- Frequency-shift keying: Bits 0 and 1 of the baseband signal are modulated using the frequency-shift keying (FSK) technique. Two frequencies with the same amplitude are used in FSK.
- Phase-shift keying: PSK modulation uses phase variations of the same amplitude and frequency to modify baseband signal bits 0 and 1.
2.2. The Formulation of QASK, QFSK, and QPSK
3. The Proposed Method
3.1. The Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT)
3.2. Convolutional Neural Network Architecture
4. Experimental Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | SNR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 dB | 5 dB | 10 dB | 15 dB | 20 dB | 25 dB | Avg. Acc | |
ASK (Proposed) | 99.84 | 99.88 | 99.90 | 99.91 | 99.93 | 99.97 | 99.90 |
FSK (Proposed) | 99.58 | 99.60 | 99.70 | 99.91 | 99.94 | 99.94 | 99.77 |
PSK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.99 |
QASK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.99 |
QFSK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.99 |
QPSK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.99 |
Avg. ACC (Proposed) | 99.90 | 99.91 | 99.92 | 99.97 | 99.978 | 99.98 | 99.938 |
Class | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F-Score |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASK (Proposed) | 99.90 | 99.80 | 99.90 | 99.93 |
FSK (Proposed) | 99.77 | 99.49 | 99.9 | 99.69 |
PSK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 |
QASK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.99 |
QFSK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.90 | 99.61 | 99.75 |
QPSK (Proposed) | 99.99 | 99.99 | 99.80 | 99.88 |
Avg. (Proposed) | 99.938 | 99.87 | 99.865 | 99.86 |
Metrics | AlexNet | VGG-16 | VGG-19 | GoogLenet | Proposed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accuracy | 99.40 | 99.9 | 99.90 | 99.56 | 99.93 |
Precision | 99.40 | 99.89 | 100 | 99.78 | 99.87 |
Recall | 99.40 | 99.81 | 99.90 | 99.67 | 99.86 |
F1-Score | 99.40 | 99.94 | 99.95 | 99.73 | 99.86 |
Time (min) | 27.2 | 206.1 | 240.5 | 217.5 | 6.3 |
No | Title | Year | Ref | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Artificial Intelligence-Driven Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Scheme for Next-Generation Cellular Networks. | 2021 | [1] | 97 |
2 | Machine Learning Based Automatic Modulation Recognition for Wireless Communications: A Comprehensive Survey | 2021 | [3] | 99 |
3 | Faster Maximum-Likelihood Modulation Classification in Flat Fading Non-Gaussian Channels | 2019 | [4] | 95 |
4 | Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Wavelet Decomposition for Automatic Modulation Classification | 2020 | [9] | 96 |
5 | Deep Learning-Based Robust Automatic Modulation Classification for Cognitive Radio Networks | 2021 | [19] | 98.7 |
6 | An Efficient CNN Architecture for Robust Automatic Modulation Classification | 2020 | [32] | 93 |
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Abdulkarem, A.M.; Abedi, F.; Ghanimi, H.M.A.; Kumar, S.; Al-Azzawi, W.K.; Abbas, A.H.; Abosinnee, A.S.; Almaameri, I.M.; Alkhayyat, A. Robust Automatic Modulation Classification Using Convolutional Deep Neural Network Based on Scalogram Information. Computers 2022, 11, 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11110162
Abdulkarem AM, Abedi F, Ghanimi HMA, Kumar S, Al-Azzawi WK, Abbas AH, Abosinnee AS, Almaameri IM, Alkhayyat A. Robust Automatic Modulation Classification Using Convolutional Deep Neural Network Based on Scalogram Information. Computers. 2022; 11(11):162. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11110162
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdulkarem, Ahmed Mohammed, Firas Abedi, Hayder M. A. Ghanimi, Sachin Kumar, Waleed Khalid Al-Azzawi, Ali Hashim Abbas, Ali S. Abosinnee, Ihab Mahdi Almaameri, and Ahmed Alkhayyat. 2022. "Robust Automatic Modulation Classification Using Convolutional Deep Neural Network Based on Scalogram Information" Computers 11, no. 11: 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11110162