Early Pregnancy Maternal Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids and Fetal Growth: Findings from a Multi-Racial/Ethnic Birth Cohort in US
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Assessments of Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs)
2.3. Fetal Growth Measurement throughout Pregnancy (10–40 Weeks of Gestational Age)
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Even-Chain SFAs and Fetal Growth
3.2. Odd-Chain SFAs and Fetal Growth
3.3. Very Long Even-Chain SFAs and Fetal Growth
4. Discussion
4.1. Clinical Implications
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Saturated Fatty Acids | EFW | AC | FL | HC | BPD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myristic acid (14:0) | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Palmitic acid (16:0) | n.s. | ↓ | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Heptadecanoic acid (17:0) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Stearic acid (18:0) | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Arachidic acid (20:0) | n.s. | n.s. | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Behenic acid (22:0) | ↓ | ↓ | n.s. | ↓ | ↓ |
Lignoceric acid (24:0) | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Sum of even-chain SFAs (14:0 + 16:0 + 18:0) | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Sum of odd-chain SFAs (15:0 + 17:0) | ↑ | n.s. | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Sum of very long even-chain SFAs (20:0 + 22:0 + 24:0) | ↓ | ↓ | n.s. | ↓ | ↓ |
GW | Estimated Fetal Weight (EFW), g | Abdominal Circumference (AC), mm | Femur Length (FL), mm | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Back-Transformed Geometric Mean g | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean mm | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean mm | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | ||||||||||
1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | |
10 | 35.13 | 36.03 | 40.58 | 0.715 | 0.061 | 36.05 | 39.4 | 41.87 | 0.059 | 0.004 | 2.01 | 2.42 | 2.47 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
11 | 43.92 | 44.69 | 47.72 | 0.628 | 0.049 | 46.55 | 47.87 | 49.18 | 0.258 | 0.050 | 3.76 | 4.26 | 4.17 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
12 | 55.41 | 56.03 | 57.51 | 0.552 | 0.071 | 58.04 | 57.34 | 57.49 | 0.328 | 0.482 | 6.26 | 6.78 | 6.47 | <0.0001 | 0.199 |
13 | 70.34 | 70.77 | 70.67 | 0.724 | 0.749 | 70.16 | 67.74 | 66.81 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 9.41 | 9.84 | 9.31 | 0.017 | 0.661 |
14 | 89.54 | 89.74 | 88.09 | 0.913 | 0.348 | 82.55 | 78.95 | 77.12 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 12.93 | 13.20 | 12.55 | 0.313 | 0.199 |
15 | 113.93 | 113.85 | 110.79 | 0.970 | 0.142 | 94.88 | 90.82 | 88.35 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 16.54 | 16.61 | 15.99 | 0.819 | 0.158 |
16 | 144.43 | 144.03 | 139.87 | 0.880 | 0.082 | 106.94 | 103.17 | 100.36 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 19.97 | 19.87 | 19.45 | 0.801 | 0.260 |
17 | 181.81 | 181.07 | 176.34 | 0.815 | 0.074 | 118.65 | 115.76 | 112.95 | 0.016 | <0.0001 | 23.12 | 22.89 | 22.8 | 0.591 | 0.539 |
18 | 226.55 | 225.46 | 220.87 | 0.788 | 0.121 | 130.09 | 128.38 | 125.84 | 0.203 | <0.001 | 26.06 | 25.75 | 26.00 | 0.509 | 0.918 |
19 | 278.72 | 277.29 | 273.47 | 0.783 | 0.249 | 141.4 | 140.77 | 138.69 | 0.676 | 0.049 | 28.99 | 28.60 | 29.12 | 0.472 | 0.825 |
20 | 338.68 | 336.91 | 334.13 | 0.780 | 0.415 | 152.59 | 152.79 | 151.26 | 0.901 | 0.369 | 31.91 | 31.46 | 32.19 | 0.448 | 0.677 |
21 | 406.89 | 404.73 | 403.28 | 0.771 | 0.587 | 163.59 | 164.35 | 163.45 | 0.651 | 0.927 | 34.79 | 34.29 | 35.16 | 0.428 | 0.609 |
22 | 483.83 | 481.12 | 481.37 | 0.750 | 0.751 | 174.39 | 175.38 | 175.19 | 0.554 | 0.605 | 37.59 | 37.07 | 38.01 | 0.415 | 0.598 |
23 | 570.04 | 566.42 | 568.87 | 0.713 | 0.897 | 185.00 | 185.91 | 186.47 | 0.595 | 0.354 | 40.30 | 39.75 | 40.71 | 0.415 | 0.630 |
24 | 666.15 | 660.99 | 666.34 | 0.660 | 0.986 | 195.46 | 195.98 | 197.32 | 0.775 | 0.267 | 42.90 | 42.33 | 43.25 | 0.433 | 0.688 |
25 | 772.94 | 765.21 | 774.49 | 0.586 | 0.905 | 205.83 | 205.68 | 207.83 | 0.942 | 0.275 | 45.36 | 44.79 | 45.66 | 0.462 | 0.756 |
26 | 891.44 | 879.55 | 894.24 | 0.485 | 0.857 | 216.21 | 215.17 | 218.11 | 0.634 | 0.343 | 47.70 | 47.13 | 47.94 | 0.491 | 0.814 |
27 | 1022.98 | 1004.62 | 1026.83 | 0.354 | 0.833 | 226.74 | 224.64 | 228.36 | 0.362 | 0.448 | 49.92 | 49.33 | 50.13 | 0.505 | 0.841 |
28 | 1169.33 | 1141.22 | 1173.91 | 0.203 | 0.826 | 237.57 | 234.31 | 238.79 | 0.153 | 0.574 | 52.02 | 51.41 | 52.28 | 0.496 | 0.818 |
29 | 1332.26 | 1290.44 | 1337.56 | 0.082 | 0.818 | 248.84 | 244.36 | 249.65 | 0.040 | 0.699 | 54.04 | 53.39 | 54.43 | 0.463 | 0.730 |
30 | 1511.69 | 1453.76 | 1518.15 | 0.032 | 0.802 | 260.44 | 254.82 | 260.96 | 0.010 | 0.797 | 55.98 | 55.28 | 56.61 | 0.439 | 0.600 |
31 | 1706.19 | 1633.15 | 1713.46 | 0.023 | 0.808 | 272.16 | 265.72 | 272.52 | 0.007 | 0.869 | 57.86 | 57.14 | 58.75 | 0.453 | 0.481 |
32 | 1913.17 | 1831.17 | 1919.6 | 0.032 | 0.857 | 283.76 | 277.07 | 284.05 | 0.014 | 0.909 | 59.71 | 59.01 | 60.82 | 0.503 | 0.408 |
33 | 2128.69 | 2051.11 | 2130.77 | 0.077 | 0.960 | 294.98 | 288.87 | 295.25 | 0.038 | 0.922 | 61.55 | 60.94 | 62.75 | 0.581 | 0.395 |
34 | 2347.34 | 2297.17 | 2339.22 | 0.292 | 0.858 | 305.51 | 301.17 | 305.78 | 0.130 | 0.921 | 63.42 | 62.99 | 64.49 | 0.704 | 0.465 |
35 | 2563.79 | 2567.88 | 2536.39 | 0.938 | 0.575 | 315.13 | 313.79 | 315.28 | 0.639 | 0.955 | 65.31 | 65.21 | 65.98 | 0.929 | 0.663 |
36 | 2778.72 | 2841.97 | 2724.29 | 0.315 | 0.329 | 324.18 | 325.9 | 323.93 | 0.614 | 0.936 | 67.13 | 67.43 | 67.22 | 0.804 | 0.956 |
37 | 2995.99 | 3086.12 | 2914.31 | 0.221 | 0.210 | 333.14 | 336.32 | 332.4 | 0.424 | 0.834 | 68.72 | 69.39 | 68.30 | 0.626 | 0.803 |
38 | 3221.46 | 3258.69 | 3121.99 | 0.633 | 0.163 | 342.6 | 343.79 | 341.43 | 0.761 | 0.746 | 69.93 | 70.81 | 69.33 | 0.528 | 0.732 |
39 | 3463.07 | 3315.86 | 3367.49 | 0.126 | 0.229 | 353.19 | 346.99 | 351.89 | 0.202 | 0.741 | 70.59 | 71.37 | 70.42 | 0.631 | 0.925 |
40 | 3731.17 | 3222.27 | 3677.29 | 0.005 | 0.685 | 365.62 | 344.71 | 364.73 | 0.053 | 0.914 | 70.56 | 70.82 | 71.69 | 0.933 | 0.614 |
GW | Head Circumference (HC), mm | Biparietal Diameter (BPD), mm | HC/AC Ratio | ||||||||||||
Back-Transformed Geometric Mean mm | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean mm | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | ||||||||||
1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | |
10 | 46.38 | 51.84 | 49.12 | <0.001 | 0.141 | 11.36 | 12.86 | 12.24 | <0.001 | 0.111 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.18 | 0.338 | 0.041 |
11 | 58.7 | 62.51 | 59.75 | 0.0001 | 0.402 | 15.21 | 16.13 | 15.42 | 0.003 | 0.580 | 1.26 | 1.31 | 1.22 | 0.066 | 0.080 |
12 | 71.87 | 73.99 | 71.25 | <0.001 | 0.394 | 19.35 | 19.64 | 18.86 | 0.131 | 0.036 | 1.25 | 1.29 | 1.24 | <0.001 | 0.427 |
13 | 85.46 | 86.10 | 83.40 | 0.303 | <0.001 | 23.55 | 23.29 | 22.43 | 0.174 | <0.0001 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.25 | <0.0001 | 0.119 |
14 | 99.05 | 98.64 | 96.02 | 0.613 | <0.001 | 27.61 | 26.99 | 26.06 | 0.014 | <0.0001 | 1.22 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 0.004 | 0.011 |
15 | 112.36 | 111.42 | 108.90 | 0.319 | <0.001 | 31.39 | 30.64 | 29.66 | 0.011 | <0.0001 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 0.034 | 0.009 |
16 | 125.19 | 124.26 | 121.87 | 0.338 | 0.003 | 34.84 | 34.20 | 33.17 | 0.037 | <0.0001 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 0.130 | 0.017 |
17 | 137.56 | 137.04 | 134.81 | 0.604 | 0.014 | 38.00 | 37.65 | 36.57 | 0.263 | <0.0001 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 0.419 | 0.069 |
18 | 149.62 | 149.66 | 147.64 | 0.975 | 0.090 | 41.00 | 40.98 | 39.88 | 0.961 | 0.002 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 0.929 | 0.369 |
19 | 161.63 | 162.06 | 160.34 | 0.727 | 0.311 | 44.01 | 44.24 | 43.14 | 0.551 | 0.027 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 0.634 | 0.988 |
20 | 173.56 | 174.16 | 172.87 | 0.651 | 0.612 | 47.06 | 47.42 | 46.37 | 0.385 | 0.096 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 0.357 | 0.463 |
21 | 185.33 | 185.88 | 185.12 | 0.689 | 0.881 | 50.13 | 50.50 | 49.54 | 0.380 | 0.170 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 0.197 | 0.190 |
22 | 196.89 | 197.18 | 197.03 | 0.830 | 0.921 | 53.20 | 53.47 | 52.65 | 0.514 | 0.206 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 0.118 | 0.079 |
23 | 208.16 | 208.05 | 208.54 | 0.940 | 0.799 | 56.24 | 56.34 | 55.68 | 0.819 | 0.203 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 0.096 | 0.042 |
24 | 219.11 | 218.50 | 219.62 | 0.693 | 0.743 | 59.24 | 59.11 | 58.62 | 0.777 | 0.184 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 0.127 | 0.039 |
25 | 229.7 | 228.59 | 230.28 | 0.507 | 0.733 | 62.18 | 61.82 | 61.48 | 0.465 | 0.169 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 0.236 | 0.058 |
26 | 239.92 | 238.4 | 240.53 | 0.401 | 0.741 | 65.02 | 64.48 | 64.26 | 0.304 | 0.165 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.470 | 0.108 |
27 | 249.78 | 248.03 | 250.44 | 0.360 | 0.738 | 67.77 | 67.13 | 66.97 | 0.250 | 0.173 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.879 | 0.200 |
28 | 259.29 | 257.63 | 260.06 | 0.385 | 0.701 | 70.39 | 69.81 | 69.64 | 0.292 | 0.201 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 0.548 | 0.353 |
29 | 268.47 | 267.25 | 269.49 | 0.509 | 0.604 | 72.87 | 72.54 | 72.26 | 0.525 | 0.284 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 0.100 | 0.589 |
30 | 277.28 | 276.73 | 278.69 | 0.770 | 0.467 | 75.22 | 75.27 | 74.85 | 0.916 | 0.504 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 0.006 | 0.912 |
31 | 285.67 | 285.91 | 287.51 | 0.909 | 0.369 | 77.45 | 77.95 | 77.36 | 0.372 | 0.876 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.05 | <0.001 | 0.771 |
32 | 293.58 | 294.56 | 295.77 | 0.668 | 0.334 | 79.58 | 80.52 | 79.74 | 0.141 | 0.810 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.04 | <0.001 | 0.571 |
33 | 300.97 | 302.48 | 303.30 | 0.530 | 0.342 | 81.65 | 82.90 | 81.94 | 0.062 | 0.668 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 0.002 | 0.455 |
34 | 307.79 | 309.43 | 309.89 | 0.485 | 0.396 | 83.66 | 85.02 | 83.93 | 0.035 | 0.703 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.013 | 0.370 |
35 | 313.98 | 315.23 | 315.37 | 0.597 | 0.564 | 85.64 | 86.81 | 85.64 | 0.066 | 0.997 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.356 | 0.302 |
36 | 319.41 | 319.81 | 319.79 | 0.883 | 0.885 | 87.50 | 88.24 | 87.08 | 0.327 | 0.569 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.561 | 0.276 |
37 | 323.93 | 323.15 | 323.39 | 0.795 | 0.856 | 89.10 | 89.26 | 88.26 | 0.850 | 0.336 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.255 | 0.233 |
38 | 327.41 | 325.27 | 326.46 | 0.472 | 0.758 | 90.33 | 89.87 | 89.23 | 0.582 | 0.219 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.568 | 0.114 |
39 | 329.69 | 326.16 | 329.28 | 0.334 | 0.898 | 91.04 | 90.02 | 90.03 | 0.335 | 0.272 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.119 | 0.052 |
40 | 330.64 | 325.86 | 332.16 | 0.515 | 0.788 | 91.13 | 89.72 | 90.69 | 0.541 | 0.810 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.009 | 0.214 |
GW | Estimated Fetal Weight (EFW), g | Abdominal Circumference (AC), mm | Femur Length (FL), mm | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Back-Transformed Geometric Mean g | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean mm | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | ||||||||||
1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | |
10 | 41.85 | 32.27 | 35.96 | 0.001 | 0.109 | 43.76 | 36.67 | 38.62 | <0.001 | 0.021 | 2.68 | 2.14 | 2.57 | <0.001 | 0.525 |
11 | 47.07 | 42.06 | 45.36 | 0.008 | 0.461 | 49.66 | 46.25 | 48.40 | 0.005 | 0.370 | 4.37 | 3.9 | 4.33 | 0.002 | 0.782 |
12 | 55.24 | 54.46 | 57.54 | 0.520 | 0.083 | 56.77 | 56.82 | 59.13 | 0.948 | 0.002 | 6.59 | 6.38 | 6.67 | 0.169 | 0.602 |
13 | 67.03 | 70.05 | 73.22 | 0.021 | <0.0001 | 65.17 | 68.13 | 70.59 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 9.27 | 9.47 | 9.53 | 0.321 | 0.176 |
14 | 83.38 | 89.46 | 93.22 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 74.88 | 79.96 | 82.52 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 12.29 | 12.95 | 12.76 | 0.024 | 0.086 |
15 | 105.35 | 113.42 | 118.45 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 85.83 | 92.07 | 94.68 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 15.49 | 16.52 | 16.16 | 0.006 | 0.058 |
16 | 134.02 | 142.69 | 149.83 | 0.003 | <0.0001 | 97.84 | 104.28 | 106.87 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 18.71 | 19.94 | 19.55 | 0.005 | 0.045 |
17 | 170.13 | 178.10 | 188.18 | 0.025 | <0.0001 | 110.55 | 116.46 | 118.94 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 21.88 | 23.08 | 22.83 | 0.014 | 0.043 |
18 | 213.64 | 220.47 | 234.09 | 0.125 | <0.0001 | 123.42 | 128.58 | 130.81 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 24.98 | 25.99 | 25.99 | 0.066 | 0.054 |
19 | 263.96 | 270.61 | 287.73 | 0.235 | <0.0001 | 135.99 | 140.67 | 142.49 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 28.06 | 28.83 | 29.12 | 0.212 | 0.072 |
20 | 321.22 | 329.34 | 349.24 | 0.233 | <0.0001 | 148.1 | 152.67 | 153.95 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 31.09 | 31.67 | 32.21 | 0.391 | 0.085 |
21 | 385.65 | 397.50 | 419.03 | 0.143 | <0.0001 | 159.65 | 164.49 | 165.14 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 34.02 | 34.49 | 35.22 | 0.529 | 0.091 |
22 | 457.56 | 475.86 | 497.51 | 0.054 | <0.0001 | 170.60 | 176.09 | 176.03 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 36.84 | 37.25 | 38.11 | 0.600 | 0.093 |
23 | 537.39 | 565.13 | 585.13 | 0.013 | <0.0001 | 181.00 | 187.43 | 186.61 | 0.0001 | 0.001 | 39.51 | 39.93 | 40.86 | 0.608 | 0.095 |
24 | 625.81 | 665.91 | 682.42 | 0.003 | <0.0001 | 190.94 | 198.52 | 196.94 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 42.04 | 42.53 | 43.45 | 0.575 | 0.101 |
25 | 723.81 | 778.66 | 790.04 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 200.59 | 209.38 | 207.09 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 44.43 | 45.03 | 45.89 | 0.525 | 0.116 |
26 | 832.86 | 903.68 | 908.87 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 210.16 | 220.08 | 217.15 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 46.72 | 47.44 | 48.18 | 0.477 | 0.140 |
27 | 955.00 | 1041.11 | 1040.08 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 219.93 | 230.70 | 227.27 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 48.94 | 49.77 | 50.35 | 0.445 | 0.177 |
28 | 1093.05 | 1190.85 | 1185.24 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 230.24 | 241.37 | 237.64 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 51.14 | 52.02 | 52.44 | 0.437 | 0.234 |
29 | 1249.44 | 1352.64 | 1346.23 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 241.38 | 252.19 | 248.44 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 53.38 | 54.22 | 54.48 | 0.472 | 0.328 |
30 | 1424.33 | 1526.24 | 1523.6 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 253.23 | 263.13 | 259.70 | <0.0001 | 0.003 | 55.65 | 56.36 | 56.5 | 0.553 | 0.471 |
31 | 1616.67 | 1711.36 | 1716.02 | 0.010 | <0.0001 | 265.53 | 274.09 | 271.24 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 57.92 | 58.46 | 58.47 | 0.667 | 0.656 |
32 | 1824.08 | 1907.67 | 1921.04 | 0.054 | 0.003 | 277.97 | 284.97 | 282.88 | 0.008 | 0.072 | 60.13 | 60.52 | 60.39 | 0.778 | 0.845 |
33 | 2042.57 | 2114.8 | 2134.87 | 0.149 | 0.014 | 290.17 | 295.64 | 294.36 | 0.060 | 0.162 | 62.25 | 62.54 | 62.26 | 0.847 | 0.997 |
34 | 2266.30 | 2332.40 | 2352.27 | 0.231 | 0.030 | 301.70 | 305.99 | 305.42 | 0.138 | 0.214 | 64.23 | 64.52 | 64.07 | 0.847 | 0.909 |
35 | 2488.31 | 2559.63 | 2567.07 | 0.234 | 0.055 | 312.14 | 315.92 | 315.78 | 0.170 | 0.208 | 66.01 | 66.48 | 65.81 | 0.760 | 0.888 |
36 | 2703.66 | 2791.87 | 2778.00 | 0.197 | 0.137247 | 321.54 | 325.70 | 325.45 | 0.185 | 0.238 | 67.58 | 68.4 | 67.48 | 0.619 | 0.947 |
37 | 2908.15 | 3021.68 | 2988.34 | 0.152 | 0.194177 | 330.17 | 335.75 | 334.58 | 0.139 | 0.259 | 68.93 | 70.23 | 69.09 | 0.466 | 0.925 |
38 | 3097.81 | 3239.88 | 3203.25 | 0.102 | 0.104549 | 338.36 | 346.56 | 343.40 | 0.036 | 0.201 | 70.05 | 71.94 | 70.64 | 0.306 | 0.733 |
39 | 3269.08 | 3435.79 | 3429.89 | 0.076 | 0.039051 | 346.46 | 358.67 | 352.13 | 0.003 | 0.211 | 70.94 | 73.48 | 72.15 | 0.194 | 0.522 |
40 | 3418.87 | 3597.76 | 3677.57 | 0.171 | 0.129976 | 354.87 | 372.73 | 361.06 | 0.026 | 0.524 | 71.61 | 74.8 | 73.62 | 0.272 | 0.483 |
GW | Head Circumference (HC), mm | Biparietal Diameter (BPD), mm | HC/AC Ratio | ||||||||||||
Back-Transformed Geometric Mean mm | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean mm | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | Back-Transformed Geometric Mean | Wald Test for Pairwise Comparison p-Value | ||||||||||
1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd vs. 1st Tertile | 3rd vs. 1st Tertile | |
10 | 58.71 | 43.93 | 52.76 | <0.0001 | 0.013 | 14.20 | 10.88 | 13.10 | <0.0001 | 0.096 | 1.33 | 1.18 | 1.39 | <0.001 | 0.348 |
11 | 65.57 | 56.76 | 63.50 | <0.0001 | 0.155 | 16.69 | 14.64 | 16.42 | <0.0001 | 0.522 | 1.32 | 1.22 | 1.32 | <0.0001 | 0.870 |
12 | 73.76 | 70.50 | 75.05 | 0.0001 | 0.096 | 19.44 | 18.73 | 19.97 | 0.001 | 0.021 | 1.30 | 1.24 | 1.27 | <0.0001 | 0.053 |
13 | 83.29 | 84.60 | 87.23 | 0.136 | <0.0001 | 22.43 | 22.90 | 23.64 | 0.034 | <0.0001 | 1.28 | 1.25 | 1.24 | <0.001 | <0.0001 |
14 | 94.17 | 98.53 | 99.83 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 25.65 | 26.95 | 27.34 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1.26 | 1.24 | 1.21 | 0.0607 | <0.0001 |
15 | 106.28 | 111.94 | 112.69 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 29.04 | 30.74 | 30.99 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 0.114 | <0.0001 |
16 | 119.39 | 124.62 | 125.63 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 32.55 | 34.19 | 34.53 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1.22 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 0.032 | <0.0001 |
17 | 133.11 | 136.61 | 138.53 | 0.016 | <0.0001 | 36.12 | 37.33 | 37.94 | 0.002 | <0.0001 | 1.20 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 0.001 | <0.0001 |
18 | 146.86 | 148.17 | 151.31 | 0.412 | <0.001 | 39.65 | 40.27 | 41.24 | 0.146 | <0.0001 | 1.19 | 1.15 | 1.16 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
19 | 160.18 | 159.72 | 163.93 | 0.789 | 0.007 | 43.08 | 43.20 | 44.50 | 0.799 | 0.001 | 1.18 | 1.14 | 1.15 | <0.0001 | 0.005 |
20 | 172.91 | 171.41 | 176.35 | 0.423 | 0.021 | 46.38 | 46.19 | 47.72 | 0.704 | 0.003 | 1.17 | 1.12 | 1.15 | <0.0001 | 0.026 |
21 | 184.95 | 183.16 | 188.47 | 0.367 | 0.021 | 49.52 | 49.21 | 50.90 | 0.553 | 0.003 | 1.16 | 1.11 | 1.14 | <0.0001 | 0.069 |
22 | 196.25 | 194.9 | 200.23 | 0.514 | 0.010 | 52.51 | 52.25 | 54.02 | 0.642 | 0.001 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 1.14 | <0.0001 | 0.141 |
23 | 206.85 | 206.54 | 211.59 | 0.887 | 0.003 | 55.34 | 55.30 | 57.06 | 0.940 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 1.10 | 1.13 | <0.0001 | 0.252 |
24 | 216.83 | 218.01 | 222.51 | 0.614 | <0.001 | 58.04 | 58.33 | 60.03 | 0.650 | 0.0001 | 1.14 | 1.10 | 1.13 | <0.0001 | 0.406 |
25 | 226.31 | 229.22 | 233.01 | 0.250 | <0.001 | 60.64 | 61.33 | 62.91 | 0.322 | <0.0001 | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.13 | <0.0001 | 0.582 |
26 | 235.48 | 240.11 | 243.12 | 0.089 | 0.0001 | 63.19 | 64.28 | 65.70 | 0.149 | <0.0001 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.12 | <0.0001 | 0.751 |
27 | 244.58 | 250.59 | 252.88 | 0.036 | <0.0001 | 65.73 | 67.16 | 68.43 | 0.076 | <0.0001 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 0.0001 | 0.905 |
28 | 253.86 | 260.60 | 262.37 | 0.022 | <0.0001 | 68.34 | 69.94 | 71.08 | 0.052 | <0.0001 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.10 | <0.001 | 0.937 |
29 | 263.44 | 270.09 | 271.68 | 0.026 | <0.0001 | 71.04 | 72.62 | 73.69 | 0.057 | <0.0001 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 0.001 | 0.770 |
30 | 273.10 | 279.01 | 280.74 | 0.056 | <0.0001 | 73.77 | 75.18 | 76.23 | 0.100 | <0.0001 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 0.002 | 0.634 |
31 | 282.54 | 287.36 | 289.40 | 0.143 | <0.001 | 76.45 | 77.60 | 78.66 | 0.214 | <0.001 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 0.016 | 0.577 |
32 | 291.43 | 295.10 | 297.48 | 0.298 | 0.008 | 78.99 | 79.87 | 80.97 | 0.384 | 0.004 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 0.088 | 0.589 |
33 | 299.38 | 302.26 | 304.79 | 0.441 | 0.027 | 81.28 | 81.98 | 83.11 | 0.572 | 0.015 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 0.270 | 0.633 |
34 | 306.02 | 308.83 | 311.15 | 0.462 | 0.031 | 83.23 | 83.93 | 85.04 | 0.523 | 0.013 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.621 | 0.706 |
35 | 311.07 | 314.80 | 316.38 | 0.336 | 0.020 | 84.74 | 85.70 | 86.73 | 0.387 | 0.004 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.764 | 0.850 |
36 | 314.81 | 319.88 | 320.52 | 0.216 | 0.027 | 85.89 | 87.27 | 88.20 | 0.246 | 0.004 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.384 | 0.950 |
37 | 317.72 | 323.72 | 323.74 | 0.174 | 0.045 | 86.76 | 88.62 | 89.47 | 0.159 | 0.003 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.374 | 0.786 |
38 | 320.28 | 325.94 | 326.21 | 0.216 | 0.049 | 87.48 | 89.70 | 90.61 | 0.103 | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.700 | 0.618 |
39 | 323.00 | 326.17 | 328.14 | 0.500 | 0.127 | 88.15 | 90.50 | 91.65 | 0.099 | 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.321 | 0.560 |
40 | 326.42 | 324.09 | 329.75 | 0.702 | 0.628 | 88.91 | 90.99 | 92.66 | 0.314 | 0.074 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.064 | 0.750 |
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Li, L.-J.; Du, R.; Ouidir, M.; Lu, R.; Chen, Z.; Weir, N.L.; Tsai, M.Y.; Albert, P.S.; Zhang, C. Early Pregnancy Maternal Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids and Fetal Growth: Findings from a Multi-Racial/Ethnic Birth Cohort in US. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153287
Li L-J, Du R, Ouidir M, Lu R, Chen Z, Weir NL, Tsai MY, Albert PS, Zhang C. Early Pregnancy Maternal Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids and Fetal Growth: Findings from a Multi-Racial/Ethnic Birth Cohort in US. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153287
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ling-Jun, Ruochen Du, Marion Ouidir, Ruijin Lu, Zhen Chen, Natalie L. Weir, Michael Y. Tsai, Paul S. Albert, and Cuilin Zhang. 2023. "Early Pregnancy Maternal Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids and Fetal Growth: Findings from a Multi-Racial/Ethnic Birth Cohort in US" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153287