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Article

Induction Heating and Cooling Performance of Asphalt Mixture as Recycling Rap and Steel Slag

by
Chao Yang
1,2,3,
Zilin Lei
1,
Sicheng Wang
4,
Fusong Wang
5,*,
Wangwang Zhou
5,
Qiuyuan Luo
6 and
Jixin Zhang
6
1
School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
2
Building Waterproof Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
3
Key Laboratory of Health Intelligent Perception and Ecological Restoration of River and Lake, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
4
School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
5
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
6
Fujian Provincial Transportation Research Institute Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350004, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14268; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914268
Submission received: 31 August 2023 / Revised: 19 September 2023 / Accepted: 22 September 2023 / Published: 27 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
Recycling reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for asphalt pavement construction is of interest due to its potential to mitigate environmental impact and resource consumption; however, the addition of RAP limits the induction heating behavior of asphalt mixtures, hindering the further application of RAP in sustainable and functional asphalt pavement. This study prepared recycled asphalt mixtures with high contents of steel slag aggregate and RAP, and optimized the rejuvenator dosage and composition design to investigate the induction heating rate. The effect of the steel fiber content, heating time, and heating distance on the induction capacity were verified for the recycled asphalt mixture. Moreover, the cooling curves of the recycled asphalt mixture were explored using a constant temperature chamber and infrared camera. The results showed that 6 wt% of rejuvenator in aged asphalt could evidently restore the physical properties and surface morphology, the highest heating rate of 1.204 °C/s could be reached with 2 wt% of steel fiber content, and the effective intervals of heating time and heating distance were set as 60–120 s and 10–20 mm, respectively. This study could be a significant reference in promoting solid waste recycling and sustainable asphalt pavement construction.

1. Introduction

With the implementation of sustainable roads in recent years, substituting solid waste for raw materials in asphalt pavement construction and maintenance activities is of increasing interest globally [1], having been recognized as a workable alternative in reducing resource consumption and mitigating the environmental burden [2]. Steel slag [3] and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) [4] are widely used in asphalt mixture production due to their sharply rising production rate annually and satisfactory physicochemical properties. Meanwhile, induction heating is currently attracting attention from the perspective of functional asphalt pavement [5,6], especially road maintenance and defrosting [7]. Hence, exploring the potential applications of steel slag and RAP for induction heating asphalt pavement would enhance the development of sustainable road construction.
Mahmoud evaluated the fracture resistance of warm-mix asphalt with a high content of RAP; their results showed that the addition of 50% RAP had little impact on the long-term fracture property of the asphalt mixture, and using rejuvenator could decrease the negative effects on fatigue performance [8]. Chamod reviewed the research on using RAP for warm-mix asphalt mixtures, and the study pointed out that the utilization of RAP could increase the rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility of asphalt pavement, and a better fatigue property was obtained compared to using an organic warm mixing agent [9]. Mariusz studied the thermal cracking behavior of asphalt mixtures with a high RAP content, and the results showed that adding RAP to the asphalt mixture worsened the fracture resistance, and addition of 20% RAP raised the cracking temperature [10]. Martins integrated six different rejuvenators and analyzed the fatigue life and rutting resistance of recycled asphalt mixture with the addition of 100% RAP [11]. Imad collected RAP samples from nine field projects and investigated their mechanical performance to monitor the impact of recycled materials [12].
Asphalt pavement construction consumes a substantial amount of high-quality aggregates extracted from natural mines [13], but in recent decades, excessive mining operations have led to the shortage of natural aggregate resources becoming a growing problem [14]. Consequently, a number of studies have applied steel slag aggregate for low-carbon asphalt mixtures [15]. In addition to alleviating the environmental impacts, it was found that steel slag asphalt mixtures have good road performance and mechanical properties [16,17,18]; moreover, several studies demonstrated that steel slag showed better apparent morphology and mechanical properties than those of natural aggregate, including wear resistance, anti-skid properties, angular richness, and high alkalinity [19,20]. Meanwhile, many studies have investigated the servicing performance of steel slag asphalt mixtures and conventional asphalt mixtures. Accordingly, steel slag asphalt mixtures were shown to have better healing capacity and ductility [21], high-temperature performance [22], water stability performance [23,24,25], and fatigue resistance [26,27]. It is worthy of recognition that recycling steel slag as a low-carbon construction source in asphalt mixtures contributes to the implementation of cleaner pavement.
Induction heating is considered a promising maintenance approach for sustainable asphalt pavement [28]. The composition and particle size of steel slag have positive influences on the efficiency of induction heating [29,30]. Wan carried out an experimental study on the particle size of steel slag and the proportion of iron elements, etc. The results showed that the effective composition of steel slag is Fe3O4 and iron [31]. Lou utilized numerical simulations to verify the heating capacity using microwave induction heating frequency and power [32].
It can be noted that induction heating technology has been widely discussed and used in steel slag asphalt pavement, but the cooling rate has seldom been discussed. Additionally, the addition of RAP affects the induction heating rate and healing rate in asphalt mixtures, which limits the utilization of recycled asphalt mixtures containing RAP in the upper layer of asphalt pavement. To address this research gap, the main purpose of this study was to explore the induction heating rate and cooling performance of asphalt mixtures incorporating steel slag aggregate and RAP (SSRAM). Different particle sizes of steel slag aggregate and different dosages of RAP were analyzed to determine the optimal rejuvenator dosage and composition design. The effects of the steel fiber content, heating time, and heating distance on the induction heating rate of SSRAM were surveyed. Afterward, the average temperature and cooling curves of SSRAM were discussed, considering the induction operation period. The study makes a good reference for the sustainable development of asphalt pavement and improving the utilization of solid waste.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

In this study, styrene–butadiene–styrene-modified asphalt (SBS asphalt for short) was used as the virgin asphalt to conduct the induction and morphology experiments; it was supplied from Inner Mongolia, China. The aged asphalt, extracted from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in actual highway sites, is denoted as RAP asphalt. Recycled asphalt was produced from mixing treatments using a rejuvenator and RAP asphalt. The rejuvenator was obtained from the Jiangsu Subote New Materials Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China); its main component was light oil to increase the rheological and fatigue properties [33]. The basic properties of the three types of asphalt samples are listed in Table 1, among which, the basic properties for recycled asphalt were tested with the mixing composition of 6 wt% of the rejuvenator and 94 wt% of the RAP asphalt. It can be inferred that the asphalt mixture from an actual highway after long-term service revealed a significant aging phenomenon, and the penetration and ductility of RAP asphalt were dramatically reduced. Involving the rejuvenator in the RAP asphalt could elevate its degraded performance indicators.

2.2. Methods

In this study, the optimal rejuvenator content was investigated using tests on the penetration, ductility, softening point, and AFM 3D topography of the asphalt binders. Meanwhile, the SSRAM was prepared by the addition of steel slag, RAP, and steel fiber. The effect of the fiber content, heating time, and heating distance on the induction heating rate was analyzed, and the cooling efficiency was also studied with different particle sizes of steel slag and RAP contents. Figure 1 depicts the basic research flow.

2.2.1. Characterization of Recycled Asphalt

The conventional physical properties of recycled asphalt were employed as primary indexes to identify the positive effects of the rejuvenator used, including the penetration, ductility, and softening point tests; the penetration and ductility were tested at 25 °C and 5 °C, respectively. Afterwards, the surface morphology characteristics of the asphalt samples were analyzed using a multimode atomic force microscope (AFM), which could verify the roughness differences by high-precision analysis and calculation. The arithmetical mean (Ra) and root mean square (Rq) of the roughness were then used as the analysis parameters. Considering the practical servicing conditions of asphalt pavement, the experimental temperature and relative humidity in the AFM measurements were set at 25 °C and 25%, respectively, and the same measuring conditions for the AFM probe were applied for all samples. The elasticity coefficient and resonance frequency were 6 N/m and 150 kHz, respectively, and the scanning area was 20 μm × 20 μm in half-contact tap mode.

2.2.2. Sample Preparation of Asphalt Mixtures

To obtain a stable induction heating capacity, steel fiber was worked as the primary matrix to produce the SSRAM. The mixture gradation of the prepared SSRAM was asphalt concrete (AC)-13 with the nominal maximum size of 13.2 mm. According to the design specifications of recycled asphalt mixture [34], firstly, RAP was preheated at 110 °C for 2 h, and then, mixed with the virgin steel slag aggregate in a mixing pot at 170 °C for 90 s. Afterwards, the steel fiber was added to the pot and mixed for 30 s. After that, the virgin asphalt (preheated to 160 °C) and the rejuvenator (preheated to 80 °C) were incorporated and mixed for 90 s. Finally, the preheated limestone filler was added for 90 s, and the extracted mixture was the SSRAM, which could then be compacted to Marshall samples for the related experiments.

2.2.3. Induction Heating Property Test

In the study, an induction heating device (GH-INDUCTION, EASYHEAT, Delft, The Netherlands) and infrared camera (FLIR T420) were applied to conduct the induction heating and temperature monitoring experiments. Considering the heating efficiency and actual energy consumption of the recycled asphalt mixtures, the heating voltage and output power were set to 650 V and 7.9 kW, respectively [35]. The induction heating distance was the perpendicular distance from the induction coil to the surface of the asphalt mixture samples, fluctuating from 10 mm to 40 mm with an interval of 5 mm. The heating time ranged from 20 s to 100 s with an interval of 20 s. The influence of the different heating times was analyzed at a heating distance of 10 mm, while the influence of the different heating distances was analyzed using a heating time of 50 s. The FLIR Tools software was applied to verify the surface temperature of the asphalt mixture samples. The comprehensive induction effects of SSRAM were then interpreted based on the steel fiber dosage, induction heating time, and heating distance.

2.2.4. Cooling Performance

Induction heating can increase the temperature of the asphalt binder sharply, while the cooling process determines the healing effects of the SSRAM. The cooling performance of the SSRAM was investigated using a constant temperature chamber and infrared camera. Specifically, the asphalt samples were placed in a constant temperature chamber at 80 °C firstly, then, the infrared camera was used to monitor the average temperature of the upper surface of the specimens and record the time and temperature for the cooling process.
To investigate the cooling effects of the steel slag aggregate, a series of 7 SSRAM samples (labeled with R1 to R7) were prepared using different particle sizes of steel slag aggregate, and another series of 4 SSRAM samples with different dosages of RAP (labeled with Ra to Rd) were produced to investigate the cooling effects of the RAP. Meanwhile, the control group, an asphalt mixture sample without RAP or steel slag, was labeled with R0. The content of RAP added in R1 to R7 was 30%, and the substitution gradations of steel slag in Ra to Rd were 2.36–16 mm in the SSRAM. The natural aggregate used in the experiment was basalt. Table 2 lists the specific additions of steel slag aggregate and RAP in the experimental groups.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Determination of Rejuvenator Dosage

Figure 2 illustrates the results of the rejuvenator effects on the penetration, ductility, and softening point of aged asphalt. It is seen that the penetration and ductility of recycled asphalt gradually increase with increasing rejuvenator dosage, while the softening point decreases with the addition of rejuvenator. Meanwhile, the physical properties of aged asphalt can be basically restored to a level close to fresh asphalt by incorporating 6 wt% of rejuvenator. For the recycled asphalt sample with 6 wt% of rejuvenator, the test results of the penetration, ductility, and softening point are 6.3 mm, 37.6 cm, and 59 °C, respectively.
The study verified the roughness changes in the virgin asphalt, recycled asphalt, and aged asphalt from the 3D microscopic morphology perspective, as displayed in Figure 3. It can be seen that the arithmetical mean (Ra) and root mean square (Rq) of aged asphalt roughness are 1.77 nm and 4.13 nm, respectively, over 3.5 and 6.8 times the values of virgin asphalt. The addition of the rejuvenator can significantly reduce the roughness of aged asphalt according to the values of Ra and Rq, and the recycled asphalt containing 10 wt% of rejuvenator is close to the roughness of virgin asphalt. However, considering the reduction effect on the softening point, 6 wt% of rejuvenator content is used as the optimal dosage for the aged asphalt binder.

3.2. Induction Heating Rate

3.2.1. Effect of Steel Fiber Content

According to the findings of Wan et al., the maximum amount of steel fibers in AC-5 asphalt mixtures should not exceed 1 wt% of the asphalt mixture, while the threshold addition for SMA-5 asphalt mixtures is 2 wt% [36]. Therefore, five steel fiber dosages (the ratio of steel fiber to the total mass of asphalt mixture) of 0, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 1.5 wt%, and 2 wt% were selected in this study. Figure 4 shows the average temperature of the SSRAMs with different steel fiber additions. It is noticeable that the average temperature rises with the increase in induction heating time. For the SSRAM containing 0.5 wt% of steel fiber, a temperature increase of 11.6 °C is achieved after 50 s of induction time; the sample containing 1.5 wt% of steel fiber obtained a surface temperature of 57.9 °C, while the sample with 2 wt% of steel fiber reached 71.4 °C after 50 s of induction heating, which is much higher than the softening point of 59 °C. Hence, the average temperature of SSRAM increases with increasing steel fiber content. This is because steel fiber, as an excellent heat conductor, has a larger thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion than aggregate and asphalt. Therefore, incorporating steel fibers can elevate the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion of the mixture, thereby enhancing the induction heating temperature of the mixture. The addition of 2 wt% of steel fiber is used as the optimal dosage in the design of heat-induced SSRAM.
Figure 5 shows infrared images of SSRAM without steel fibers having undergone induction treatment for 0 s, 30 s, and 50 s. The induction treatment increases the temperature distribution for SSRAM without steel fibers, which indicates that the steel slag could have a positive effect on induction heating due to the incorporation of magnetic components such as iron monomers and Fe3O4. Considering the SSRAM without steel fibers, induction treatment for 50 s resulted in an average temperature growth of 10 °C from 22.7 °C. There is a bright high-temperature area on the surface of the SSRAM without steel fibers, while a partial area of bright color appears after 30 s induction treatment, and 50 s of induction treatment results in a temperature increase throughout the whole structure. These results confirm the desirable induction heating properties of the steel slag asphalt mixture.
Figure 6 elaborates on the average heating rate by linearly fitting the average temperature of SSRAM with different steel fiber dosages. The results indicate that the heating rate of SSRAM without steel fibers is 0.453 °C/s, which does not meet the induction heating requirements for fracture damage. However, adding 2 wt% of steel fibers causes the heating rate of SSRAM to reach 1.204 °C/s, approximately three times that of the mixture without steel fibers. This is because steel fiber is subjected to double the heat conduction of steel slag, leading to its higher induction heating efficiency. Therefore, 2 wt% of steel fibers is selected as the optimal dosage in order to obtain the highest heating rate and decrease the damage in the asphalt mixture structure.

3.2.2. Effect of Heating Time

Figure 7 reflects the average temperature of the SSRAM under different heating times. The surface temperature and heating time demonstrate a positive linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient. As the heating time is increased to 60 s, the average temperature of the SSRAM sample reaches 81.5 °C, which is higher than the softening point of recycled asphalt (59 °C). As the heating time is increased to 120 s, the surface temperature of the SSRAM reaches 136.6 °C, at which temperature the recycled asphalt mixture would display a slight deformation. Raising the induction time would further aggravate the deformation degree of the asphalt mixture, causing the occurrence of loosening and pulling off. Therefore, the most effective induction heating time interval of SSRAM is 60–120 s. Under this heating time interval, the cracks of the recycled asphalt mixture can be evidently healed and structure deformation and collapse is avoided.

3.2.3. Effect of Heating Distance

In the literature, an induction heating distance of 10 mm has been widely adopted due to the resulting appropriate induction capacity and acceptable softening strength. In order to investigate the effects of the induction heating distance on SSRAM, the temperature of the SSRAM sample was monitored, employing heating distances in the range of 10 mm to 40 mm with an increment of 5 mm. Figure 8 describes the average temperature and heating rate of SSRAM under different heating distances. From Figure 8a, it is noticeable that under the same heating time, the average temperature of SSRAM is reduced with increasing heating distance. When the heating distance reaches 20 mm, the surface temperature of the sample is 57.1 °C after 50 s of induction treatment, which is close to the softening point (59 °C) of SSRAM. These results indicate that the specimen cannot be effectively heated by rapid induction heating when the vertical distance exceeds 20 mm.
Figure 8b shows the average heating rates of SSRAM at different heating distances using a linear fitting method. As the heating distance climbs from 10 mm to 40 mm, the heating rate of the mixture diminishes, from 1.217 °C/s to 0.567 °C/s. This result is because the magnetic field strength near the specimen is depressed as the heating distance increases, leading to a decline in the heating rate. Moreover, the magnitude of the reduction in the heating rate slows down with the rising heating distance, and the fitting results reveal a good exponential relationship between the heating rate and the heating distance, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9933. This is because the magnetic field strength of the inductance coil always declines with the increasing heating distance with a nonlinear relationship, and the decrease in the magnetic field strength is greater in areas far from the inductance coil [37]. Therefore, in order to obtain a higher heating efficiency for SSRAM, a heating distance of 10 mm is applied in the following induction heating and cooling performance experiments.

3.3. Cooling Performance

Crack healing mainly occurs during the ambient cooling process after rapid induction heating treatment, and the crack healing rate gradually declines with temperature reduction after induction heating. Therefore, analyzing the cooling process of different SSRAM samples could be significant for understanding the practical induction heating effects. Considering the same initial temperature and ambient temperature, the variation in the used material was recognized as the primary point for the discrepancy in cooling performance in this study.

3.3.1. The Effects of Particle Size of Steel Slag

The cooling curves of recycled asphalt mixtures prepared with different grain sizes of steel slag are depicted in Figure 9. Compared with conventional asphalt mixtures, the incorporation of steel slag aggregate (R2–R5) and steel slag filler (R6) notably reduce the cooling rate of SSRAM. The SSRAM composed of full-component steel slag (R7) exhibits the slowest temperature drop rate, because the steel slag contains abundant macro- and micro-pores, which absorb part of the heat from the induction heating, resulting in a reduction in the heating efficiency and cooling rate. Additionally, the surface temperature of the SSRAM declines more quickly than the internal temperature, because the induction heat vertically transfers to the areas below it and to the surrounding air. Hence, the heat loss in the R1 mixture is faster because the material has a higher thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, which is also the reason why different mixtures exhibit diverse cooling rates. The results from Figure 9 indicate that the steel-slag-based aggregate and filler reduce the thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient, which could enhance the heat storage capacity of recycled asphalt mixtures.

3.3.2. The Effects of RAP Dosage

It is known that the composition of SSRAM changes the mixture’s structure and induction property, leading to differences in the cooling rate. Figure 10 shows the cooling curves of SSRAM with different RAP dosages. It is noteworthy that the surface temperature of SSRAM decreases with an increase in RAP dosage under the same cooling time. Additionally, the SSRAMs with higher RAP contents have faster cooling rates, and the accelerated cooling process can also reduce the healing cycle, which has an adverse effect on the crack healing effects. The results emphasize that the addition of RAP affects the cooling time of SSRAM, and corresponding measures should be taken to alleviate the cooling process of mixtures if poor healing circumstances occur. However, using a shorter time for the induction heating and cooling cycle may decrease the road closure time caused by maintenance operations.

4. Conclusions

Increasing the application of industrial solid waste in asphalt pavement construction could improve sustainable road implementation globally. This study focuses on the induction heating properties of asphalt mixtures when adding steel slag and RAP. The rejuvenator dosage and composition design were explored for different heat-induced steel slag recycled asphalt mixtures. Induced heating rates were employed to analyze the influences of steel fiber dosage, heating time, and heating distance, and the cooling performance was studied under different addition ratios of steel slag and RAP. The significant conclusions are summarized below.
  • The physical properties and surface morphology parameters of aged asphalt can be evidently restored to the level of virgin asphalt, and the optimal dosage of rejuvenator is 6 wt%.
  • Steel fiber in recycled asphalt mixture works as the primary matrix material for induction heating. The heating rate of conventional SSRAM is 0.453 °C/s, while adding 2 wt% of steel fiber to SSRAM can increase this to 1.204 °C/s.
  • The induced heating rate shows a linear positive correlation with heating time and a negative exponential relationship with heating distance. The workable intervals for induction time and heating distance are 60–120 s and 10–20 mm, respectively.
  • Both steel slag aggregate and steel slag filler can reduce the cooling rate of recycled asphalt mixtures and enhance the heat storage capacity, which contributes to the healing of cracks during the cooling stage after heating.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.Y. and F.W.; methodology, C.Y. and Z.L.; validation, Z.L., S.W. and F.W.; formal analysis, C.Y. and Z.L.; investigation, C.Y. and Z.L.; resources, Q.L. and J.Z.; data curation, S.W. and W.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, C.Y.; writing—review and editing, F.W., Q.L. and J.Z.; supervision, F.W.; funding acquisition, F.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financially sponsored by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M731207), the State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures (Wuhan University of Technology) (SYSJJ2023-05), Fujian Provincial Transportation Technology Project (202261), Post-doctoral Innovation Research Positions of Hubei Province (0106242015), National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFB1600200), Key R&D Program of Guangxi Province (No. 2021AB26023), Key R&D Program of Hubei Province (No. 2020BCB064).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The basic research flow for the study.
Figure 1. The basic research flow for the study.
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Figure 2. The physical properties of recycled asphalt with different rejuvenator dosages.
Figure 2. The physical properties of recycled asphalt with different rejuvenator dosages.
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Figure 3. AFM 3D topography of virgin asphalt, aged asphalt, and recycled asphalt.
Figure 3. AFM 3D topography of virgin asphalt, aged asphalt, and recycled asphalt.
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Figure 4. Average temperature of SSRAM with different steel fiber contents.
Figure 4. Average temperature of SSRAM with different steel fiber contents.
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Figure 5. Infrared images of SSRAM without steel fibers heated for 0 s, 30 s, and 50 s.
Figure 5. Infrared images of SSRAM without steel fibers heated for 0 s, 30 s, and 50 s.
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Figure 6. Average heating rate of SSRAM with different steel fiber contents.
Figure 6. Average heating rate of SSRAM with different steel fiber contents.
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Figure 7. Average temperature of SSRAM under different heating times.
Figure 7. Average temperature of SSRAM under different heating times.
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Figure 8. Average temperature (a) and heating rate (b) of SSRAM under different distances.
Figure 8. Average temperature (a) and heating rate (b) of SSRAM under different distances.
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Figure 9. Temperature–time curves with different steel slag particle sizes.
Figure 9. Temperature–time curves with different steel slag particle sizes.
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Figure 10. Temperature–time curves with different RAP contents.
Figure 10. Temperature–time curves with different RAP contents.
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Table 1. Basic properties of the three types of asphalt samples.
Table 1. Basic properties of the three types of asphalt samples.
IndexesMeasured Values
Virgin AsphaltRAP AsphaltRecycled Asphalt
Specific gravity1.0411.0391.034
Penetration at 25 °C (0.1 mm)684563
Ductility, 5 cm/min, 5 °C (mm)486187376
Softening point (°C)677359
Table 2. The addition of steel slag aggregate and RAP in each experimental group.
Table 2. The addition of steel slag aggregate and RAP in each experimental group.
R0R1R2R3R4R5R6R7RaRbRcRd
Particle size of steel slag (mm)//9.5–164.75–9.52.36–4.750.075–2.360–0.0750–162.36–162.36–162.36–162.36–16
RAP content/30%30%30%30%30%30%30%10%20%30%40%
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MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, C.; Lei, Z.; Wang, S.; Wang, F.; Zhou, W.; Luo, Q.; Zhang, J. Induction Heating and Cooling Performance of Asphalt Mixture as Recycling Rap and Steel Slag. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914268

AMA Style

Yang C, Lei Z, Wang S, Wang F, Zhou W, Luo Q, Zhang J. Induction Heating and Cooling Performance of Asphalt Mixture as Recycling Rap and Steel Slag. Sustainability. 2023; 15(19):14268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914268

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Chao, Zilin Lei, Sicheng Wang, Fusong Wang, Wangwang Zhou, Qiuyuan Luo, and Jixin Zhang. 2023. "Induction Heating and Cooling Performance of Asphalt Mixture as Recycling Rap and Steel Slag" Sustainability 15, no. 19: 14268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914268

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