The Urogenital System’s Role in Diseases: A Synopsis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Gut Microbiota’s Role in RCC Oncogenesis and Immunotherapy
3. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) and Antibiotics’ Effect on the Immune Response
4. Dysbiosis and the Urothelial System
4.1. Discovering the Urinary Tract Microbiota
4.2. The Significance of the Urinary Microbiome in Disease
4.3. The Urinary Microbiome and Bladder Cancer
4.4. Progression of Kidney Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy
4.5. Effect of Dysbiosis on Kidney Stones That Leads up to Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
4.6. The Vaginal Microbiota
5. Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Management of Urological Disease
5.1. Curcumin
5.1.1. Curcumin’s Anti-Inflammatory Effects and the Gut Microbiota
5.1.2. Curcumin, an ‘Immunotherapy Supplement’
5.2. Effect of Fecal Microbiome Transplant
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AB | Antibiotics |
AMPK/mTOR | AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin |
CKD | chronic kidney disease |
DN | Diabetic Nephropathy |
DM | Diabetes Mellitus |
CTLA-4 | Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 |
eGFR | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate |
ESRD | End Stage Renal Disease |
FMT | Fecal Microbial Transplantation |
GFR | Glomerular Filtration Rate |
GLUT-4 | Glucose Transporter-4 |
ICI | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor |
mRCC | Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma |
NLCS | Netherlands Cohort Study |
PFS | Patient Progression-Free Survival |
PD-1 | Programmed Cell Death-1 |
PD-L1 | Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 |
RCC | Renal Cell Carcinoma |
RAAS | Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System |
RCC | Renal Cell Carcinoma |
SCFA | Short Chain Fatty Acid |
TCC | Transitional Cell Carcinoma |
UACR | Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio |
KSD | Kidney Stone Disease |
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Responders | Non-Responders | |
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Abundance | Fecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Holdemania, Gemmiger, and Clostridium XIVa, Ruminococcaceae, Bifidobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, Enterococcus faecium, Coprococcus eutactus, Prevotella stercorea, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus anginosus, Lachnospiraceae bac- terium, Akkermansia muciniphila | Ruminococcus obeum, Roseburia intestinalis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides dorei, Bacteroides massiliensis, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Blautia producta |
Non-Abundance | Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium IV, Blautia, Eubacterium |
Clinical Trial Identifier /Sponsor | Source of FMT | Intervention | Type of Cancer | Antibiotics | Recruitment Status | Objective Response Rate | Long Term Clinical Benefit | Adverse Events Related to Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Davar et al. [84] | Melanoma PD-1 responder | 200 mg IV Pembrolizumab over 30 min on Day 1 of cycle (same day as the FMT). Total of 3 cycles done. | PD-1 secondary refractory melanoma | Not given | Active, not recruiting | 20% | 40% of patients with advanced melanoma | Grade 3 treatment related adverse events (2 cases of fatigue and 1 peripheral motor neuropathy), no grade 4/5 adverse events reported |
Baruch et al. [83] | Melanoma PD-1 responder | FMT via colonoscopy (protocol day 0) then FMT packed into capsules given (Day 1 and 12), repeated every 2 weeks along withNivolumab 240 mg. | PD-1 primary and secondary refractory melanoma | Pre-FMT vancomycin and neomycin | Unknown | 30% | Not reported | No moderate to severe treatment-related adverse event (grade 2–4) |
NCT04729322 | dMMR PD-1 responder | FMT via colonoscopy (Day 5 of cycle 1) then FMT capsules on days 1, 8 and 15. FMT capsules given on day 1 every 3 weeks for cycles 2 and onward. | Metastatic colon cancer | Pre-FMT Metronidazole, vancomycin, neomycin | Active, recruiting | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
NCT04130763 | Donors with gut microbiota profile similar to PD-1 responders | FMT capsules for 1 week for cycle 1 as induction. FMT capsules for cycles 2 and onward as maintenance. | GI cancer after failure of anti-PD-1 treatment | Not given | Active, recruiting | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
NCT03772899 | Healthy donor selected via protocol | FMT at least one week prior to treatment with either immunotherapy followed by FMT along with Nivolumab or Pembrolizumab as maintenance | Unresectable or metastatic cutaneous melanoma (BRAF wild type or mutant) | Not given | Active, not recruiting | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
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Zerdan, M.B.; Moukarzel, R.; Naji, N.S.; Bilen, Y.; Nagarajan, A. The Urogenital System’s Role in Diseases: A Synopsis. Cancers 2022, 14, 3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143328
Zerdan MB, Moukarzel R, Naji NS, Bilen Y, Nagarajan A. The Urogenital System’s Role in Diseases: A Synopsis. Cancers. 2022; 14(14):3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143328
Chicago/Turabian StyleZerdan, Maroun Bou, Rita Moukarzel, Nour Sabiha Naji, Yara Bilen, and Arun Nagarajan. 2022. "The Urogenital System’s Role in Diseases: A Synopsis" Cancers 14, no. 14: 3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143328