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Article

Native or Invasive? The Red-Haired Pine Bark Beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in East Asia

by
Wei Lin
1,
Sangwook Park
2,
Zi-Ru Jiang
3,
Ying-Chao Ji
4,
Andris Simon Ernstsons
5,
Jun-Jun Li
6,
You Li
6,* and
Jiri Hulcr
5
1
Technical Center of Gongbei Customs District People’s Republic of China, Zhuhai 519001, China
2
Research Institute of Forest Insect Diversity, Namyangju 12113, Korea
3
Laboratory of Forest Protection, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
4
College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
5
School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
6
Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2021, 12(7), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070950
Submission received: 18 May 2021 / Revised: 8 July 2021 / Accepted: 14 July 2021 / Published: 19 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Distribution of Forest Insects)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The red-haired pine bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius), is one of the most rapidly spreading invasive forest insects. Originally from Eurasia, it has subsequently been introduced to Oceania, North, and South America. Yet, the status of H. ligniperda in East Asia is ambiguous. Here, investigation and analysis were conducted on the beetle in China, South Korea, and Japan. New occurrences in China and South Korea were recorded by field surveys and the expansion of H. ligniperda spreading in East Asia was analyzed. The results show that H. ligniperda is likely an invasive species in East Asia, initially invading Japan, then South Korea. Now it has invaded and successfully colonized Shandong province, China. Furthermore, the species has spread rapidly and it is now widely distributed in South Korea and Japan.

1. Introduction

The red-haired pine bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius), is a well-known forest insect that colonizes the phloem of pine species [1,2]. It can attack stumps, freshly cut logs, and stored timber [1]. In some areas, H. ligniperda has become a predominantly root-dwelling species that usually bores into the host through the soil. Overwintering adults have been observed feeding on the root collars of 1–2-year-old seedlings [3,4].
Usually H. ligniperda does not kill trees and is considered a secondary pest. Part of the damage is mechanical and direct through brood galleries and feeding tunnels formed under the bark. Decay or sap stain fungi can also be introduced indirectly, which can reduce the quality and value of logs [5,6]. Blue stain fungi, Leptographium spp. (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales), were found transmitted from beetles’ galleries into the wood [3,7,8]. In New Zealand, the main damage by H. ligniperda in plantation forests is from wood-staining and decay fungal associations that enter with the adults into the brood galleries, and as a quarantine pest that may necessitate treatment of export logs and timber, which greatly increases the cost of exports [5].
Previously, when researchers recorded the original distribution, it included Europe, Russia, the Mediterranean area, and the nearby Atlantic Ocean islands. It was also reported as introduced to South Africa, Japan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand, USA (NY and CA), Brazil, Uruguay, and Chile [1,9,10,11,12]. It should be noted that the distribution of H. ligniperda in East Asia is ambiguous in literature. Wood and Bright [9] recorded the distribution of H. ligniperda as “Asia (‘Manchuria’ in China/ Japan)”. Hoebeke [13] wrote “It is native to Eurasia and north Africa” and “introduced to Japan”. Kim [8] only stated “It is native to Europe” without referencing Asia. CABI [12] listed that “native to Asia (China/Turkey)” and “Japan is invasive”, which is reference to a misquotation of “Wood and Bright (1992)”. So, whether H. ligniperda is native to Asia is still unclear.
In this paper, we aim to clarify the history of recorded collections and known records of H. ligniperda in East Asia (Japan, South Korea, and China) using new survey results. Our aim is to determine the status of the insect in East Asia based on the limited collection data. We tested whether the museum specimens and the new records conform to the scenario of native but rarely reported insect (old samples, widely distributed), or whether they conform to the scenario of recent introduction and rapid spread.
We present new records in China and South Korea. The updated distribution in East Asia will contribute to status as an introduced or native species that directly relates to its control and management.

2. Materials and Methods

The new occurrences in China and South Korea were recorded by field surveys from 2013 to 2020. In China, traps were set initially to monitor pine pests in several provinces (Table 1). The lures include pine resin, α-pinene, monochamol, ipsenol, or ipsdienol. After H. ligniperda was first found in Shandong, two wood borer pest surveys that focused on damage of pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were processed in Yantai and Weihai. Coincidently, more H. ligniperda were found. All those records were included. In Korea, nine sites were surveyed with a lure using a funnel trap. The lures were either alcohol + α-pinene or ipsenol + monochamol.
The known localities of Hylurgus ligniperda in Japan were gathered from literature, herbarium records, and observations.
The new collected beetles were firstly identified by comparing the external morphological features with published articles [11] and reference collection specimens from the Bark Beetle Academy (http://ambrosiasymbiosis.org/academy, accessed on 5 May 2021). Specimens from China and Korea are deposited at the University of Florida (USA), Shandong Agriculture University (China), and Research Institute of Forest Insect Diversity (Korea). The annotated maps were created in ArcMap 10.4.1.
Samples from China (Weihai and Yantai) and Korea (Buyeo-gun) were sequenced. DNA was extracted using the SDS-based DNA extraction method [14]. We amplified and sequenced the partial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) with the primers LCO 1490 and HCO 2198 [15], and the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S) using the primers S3690F and A4285R [16]. Reads were assembled using Geneious® 9.1.8 (www.geneious.com, accessed on 25 June 2021). Sequences were then used to search the databases GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, accessed on 25 June 2021). Also, the sequences for COI and 28S were deposited in GenBank (Supplementary material Table S1; MZ562956–MZ562958, MZ565500).

3. Results and Discussion

Eight new sites of the H. ligniperda in Asia were included, three from China and five from Korea (Table 1).
All three sites in China are located within Shandong province (Taian, Yantai, and Weihai city; Figure 1, Supplementary Material Table S1). The earliest record is from Culai Mt., Taian, Shandong in 2019. Bottle traps with lure (slash pine resin) were set in the pine plantation. The host plant of H. ligniperda in Culaishan Forest Farm, Taian is unclear as the beetles were only captured in lure traps. Whereas, there are four pine tree species present at the farm, Pinus tabuliformis Carrière, P. thunbergii Parl., P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., and P. armandii Franch. One more sample was found from an unknown fallen branch in nearby mountain in 2020 (Supplementary Material Table S1). In Yantai and Weihai, all samples were collected from stumps of P. thunbergia, which are all under the attack of pine wood nematode. More than 15 stumps were peeled and dissected, and all were infested by H. ligniperda. Reports of H. ligniperda attacking these native trees in Shandong constitute the first natural occurrences recorded in China.
Park et al. [11] first recorded Hylurgus ligniperda in Korea based on deposited specimens in several institutes. After checking the survey results for wood-boring beetles, more samples were found from lure traps in five locations at various sites between 2013 to 2020 (Table 1, Supplementary Material Table S1). In areas such as Boryeong-si in 2013, Inje-gun in 2017 and 2019, Yanggu-gun in 2017 and 2020, Sangju-si in 2018–2019, and Chuncheon-si in 2018 and 2020, a total of 252 H. ligniperda specimens were captured. In South Korea, the suspected first individual was captured in Jeollanam-do in 1999 [11]. Before 1999, several forest surveys had been conducted with a focus on bark beetles in local fauna, but no H. ligniperda were found [17,18]. The lack of collections during this period is problematic. Possible scenarios include the beetle not being present, the beetle being undetected at low populations, or the survey methods may not be ideal for capture, such as seasonality or flight time. After 1999, H. ligniperda quickly made a spread to nearby regions in Korea, suggesting an expanding nascent population was present at this time.
In Japan, the first record of H. ligniperda was in “Yokoyama village, Tokyo” in 1935 [19]. After that, 13 other occurrences were recorded in Honshu Island (Figure 1). The occurrences and times were as follow: Niigata, 1948 [20]; Aichi, 1949 [20]; Fukushima,1949 [21]; Gunma, 1949 [21]; Aomori, 1950 [21]; Yamagata, 1953 [22]; Kyoto, 1954 [21]; Hyogo, 1970 [23]; Ishikawa, 1970 [24]; Gifu, 1984 [25]; Nagano, 1986 [26]; Iwate, 1992 [27]; and Akita, 2001 [28]. The high frequency and large scale of surveys conducted prior to 1940 give little doubt that the beetle is invasive in Japan [19,29,30,31]. Since the first record of H. ligniperda in 1935, it had spread to the north and south of Honshu by 1950. The host of H. ligniperda in Japan is Pinus spp., such as P. densiflora Siebold & Zucc, and P. thunbergii Parl. Takahashi [28] reported that H. ligniperda were captured by a lure trap (pinene and ethanol) in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) orchards.
Because there are only limited reference sequences in NCBI and we only have sequences from Asian samples, we do not provide the genetic population analysis at this time. However, Chinese samples are 100% identical to Korean samples in COI with the closest matching sequence on NCBI being H. ligniperda from New Zealand (COI: HM002621; 99.75% similarity). Our results show that the populations in China and Korea are closely related to those in New Zealand, and all Asian populations may have the same origin.
Biotic invasions pose major threats to agriculture, forestry, natural environments, and public health. With the globalization of the world’s economy and a drastic increase of human activities, the number of invasive species is also increasing [32]. Scolytines feature prominently among invasive species because they are easily transported through international trade inside wooden products and wood packaging materials in which they are concealed and protected [33,34]. Between 2003 to 2016, H. ligniperda was the second most frequently intercepted scolytine in ports of China, with 10,199 interceptions [35]. A worldwide survey of pine bark beetles on several continents also indicated that H. ligniperda was one of the most abundant and widespread invasive species [36]. Considering that there are several big ports managing timber import in Shandong, it is possible that H. ligniperda invaded China through international timber trade or contaminated wooden packages. However, it cannot be ruled out that it naturally spread to Shandong province through South Korea as the distance between both is only 310 km. The molecular tools in this survey show an identical match for COI between the China and South Korean samples. While important, it should be noted this result is based on a limited sample size (n = 5). More precise genetics methods, such as Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on specimens collected from the invaded areas and native ones, would help to clarify the invasive process and pathways.
Hylurgus ligniperda was first recorded in New Zealand in 1974. Three years later, it was found throughout New Zealand, including travelling between the two main islands [2]. To date, H. ligniperda has been one of the most highly abundant exotic wood borers and bark beetles in New Zealand [37]. Chase and Kelly [38] noted that the contributing factors to H. ligniperda’s invasion success could be their effective long-distance dispersal, and it can mate with siblings before dispersal to increase the probability of colonization success. The rapid spread also occurred in other introduced areas, such as Japan, South Africa, and South America [12]. The survey data show that H. ligniperda spread rapidly in South Korea between 2010 and 2019. Unfortunately, the recent survey area of H. ligniperda in China is only limited to some parts of Shandong Province. The local government is eager to control and investigate it in more regions. Given the number of localities already occupied by the species in China, it can be considered established.
Wood and Bright [9] recorded H. ligniperda from “Manchuria” in China. Historically, “Manchuria” has often referred to Northeast China, including three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, as well as the current border area with Russia. “Manchuria” has also been called “Guandong” in Chinese. We speculate that this is the origin of the CABI’s misquotation “Guangdong is present”, because there is no record of the occurrence of H. ligniperda in “Guangdong” in the CABI reference list and other literature. Tsai and Li [39] recorded 86 species of Scolytinae in North China (include Northeast China) and no record of H. ligniperda. In Northeast China. Yin et al. [40] conducted many field investigations beginning in 1955, of which they published a monograph “Economic Insect Fauna of China Fasc. 29 Coleoptera: Scolytidae” in 1984, which recorded 165 species of Scolytinae in China and no record of H. ligniperda. Song et al. [41,42] conducted investigations in several provinces between 1982 and 1995 and recorded 98 species of Scolytinae in Liaoning. Similarly, no records of H. ligniperda were made. For other areas in China, there are three rounds of nationwide forest survey in China from 1979 to 2019. H. ligniperda was never reported. After reviewing the literature and inspecting the specimens in the National Animal Collection Resource Center [previously the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology (IOZ), Beijing, China], we did not find any collection of H. ligniperda in China before 2019. Also, this beetle is not found in eastern Russia (Alex Petrov, personal communication). So, the occurrence record of H. ligniperda in “Manchuria” China [9] is likely erroneous due to difficulties in translation or a record of an adventive specimen intercepted at a port.
In recent years, several economically significant Scolytinae invaded China, such as Dendroctonus valens (LeConte, 1860), Xyleborus affinis (Eichhoff, 1868), Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius, 1801), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867), Ips calligraphus (Germar, 1824), and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff, 1868) [43,44,45,46,47]. Many of the recent invasions are attributed to the increased global trade in timber, as China has become the second largest timber importer in the world [48]. There are likely more invasive scolytines yet to be detected or intercepted in China. It is urgent to carry out a national surveillance program for invasive scolytines in China, which can provide the basis for subsequent prevention and control.

4. Conclusions

Investigation and analysis showed that the previous record of the occurrence of H. ligniperda in China was likely misplaced; new observations suggest it has recently invaded and successfully colonized parts of Shandong Province, China. In South Korea, it has spread rapidly in recent years, and its current distribution effectively covers the majority of South Korea. In Japan, its distribution has covered the entirety of Honshu Island due to decades of colonization. The reporting of the East Asian invasion by H. ligniperda has been confused by semantic issues. More measures should be taken to control the rapid spread of this pest in Asia.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/f12070950/s1, Table S1: Records of Hylurgus ligniperda in East Asia.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.L., and Y.L.; methodology, W.L., and Y.L.; investigation, S.P., Z.-R.J., Y.-C.J., J.-J.L. and A.S.E.; writing original draft preparation, W.L. and Y.L.; writing review and editing, S.P., Z.-R.J., Y.-C.J., J.-J.L., A.S.E., and J.H.; funding acquisition, W.L. and J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by General Administration of Customs.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We greatly thank the Asian Forest Health Network project (www.asianforesthealth.org, accessed on 21 March 2021). for coordinating this work, Bioagricultural Library staff of the Nagoya University for their gracious assistance and Piao Dong, Sen Guo, Xiaoyu Xu, and Yanlong Li for assisting in field surveys in China. WL was supported by the Scientific Research Project of General Administration of Customs (2020HK145); ASE and YL were partially supported by the USDA Forest Service, the USDA APHIS Plant Protection Act agreement, and the National Science Foundation. This publication may not necessarily express APHIS views.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Invasion track of Hylurgus ligniperda in East Asia.
Figure 1. Invasion track of Hylurgus ligniperda in East Asia.
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Table
Table 1. Survey of Hylurgus ligniperda in China and Korea in this study.
Table 1. Survey of Hylurgus ligniperda in China and Korea in this study.
CountryLocationPeriods of TimeMethods 1Number of TrapsNumber of H. ligniperda
ChinaFu’an, Fujian prov.September–October 2018;
June–October 2019		trap and search10–120
ChinaFuzhou, Fujian prov.May–August 2018; June–September 2019trap and search50
ChinaZhuhai, Guangdong prov.2018–2020trap and search40
ChinaShenzhen, Guangdong prov.2016–2017trap and search40
ChinaKunming, Yunnan prov.May–August 2019trap and search60
ChinaXishuangbanna, Yunnan prov.June–August 2014trap and search5–80
ChinaTaian, Shandong prov.July–August 2019trap and search94
ChinaYantai, Shandong prov.October 2020searchN/A10
ChinaWeihai, Shandong prov.October 2020–June 2021searchN/A20
KoreaHeuksan Island, Jeollanam-doN/AtrapN/A0
KoreaWando-gun, Jeollanam-doN/AtrapN/A0
KoreaSacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-doN/AtrapN/A0
KoreaGwangju-si, Gyeonggi-doN/AtrapN/A0
KoreaSangju-si, Gyeongandbuk-doMarch–October 2018;
March–October 2019		trap2053
KoreaYanggu-gun, Gangwon-doApril–October 2017;
February–October 2020		trap5–1027
KoreaInje-gun, Gangwon-doApril–October 2017;
May–August 2019		trap5–1225
KoreaChuncheon-si, Gangwon-doMarch–September 2018;
February–April 2020		trap3–529
KoreaBoryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-doApril–October 2013trap45118
1 The attractants of funnel trap are alcohol with α-pinene or ipsenol + monochamol in China, and Monochamus longhorn beetles pheromone with α-pinene in Korea.
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Lin, W.; Park, S.; Jiang, Z.-R.; Ji, Y.-C.; Ernstsons, A.S.; Li, J.-J.; Li, Y.; Hulcr, J. Native or Invasive? The Red-Haired Pine Bark Beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in East Asia. Forests 2021, 12, 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070950

AMA Style

Lin W, Park S, Jiang Z-R, Ji Y-C, Ernstsons AS, Li J-J, Li Y, Hulcr J. Native or Invasive? The Red-Haired Pine Bark Beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in East Asia. Forests. 2021; 12(7):950. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070950

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Wei, Sangwook Park, Zi-Ru Jiang, Ying-Chao Ji, Andris Simon Ernstsons, Jun-Jun Li, You Li, and Jiri Hulcr. 2021. "Native or Invasive? The Red-Haired Pine Bark Beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in East Asia" Forests 12, no. 7: 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070950

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