Variability of Potential Soil Nitrogen Cycling Rates in Stormwater Bioretention Facilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Soil Collection
2.3. Soil Analysis
2.4. Statistical Methods
- NO3-Nin is the stormwater NO3-N load:[concentration (g-N m3) × rainfall depth (m) × catchment area (m2)]
- DEABRF is the potential denitrification of the BRF area in 24 h:[DEA (g-N m−2) × basin area (m2)]
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Conditions
3.2. Seasonal and Hydrological Influence on Potential N Cycling
3.3. Seasonal and Interannual Variability in Soil Properties and Potential N Cycling
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
LID | Low impact development |
BRF | Bioretention facility |
N | Nitrogen |
DEA | Denitrification enzyme activity |
Nnit | Potential net nitrification |
Nmin | Potential net nitrogen mineralization |
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Site ID | Year Constructed | Facility Type | Measured Infiltration Rate (cm h−1) * | Basin Area (m2) | Drainage Area (m2) ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NE-1 | 2003 | Curb extension | 6.4 | 30.10 | 432.00 |
SE-1 | 2010 | Swale | 6.6 | 46.54 | 159.05 |
SW-1 | 2005 | Planter | 9.4 | 6.32 | 174.19 |
SE-2 | 2008 | Curb extension | 12.2 | 19.32 | 743.22 |
N-1 | 2007 | Swale | 22.4 | 85.47 | 1114.84 |
N-2 | 2010 | Planter | 39.1 | 4.46 | 455.22 |
N-3 | 2008 | Curb extension | 76.2 | 10.22 | 111.48 |
NE-2 | 2009 | Swale | 127.0 | 18.58 | 455.23 |
SW-2 | 2009 | Curb extension | >127.0 | 20.44 | 325.16 |
Facility ID | Soil Moisture (%) | Soil NO3-N (mg kg−1) | Soil NH4-N (mg kg−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | W | S | W | S | W | |
NE-1 | 15.0 | 40.9 | 12.9 | 21.8 | 10.9 | 3.7 |
SE-1 | 11.9 | 38.3 | 9 | 20.3 | 24.8 | 13.7 |
SW-1 | 10.7 | 20.9 | 7.1 | 4 | 9.9 | 5.9 |
SE-2 | 9.8 | 40.7 | 8.9 | 25.3 | 33.8 | 16.1 |
N-1 | 21.3 | 36.1 | 2.5 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.4 |
N-2 | 12.5 | 22.1 | 7 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 6.2 |
N-3 | 10.6 | 30.5 | 31.8 | 11.4 | 7.8 | 16.5 |
NE-2 | 11.6 | 45.3 | 11.7 | 26.1 | 14.6 | 5.9 |
SW-2 | 6.3 | 41.8 | 11.2 | 3.9 | 9 | 0.1 |
Seasonal Mean | 12.2 | 35.2 | 11.3 | 13.9 | 13.5 | 8.4 |
Standard Error | 0.46 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 1.04 | 10.8 | 0.64 |
Wilcoxon signed-rank test | p = 0.004 * | p = 0.49 | p = 0.10 |
Soil Property | Potential Denitrification | Potential Net Nitrification | Potential Net Mineralization | Microbial Biomass N | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | W | S | W | S | W | S | W | |
Infiltration Rate | −0.71 * | −0.28 | −0.43 | 0.55 | −0.11 | 0.42 | −0.72 * | −0.51 |
Soil Moisture | 0.5 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.42 | −0.13 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.63 |
Soil NO3-N | −0.32 | −0.32 | 0.22 | −0.07 | 0.35 | −0.17 | 0.15 | 0.57 |
Soil NH4-N | −0.02 | −0.70 * | 0.65 | −0.20 | 0.57 | −0.40 | 0.62 | −0.27 |
Microbial Biomass N | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.13 | - | - |
Facility | Basin Area: Catchment Area Ratio (%) | Infiltration Rate (cm/h−1) | Potential N Removal Efficiency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stormwater NO3: 0.07 mg-N L−1 | Stormwater NO3: 1 mg-N L−1 | |||||
Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | |||
NE-1 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 100 ± 0% | 46.5 ± 15.5% | 23.3 ± 1.5% | 8.1 ± 3.9% |
SE-1 | 29.3 | 6.6 | 100 ± 0% | 100 ± 0% | 30.9 ± 1.6% | 40.5 ± 1.4% |
SW-1 | 3.6 | 9.4 | 94.9 ± 2.9% | 80.9 ± 11% | 6.9 ± 0.3% | 7.5 ± 1.3% |
SE-2 | 2.6 | 12.2 | 15.4 ± 0.8% | 16.5 ± 7.5% | 1.1 ± 0.1% | 1.2 ± 0.5% |
N-1 | 7.7 | 22.4 | 100 ± 0% | 70.9 ± 3.8% | 7.3 ± 0.1% | 5 ± 0.3% |
N-2 | 1.0 | 39.1 | 5.5 ± 0.8% | 6.2 ± 0.3% | 0.4 ± 0.1% | 0.4 ± 0% |
N-3 | 9.2 | 76.2 | 55.9 ± 3.6% | 45.2 ± 1.5% | 3.9 ± 0.3% | 3.2 ± 0.1% |
NE-2 | 4.1 | 127 | 23 ± 1.6% | 40.4 ± 3.5% | 1.6 ± 0.1% | 2.8 ± 0.2% |
SW-2 | 6.3 | 127 | 41.6 ± 1.5% | 96 ± 2.3% | 2.9 ± 0.1% | 10.4 ± 1.3% |
Site | Seasonal | Interannual | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | Summer | Winter | |
N-1 | 1.03 | 2.57 | 0.41 | 1.56 |
N-3 | 1.38 | 5.21 | 5.58 | 1.20 |
NE-1 | 2.33 | 3.46 | 2.22 | 1.55 |
NE-2 | 2.76 | 4.45 | 0.90 | 2.35 |
SE-2 | 2.72 | 5.57 | 2.13 | 2.08 |
SW-1 | 0.50 | 1.87 | 1.58 | 0.83 |
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Rivers, E.N.; Morse, J.L. Variability of Potential Soil Nitrogen Cycling Rates in Stormwater Bioretention Facilities. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042175
Rivers EN, Morse JL. Variability of Potential Soil Nitrogen Cycling Rates in Stormwater Bioretention Facilities. Sustainability. 2022; 14(4):2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042175
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivers, Erin N., and Jennifer L. Morse. 2022. "Variability of Potential Soil Nitrogen Cycling Rates in Stormwater Bioretention Facilities" Sustainability 14, no. 4: 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042175