Anticancer Potential of the Cyclolinopeptides
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Flaxseed and Its Constituents
2. Cyclolinopeptides
3. Biological Activity of CLPs
4. Literature Search Methods and Search Strategies
5. Cancer Research and Cyclolinopeptides
6. In Vitro Studies
6.1. Breast Cancer and CLPs
6.2. Melanoma and CLPs
6.3. Gastric Cancer and CLPs
6.4. Giant-Cell Tumor of the Bone and CLPs
6.5. Glioblastoma and CLPs
6.6. Lung Cancer and CLPs
6.7. Adenocarcinoma and CLPs
6.8. Cytotoxic Effects
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Sequence | Chemical Formula (MW-H+) |
---|---|---|
CLP-A | Ile-Leu-Val-Pro-Pro-Phe-Phe-Leu-Ile | C57H85N9O9 (1040.6543) |
CLP-B | Met-Leu-Ile-Pro-Pro-Phe-Phe-Val-Ile | C56H83N9O9S (1058.6107) |
CLP-C | Mso-Leu-Ile-Pro-Pro-Phe-Phe-Val-Ile | C56H83N9O10S (1074.6056) |
CLP-D | Mso-Leu-Leu-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Ile | C57H77N9O8S (1064.5638) |
CLP-E | Mso-Leu-Val-Phe- Pro-Leu-Phe-Ile | C51H77N8O9S (977.5529) |
CLP-F | Mso-Leu-Mso-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Val | C55H73N9O10S2 (1084.4995) |
CLP-G | Mso-Leu-Mso-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Ile | C56H75N9O10S2 (1098.5151) |
CLP-I | Met-Leu-Mso-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Val | C55H73N9O9S2 (1068.5045) |
CLP-K | Msn-Leu-Ile-Pro-Pro-Phe-Phe-Val-Ile | C56H83N9O11S (1090.6006) |
CLP-L | Met-Leu-Val-Phe-Pro-Leu-Phe-Ile | C51H76N8O8S (961.5580) |
CLP-M | Met-Leu-Leu-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Ile | C57H83N9O8S (1048.5689) |
CLP-N | Met-Leu-Met-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Val | C55H73N9O8S2 (1052.5096) |
CLP-O | Met-Leu-Met-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Ile | C56H75N9O8S2 (1066.5253) |
CLP-P | Met-Leu-Mso-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Ile | C56H75N9O9S2 (1082.5202) |
CLP-T | Mso-Leu-Met-Pro-Phe-Phe-Trp-Val | C55H73N9O9S2 (1068.5045) |
Type of Cancer | Cyclolinopeptides | Effect | Key Findings of the Study | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gastric cancer | CLP-A CLP-B | CLP-A and CLP-B induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells | Effects of both CLP-A and CLP-B are highly dependent on the concentration of the peptides and the exposure time. | [31] |
Lung cancer | CLP-A CLP-B CLP-E | CLP-A, CLP-B, and CLP-E induce apoptosis in lung cancer | Besides inducing apoptosis in human lung cancer, CLPs can induce HSP 70A production in C. elegans. | [21] |
Bone tumor | CLPs mixture | CLPs mixture inhibits the synthesis of DNA in GCTB. | Cell viability decreases in a concentration-dependent manner. | [13] |
Breast cancer | CLP-A CLP-B | CLP-A and CLP-B had a cytotoxic effect on the breast cancer cells | CLP-A and CLP-B had cytotoxic effects on triple-negative-subtype of breast cancer, even at low nanomolar concentrations. | [32] |
Melanoma and breast cancer | CLP-A CLP-B CLP-C CLP-E | CLP-A, CLP-C, and CLP-E had cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells, while all four peptides had cytotoxic effects in the case of breast cancer cell lines. | The approximate effect for orally administrating CLP-A and other peptides is expected to occur after injecting 400–500 μg/mL of serum. | [33] |
Melanoma | CLP-A CLP-B CLP-D CLP-E CLP-F CLP-G | CLP-A, CLP-B, and a mixture of six peptides did not cause cytotoxicity in melanoma cells. Peptides reduce mRNA levels of melanin production-related genes and the synthesis of melanin. | The 25 μM CLP-A and CLP-A concentrations lead to suppressed MITF and phosphorylated proteins such as CREB and PKA. | [34] |
Glioblastoma | CLP-A | CLP-A suppresses Src gene activity and promotes cell apoptosis. CLP | CLP-A can suppress the motility of C6 cells as a critical factor for tissue invasion, cancer cell migration, and metastasis. | [35] |
Adenocarcinoma | CLP-A CLP-B CLPs mixture | CLPs induce apoptosis | Individual CLPs and CLPs mixture release Cyt C, increase the level of Bax/Bcl-2 and stimulate the expression of caspase 3 and 9, eventually leading to apoptosis. | [42] |
Breast cancer | L and D forms of CLP-A, CLP-D, and CLP-G | CLP-A, natural and synthesized variants inhibited the growth of the breast cancer cells | Isomerization of the peptides has a significant influence on its cytotoxic effects. | [36] |
Gastric cancer | CLP-A CLP-B | CLP-A and CLP-B trigger G1 cell cycle arrest and prevent cell proliferation | CLP-A and CLP-B dose-dependently induce cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer | [41] |
Effects | Cyclolinopeptides | Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|
Induce apoptosis | CLP-A, CLP-B, CLP-C, CLP-E | CLP-A, CLP-B, CLP-C, and CLP-E may induce cell apoptosis by elevated expression of one of the following: HRK, FAS, CASP10, CIDEA, and CIDEB. Additionally, CLP-A downregulates the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 and upregulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. | [21,31] |
Modulate regulatory genes | CLP-A, CLP-B, CLP-F | CLPA and CLP-B may modulate regulatory genes such as FasL that regulate cell death. CLP-F downregulates the expression of the RANK protein. | [21,31,48] |
Prevent tumor formation | CLP-A, CLP-C | CLP-A and CLP-C stimulate the expression of tumor suppressor TP53 and prevent tumor formation. | [21] |
Induce expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | CLP-A, CLP-C, CLP-E | CLP-A, CLP-C, and CLP-E stimulate the expression of TNF, which further induces tumor necrosis. | [21] |
Inhibit cell proliferation | CLP-A, CLP-B, CLP-C, CLP-E | CLP-A, CLP-C, and CLP-E overexpress TP53BP2 and regulate the proliferation of the cells. Additionally, CLP-A and CLP-B modulate the AKT/JNK signaling pathway and inhibit cell proliferation. | [21,41,54] |
Inhibit DNA synthesis | CLPs mixture | CLPs mixture inhibits DNA synthesis. The exact mechanism is not explained. | [13] |
Regulate migration of tumor cells | CLP-A, CLP-C, CLP-E | CLP-A, CLP-C, and CLP-E induce overexpression of TP53BP2, which further regulates the migration of the cells. | [21] |
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Fojnica, A.; Gromilic, Z.; Vranic, S.; Murkovic, M. Anticancer Potential of the Cyclolinopeptides. Cancers 2023, 15, 3874. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153874
Fojnica A, Gromilic Z, Vranic S, Murkovic M. Anticancer Potential of the Cyclolinopeptides. Cancers. 2023; 15(15):3874. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153874
Chicago/Turabian StyleFojnica, Adnan, Zehra Gromilic, Semir Vranic, and Michael Murkovic. 2023. "Anticancer Potential of the Cyclolinopeptides" Cancers 15, no. 15: 3874. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153874