Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in Multiple Myeloma: Open Questions and Therapeutic Opportunities
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Myeloid Compartment
2.1. MDSCs
2.2. Monocytes/Macrophages
2.3. Dendritic Cells
3. Lymphoid Compartment
3.1. T Helper Response
3.2. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)
3.3. NK
3.4. B Lymphocytes
4. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
5. Long-Term Failure of Novel Immunotherapies: Pitfalls and Opportunities
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Botta, C.; Mendicino, F.; Martino, E.A.; Vigna, E.; Ronchetti, D.; Correale, P.; Morabito, F.; Neri, A.; Gentile, M. Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in Multiple Myeloma: Open Questions and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers 2021, 13, 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133213
Botta C, Mendicino F, Martino EA, Vigna E, Ronchetti D, Correale P, Morabito F, Neri A, Gentile M. Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in Multiple Myeloma: Open Questions and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers. 2021; 13(13):3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133213
Chicago/Turabian StyleBotta, Cirino, Francesco Mendicino, Enrica Antonia Martino, Ernesto Vigna, Domenica Ronchetti, Pierpaolo Correale, Fortunato Morabito, Antonino Neri, and Massimo Gentile. 2021. "Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in Multiple Myeloma: Open Questions and Therapeutic Opportunities" Cancers 13, no. 13: 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133213