Intercropping Short Rotation Timber Species with Teak: Enabling Smallholder Silviculture Practices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site and Soil Characteristics
2.2. Germplasm Procurement, Trial Establishment and Trial Design
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Smallholder Teak System in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta
4.2. Enabling Smallholder Silviculture Practices
4.3. Early Growth of Four Fast-Growing Species as Companion Crops for Teak
4.3.1. Adaptability and Survival Rate of Four Fast-Growing Tree Species
4.3.2. Growth Comparison of Four-Fast Growing Tree Species at Other Sites
4.4. Mixed Planting Designs
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site × Species | Soil Texture | pH (1:5) | C-Organic Material | N Total | K Available | P2O5 Potencial Available | Rocky Percentage | Slope | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand (%) | Dust (%) | Clay (%) | (1:5) | (%) | (%) | ppm | mg/100 g | (%) | (%) | |
B1P1 | 22 | 37 | 41 | 6.05 | 1.00 (l) | 0.07 (vl) | 138 (vh) | 20 (l) | 20 (vl) | 0–5 |
B1P2 | 35 | 26 | 39 | 6.34 | 1.11 (l) | 0.08 (vl) | 169 (vh) | 21 (m) | ||
B1P3 | 43 | 25 | 32 | 6.15 | 1.48 (l) | 0.07 (vl) | 108 (vh) | 20 (l) | ||
B1P4 | 40 | 28 | 32 | 6.15 | 0.92 (vl) | 0.06 (vl) | 69 (vh) | 20 (l) | ||
B2P1 | 52 | 27 | 21 | 6.11 | 1.1 (l) | 0.06 (vl) | 373 (vh) | 32 (m) | 30 (l) | 5–10 |
B2P2 | 34 | 35 | 31 | 6.20 | 1.26 (l) | 0.08 (vl) | 354 (vh) | 39 (m) | ||
B2P3 | 41 | 35 | 24 | 6.29 | 1.13 (l) | 0.06 (vl) | 263 (vh) | 25 (m) | ||
B2P4 | 44 | 28 | 28 | 6.54 | 0.79 (vl) | 0.07 (vl) | 211 (vh | 23 (m) | ||
B3P1 | 33 | 17 | 50 | 6.09 | 0.9 (vl) | 0.07 (vl) | 172 (vh) | 28 (m) | 20 (l) | 0–5 |
B3P2 | 42 | 39 | 19 | 6.15 | 2.05 (m) | 0.17 (l) | 796 (vh) | 39 (m) | ||
B3P3 | 40 | 39 | 21 | 5.87 | 1.52 (l) | 0.1 (l) | 383 (vh) | 23 (m) | ||
B3P4 | 22 | 46 | 32 | 6.25 | 1.41 (l) | 0.11 (l) | 480 (vh) | 30 (m) | ||
B4P1 | 30 | 43 | 27 | 6.15 | 1.39 (l) | 0.09(vl) | 627 (vh) | 33 (m) | (90) (vh) | 30%–50% |
B4P2 | 18 | 45 | 37 | 6.13 | 2.06 (m) | 0.09 (vl) | 538 (vh) | 26 (m) | ||
B4P3 | 21 | 38 | 41 | 6.18 | 1.15 (l) | 0.09 (vl) | 334 (vh) | 30 (m) | ||
B4P4 | 30 | 38 | 32 | 5.85 | 1.14 (l) | 0.08 (vl) | 474 (vh) | 29 (m) | ||
B5P1 | 17 | 39 | 44 | 6.21 | 1.16 (l) | 0.09 (vl) | 206 (vh) | 58 (h) | (20) (vl) | 0–5 |
B5P2 | 19 | 44 | 37 | 6.27 | 1.21 (l) | 0.1 (l) | 226 (vh) | 69 (vh) | ||
B5P4 | 22 | 37 | 41 | 6.57 | 1.41 (l) | 0.09 (vl) | 409 (vh) | 54 (h) |
Parameter | 6 MAP | 12 MAP | 18 MAP | 24 MAP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Value | Sig p Value | F-Value | Sig p Value | F-Value | Sig p Value | F-Value | Sig p Value | |
Survival | 7.200 | 0.005 * | 18.860 | 0.000 * | 18.860 | 0.000 * | 19.990 | 0.000 * |
Height | 74.560 | 0.000 * | 33.880 | 0.000 * | 48.200 | 0.000 * | 30.990 | 0.000 * |
Diameter | 74.040 | 0.000 * | 55.290 | 0.000 * | 166.390 | 0.000 * | 77.930 | 0.000 * |
Crown area | 34.700 | 0.000 * | ||||||
BA/tree | 26.284 | 0.000 * | 43.064 | 0.000 * | 103.212 | 0.001 * | 47.360 | 0.000 * |
BA/ha | 6.8820 | 0.006 * | 7.1890 | 0.005 * | 11.166 | 0.001 * | 5.459 | 0.013 * |
Volume/tree | 32.727 | 0.000 * | 21.859 | 0.000 * | 65.305 | 0.000 * | 41.762 | 0.000 * |
Volume/ha | 7.138 | 0.005 * | 7.159 | 0.005 * | 8.823 | 0.002 * | 3.838 | 0.039 * |
Characteristics of Site | Type of Soil | Elevation (masl) | Slope (%) | Soil pH | Rainfall (mm/year) | Dry Months | Temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site trial | Litosol [43] | 210 masl | 0–50 | 5–6.5 | 1.837 [63] | 6 [63] | 17.3–35.5 °C [63] |
G. arborea | clay loam soils [4] and Dust clay [68] | 0–800 masl [68] | None | 4–7 [68] | 1.778–2.286 [68] | 2–4 [68] or 6–7 [67] | Optimum 21–28 °C, Min. 18–26 °C, max. 24–35 °C [68] |
N. cadamba | Moist alluvial soil [30] Various soil types with sufficient aeration [78] | 300–800 masl [30] | None | 4.5–8.5 [30] | 1.500–5.000 [30] | 19 °C–33 °C [30] | |
A. mangium | Various soil types [37] laterite soil [77,80] | 480–800 masl [37] | None | None | 1.446–2.970 [37] | 4 [37] | 12–34 °C [37] |
F. moluccana | latosols, andosols, aluvial and red-yellow podzolic soils. ref. [35] Solum 30–90 cm [78] | 0 < 2000 and optimum 1600 [78] | 8–15 [35] | 4.5–7.5 [35] | 2.000–3.500 [35] | >4 months (15 days rain/dry months) [35] | 19–28 °C [1], 20–34 [10] and optimum 22 °C and 29 °C [78] |
No | Species | Height Growth (m/year) | Diameter Growth (cm/year) | Height (m) | Diameter (cm) | Age (Months; Year) | Location and Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | G. arborea | 2.05. | 2.88 | 4.11 | 5.76 | 2 years | Trial site (Gunungkidul) |
1.25 | 1.42 | 187.33 | 3.467 | 18 months | Dry land, Ciamis, West Java [14] | ||
2.02–2.18 | 1.9–2.04 | 101.12–109.35 | 0.95–1.02 | 6 months | Dry land Trenggalek, East Java [89] | ||
1.43 | 1.21 | 11.47 | 9.7 | 8 years | Dry land Banjar dan Tasikmalaya (West Java) [31] | ||
1.00 | 2.7 | 10 | 24 | 10 years | Dry land, Gorontalo, North Sulawesi [90] | ||
2 | N. cadamba | 1.86. | 2.74 | 3.72. | 5.48 | 2 years | Trial site (Gunungkidul) |
1.04 | 1.29 | 4.17 m | 5.15 | 4 year | Peat Soil at Riau [82] | ||
2.76–4.49 | 2.61–3.40 | 9.38–10.15 | 11.73–15.30 | 54 months | Dry land, Bogor, West Java [86] | ||
1.62 | 2.03 | 3.24 | 4.06 | 2 years | Dry land, Cianjur West Java [85] | ||
4.21 | 5.25 | 16.84 | 21.0 | 4 years | Dry land, Cianjur West Java [85] | ||
4.25 | 5.97 | 17 | 23.9 | 4 years | Dry land, South Kalimantan [35] | ||
2.09 | 3.86 | 22 | 40.5 | 10.5 | Dry land, West Java [78] | ||
1.70 | 1.72 | 2.59 | 3.74 | 2 years | Peat soil Pelalawan District, Riau [16] | ||
22.1 | 35.9 | 2.76 | 4.48 | 8 years | Dry land, Pakenjeng, Garut, West Java [29] | ||
3 | F. moluccana | 1.7. | 1.93 | 3.49. | 3.87 | 2 years | Trial site (Gunungkidul) |
3.31 | 2.77 | 496.8 | 4.16 | 18 months | Dry land, Ciamis, West Java [14] | ||
182 | 1.85 | 364 | 3.69 | 2 years | Dry land, Panjalu West Java [91] | ||
2.34–3.9 | 3.74–3.76 | 11.7–20.5 | 11.3–18.7 | 3–5 years | Dry land, Kediri, East Java [92] | ||
3.64 | 4.74 | 7.28 | 9.48 | 2 years | Sandy Soil, Dry land, Tasikmalaya West Java [47] | ||
1.485 | 1.53 | 1.98 | 2.04 | 9 months | Dry Land Tasikmlaya West Java [47] | ||
4 | A. mangium | 1.40. | 1.26 | 2.81 | 2.52 | 2 years | Trial Site (Gunungkidul) |
2.67 | 2.23 | 401.3 | 3.35 | 18 months | Dry land Ciamis, West Java [14] | ||
2.23 | 2.17 | 134 | 13 | 6 years | Dry land, Guangdong China [88] | ||
1.8–5.8 | 1.4–7.3 | 10–15 | 15 | 2–3 years | Dry land at Some sites [30] | ||
3.71 | 4.50 | 5.57 | 6.76 | 18 months | Dry land, Malaysia [73]. |
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Sudomo, A.; Maharani, D.; Swestiani, D.; Sabastian, G.E.; Roshetko, J.M.; Perdana, A.; Prameswari, D.; Fambayun, R.A. Intercropping Short Rotation Timber Species with Teak: Enabling Smallholder Silviculture Practices. Forests 2021, 12, 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121761
Sudomo A, Maharani D, Swestiani D, Sabastian GE, Roshetko JM, Perdana A, Prameswari D, Fambayun RA. Intercropping Short Rotation Timber Species with Teak: Enabling Smallholder Silviculture Practices. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121761
Chicago/Turabian StyleSudomo, Aris, Dewi Maharani, Dila Swestiani, Gerhard E. Sabastian, James M. Roshetko, Aulia Perdana, Diana Prameswari, and Rizki A. Fambayun. 2021. "Intercropping Short Rotation Timber Species with Teak: Enabling Smallholder Silviculture Practices" Forests 12, no. 12: 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121761