Terra Preta Properties in Northwestern Amazonia (Colombia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sites and Sampling
- The absence of ceramic sherds;
- Thickness of the A horizon (not more than 10 cm);
2.2. Analytical Procedures
2.3. Calculations
3. Results
3.1. Basic Chemical and Physical Soil Parameters
3.2. Element and Black Carbon Stocks
3.3. P Fractions
3.4. Amino Sugars
4. Discussion
4.1. Morphological Variation and pH Values in TP Profiles
4.2. Organic Matter, Black Carbon and Phosphorus Stocks in TP Profiles
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coordinates | Munsell Color/ Chroma | Texture (WRB) 1 | Depth (cm) | Dry Density (ton m−3) | pH(H20) | SOC (g kg−1) | Ntotal (g kg−1) | Ptotal (mg kg−1) | SUM BPCA 2 [g C Kg−1] | B5CA: B6CA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TP Araracuara 00°36′36′6″ S 72°23′26′9″ W | 10YR 3/2 | SL | 0–10 | 1.04 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 19.1 | 3.0 | 1016.0 | 179.1 | 0.79 |
10YR 4/2 | SL | 10–20 | 1.06 | 4.67 ± 0.4 | 26.8 | 2.1 | 865.2 | 215.7 | 0.79 | |
10YR 4/2 | SL | 20–40 | 1.11 | 4.52 ± 0.1 | 30.1 | 2.1 | 934.0 | 309.1 | 0.88 | |
10YR 5/4 | SCL | 40–60 | 1.38 | 4.07 ± 0.2 | 21.4 | 0.9 | 1269.2 | 80.9 | 0.84 | |
ADJ Araracuara 00°36′27″ S 72°22′52′2″ W | 7.5YR 5/4 | SCL | 0–10 | 1.15 | 4.61 ± 0.3 | 16.9 | 2.3 | 221.5 | 96.0 | 0.87 |
7.5YR 4/4 | SCL | 10–20 | 1.16 | 4.42 ± 0.4 | 18.1 | 1.5 | 190.4 | 80.0 | 0.82 | |
7.5YR 4/6 | SCL | 20–40 | 1.26 | 4.75 ± 0.4 | 17.8 | 0.9 | 172.2 | 51.4 | 0.79 | |
7.5YR 6/6 | CL | 40–60 | 1.28 | 4.28 ± 0.3 | 14.5 | 0.6 | 174.4 | 21.3 | 0.75 | |
TP Villa Azul 00°34′31′5″ S 072°06′52′4″ W | 2.5Y 41 | SL | 0–10 | 1.62 | 4.95 ± 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.11 | 302.0 | 94.2 | 0.88 |
2.5Y 4/2 | SL | 10–20 | 1.47 | 4.52 ± 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.08 | 118.3 | 78.0 | 0.85 | |
2.5Y 5/2 | SL | 20–40 | 1.53 | 4.64 ± 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.08 | 143.0 | 74.8 | 0.83 | |
2.5Y 7/1 | SL | 40–60 | 1.47 | 4.67 ± 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.04 | 71.4 | 58.7 | 0.85 | |
ADJ Villa Azul 00°34′26.8″ S 072°06′48.5″ W | 5Y 4/1 | SL | 0–10 | 1.25 | 4.41 ± 02 | 0.8 | 0.05 | 36.7 | 46.4 | 0.88 |
5Y 6/1 | SCL | 10–20 | 1.46 | 4.42 ± 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.05 | 35.7 | 55.8 | 0.88 | |
5Y 7/1 | SCL | 20–40 | 1.46 | 4.33 ± 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 30.9 | 25.5 | 0.82 | |
5Y 8/1 | SCL | 40–60 | 1.45 | 3.98 ± 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 22.7 | 3.5 | 1.00 | |
TP Peña Roja 00°39′37′4″ S 72°05′00′00″ W | 10YR 3/1 | LS | 0–10 | 1.42 | 4.34 ± 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.07 | 1329.7 | 91.9 | 0.86 |
10YR 4/2 | LS | 10–20 | 1.41 | 4.11 ± 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.06 | 1256.0 | 97.8 | 0.84 | |
10YR 5/4 | LS | 20–40 | 1.44 | 4.57 ± 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 919.0 | 54.4 | 0.82 | |
10YR 7/4 | LS | 40–60 | 1.45 | 4.52 ± 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.02 | 1588.2 | 22.2 | 0.82 | |
ADJ Peña Roja 00°39′25″ S 72°05′00′6″ W | 10YR 5/4 | LS | 0–10 | 1.18 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.05 | 53.0 | 31.5 | 0.79 |
10YR 6/3 | LS | 10–20 | 1.27 | 4.59 ± 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.07 | 67.1 | 27.5 | 0.74 | |
10YR 6/3 | SL | 20–40 | 1.29 | 4.43 ± 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.05 | 57.8 | 28.1 | 0.93 | |
10YR 7/8 | SL | 40–60 | 1.28 | 4.15 ± 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.02 | 54.6 | 14.6 | 0.67 | |
TP Takana 04°07′08′8″ S 069°55′15′7″ W | 7.5YR 4/4 | SL | 0–10 | 1.06 | 4.66 ± 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.14 | 441.9 | 213.2 | 0.89 |
7.5YR 5/4 | SL | 10–20 | 1.10 | 4.68 ± 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.11 | 470.1 | 362.0 | 0.92 | |
7.5YR 5/6 | SCL | 20–40 | 1.22 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.07 | 514.6 | 148.4 | 0.98 | |
7.5YR 7/6 | SCL | 40–60 | 1.45 | 4.64 ± 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.07 | 301.0 | 60.3 | 0.98 | |
ADJ Takana 04°06′59′3″ S 069°55′16′7″ W | 7.5YR 4/3 | SCL | 0–10 | 0.94 | 4.24 ± 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.22 | 97.6 | 100.3 | 0.70 |
7.5YR 6/6 | SCL | 10–20 | 1.13 | 4.34 ± 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.19 | 82.9 | 82.8 | 0.67 | |
7.5YR 7/3 | SCL | 20–40 | 1.16 | 4.39 ± 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.15 | 64.9 | 132.2 | 1.03 | |
7.5YR 7/6 | CL | 40–60 | 1.20 | 4.14 ± 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.10 | 51.2 | 4.7 | 1.10 |
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Orozco-Ortiz, J.M.; Peña-Venegas, C.P.; Bauke, S.L.; Borgemeister, C.; Mörchen, R.; Lehndorff, E.; Amelung, W. Terra Preta Properties in Northwestern Amazonia (Colombia). Sustainability 2021, 13, 7088. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137088
Orozco-Ortiz JM, Peña-Venegas CP, Bauke SL, Borgemeister C, Mörchen R, Lehndorff E, Amelung W. Terra Preta Properties in Northwestern Amazonia (Colombia). Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7088. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137088
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrozco-Ortiz, Juan Manuel, Clara Patricia Peña-Venegas, Sara Louise Bauke, Christian Borgemeister, Ramona Mörchen, Eva Lehndorff, and Wulf Amelung. 2021. "Terra Preta Properties in Northwestern Amazonia (Colombia)" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7088. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137088