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Article

Dry Season Irrigation Promotes Leaf Growth in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis under Fertilization

by
Fei Yu
1,
Thuy Van Truong
1,
Qian He
1,
Lei Hua
2,3,
Yan Su
1 and
Jiyue Li
1,*
1
Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
2
South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2019, 10(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010067
Submission received: 20 November 2018 / Revised: 28 December 2018 / Accepted: 11 January 2019 / Published: 15 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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Abstract

:
Leaves are essential for photosynthesis and gas exchange, and their growth characteristics are the key factors that influence the carbon budget. Eucalyptus is widely afforested in south China due to its fast-growing and high-yield features. Water and fertilizer are the main factors affecting plant growth. Studying the effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on the growth of Eucalyptus leaves under seasonal drought could further elucidate the optimal additions for Eucalyptus productivity. In this study, we investigated the leaf area, length, width, perimeter, and expansion rates of the commercial species E. urophylla × E. grandis under different treatments of dry season irrigation and fertilizer application to elucidate the growth dynamics of the leaves. The results indicated that both dry season irrigation and fertilizer could affect whole leaf expansion. Leaf area was largest when water and fertilizer were added at the same time. In this experiment, we found that fertilization had a significant effect on the leaf shape index of the Eucalyptus leaves. The leaf shape index was larger with the fertilizer treatment, which made the leaves slender. Dry season irrigation shorten the peak period of leaf growth and increase the leaf area. Our results help to further understand the mechanism of Eucalyptus productivity under seasonal drought and provide theoretical support for Eucalyptus production.

1. Introduction

The leaf is the main site for photosynthesis, which is an important part of terrestrial ecosystem function [1]. An important factor that impacts terrestrial ecosystem productivity is the total leaf area [2]. Plants adapt to changing environments by changing their leaf morphologies and chemical contents, thus enabling them to obtain a reasonable carbon budget [1,3]. Leaves can gradually adapt to water and solar illumination, balancing photosynthesis and transpiration conditions. They are sensitive to changes in the environment during the evolution of organs, which produce a series of leaf characteristics due to the environmental changes that occur through long-term adaptability [4,5]. Therefore, leaf traits are useful ecological tools [6] that provide a link between environmental factors and leaf function [7].
Leaf phenotypes are influenced by many factors, both biotic (e.g., herbivory) and abiotic (e.g., temperature, soil, light environment) [8,9,10,11]. While soil factors mainly include water and fertilizer. Studies have showed that water and fertilizer will promote the growth of both seedlings [12] and plants from natural forests [13]. Fertilizer could increase the leaf water use efficiency, water conductivity [13], leaf area index [14], and N content [15] under the appropriate soil water condition to promote the plant productivity. However, the leaf traits of different species may perform differently under these two treatments. Therefore, studying the effects of water and fertilizer on the leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis can be used as a reference for fertilization and water supply in the research process.
Eucalyptus occurs widely and is planted for its fast growing, high yield, and wood availability characteristics. Maire et al. [16] studied the method of measuring the leaf area index of Eucalyptus using medium-resolution remote sensing satellites. Macfarlane et al. [17] and Diao et al. [18] explored the indirect estimation of the total leaf area of Eucalyptus plantations using the plant canopy analyzer LAI-2000 and the leaf weighing method. Nouvellon et al. [19] found a significant negative correlation between Eucalyptus-specific leaf weight and breast diameter and height. Li et al. [20] found that the influence of leaf area and biomass were inconsistent in the dry and wet seasons. The leaf area was positively correlated with the biomass, and the leaf area in the wet season was larger than in the dry season. Brachiaria brizantha and E. grandis had a negative effect on the development of E. urophylla seedlings when they were grown simultaneously under three different water contents (20%, 23%, and 26% of the mass), which altered the leaf area and biomass [21]. Aspinwall et al. [22] pinpointed that warming reduced the photosynthetic and respiration rate of Eucalyptus leaves. Nevertheless, in the P addition experiment, it was found that the P content of the Eucalyptus leaves increased significantly but did not affect leaf photosynthesis and increased the stem growth rate [23]. However, dynamic changes in the development of fertilization and dry season irrigation have rarely been reported to measure the growth of Eucalyptus leaves. Exploring Eucalyptus leaf area growth and development dynamics and the relationship between water and fertilizer can further elucidate the resource utilization strategies and response mechanisms of water and fertilizer by Eucalyptus leaves to provide a theoretical basis for reasonable scientific fertilization and irrigation applications on plantations.
This experiment aims at the commercial production of E. urophylla × E. grandis, studying leaf growth under different treatments of dry season irrigation and fertilizer. Because water and fertilizer are important factors for leaf growth, the absorption of water can further promote the absorption of nutrients. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed in this paper: (1) dry season irrigation and fertilizer can affect leaf area; and (2) dry season irrigation shorten the peak period of leaf growth and increase the leaf area. The aim of this experiment is to reveal the response mechanisms of water and fertilizer factors on the growth dynamics of E. urophylla × E. grandis. This research has important guiding significance for the wild cultivation and tending of Eucalyptus, which provides theoretical support for the related research on the formation process of Eucalyptus productivity.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Site and Plant Material

The experiment was planted in April 2017 in the South China Agricultural University Teaching & Research Base in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, which is located at 23°14′48 N, 113°38′20 E, the transition zone between tropical and subtropical Asia. According to meteorological records of 1981–2010, the annual average temperature is 21.91 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2004.5 mm and sufficient, while the annual rainfall is uneven. A marked dry season between October and March (accounted for 17.31% of the whole year rainfall) results in a seasonal drought. Therefore, April to September is called the rainy season and October to March is the dry season. The study area was 0.536 ha in total. Using a completely random block design, each region was randomly arranged from 20–92 trees (Figure 1). The field water holding capacity is 20.41% and soil volumetric weight is 1.55 g/cm3. The effective soil chemistry was pH: 4.92, organic matter: 7.03 g/kg, total nitrogen: 0.35 g/kg, total phosphorus: 0.15 g/kg, and total potassium: 8.83 g/kg. The material was a 3-month tissue culture of E. urophylla × E. grandis clone DH32-29 from Guangdong Gaoyao Jiayao Forestry Development Co., Ltd, China. The average seedling height was approximately 20–35 cm, and the ground diameter was 0.15–0.20 cm, and there was no disease or mechanical damage. The planting density was 3 × 2 m, 1650 plants/ha.

2.2. Experimental Method

The experiment was constructed by the orthogonal design of water and fertilizer, and water supplementation was carried out only in the dry season from 17 October 2017 to 1 December 2017. The CK treatment was non-irrigated without fertilizer. The W treatment was treated with water and no fertilizer. The F treatment was treated with anhydrous fertilizer. The WF treatment was treated with water and fertilizer. The water and fertilizer treatment methods are shown in Table 1. The design of this experiment ensured that the place of water content (soil water content/field water holding capacity) in W and WF treatments, which was 40 cm depth and 40 cm away from the trees, was maintained at 90% for three days during dry season irrigation. Drip irrigation was applied 8 h/week at 4 L/h, a total of 32 L/week. In this experiment, the irrigation time was from 1 October to 1 December, a total of nine weeks. Each plant was given a total of 288 L for the experiment. The fertilizer additions for F and WF treatments were completely determined based on the amount of commercial Eucalyptus planted on the Chinese market. The special base fertilizer and the top dressing of Eucalyptus were purchased from Guangdong Dayi Agricultural and Forestry Ecological Technology Co., Ltd, China. The base fertilizer was applied at 400 g per hole on 25 March 2017. The effective amount of each element was N: 24 g, P: 72 g, and K: 24 g. On 29 July 2017, the top dressing was applied to the north and south sides of all the trees in the F and WF treatments, and a total of 300 g/plant was applied. The effective amount of each element was N: 45 g, P: 21 g, and K: 24 g. On 18 November 2017, all the Eucalyptus trees were measured and the following features were obtained (Table 2).

2.3. Index Measure

The experiment started on 17 October 2017, and five trees with relatively average growth in each treatment were selected. Three apical germinated leaves were selected at the top 1/3 of the tree height. The leaf length and width were recorded as zero and marked with red lines. Photographs of the leaves were taken every five days. A method of placing a flat blade between cardboard and graph paper was used, and a digital camera was used to vertically photograph the cardboard. The taking of photos and observations were stopped when the leaf length and width no longer increased before and after. The leaf length, leaf width (maximum width perpendicular to the main vein), leaf area, and leaf perimeter were measured using ImageJ software.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Excel 2013 computer package program and SPSS 18.0 statistical analysis software was used for single factor and double factor variance analysis, bivariate correlation analysis, and regression analysis. Origin Pro 2016 statistical analysis software was used for performing the logistic regression equation fitting and saliency analysis.
The leaf shape index was the leaf width divided by the leaf length. Using the leaf area and the growth time fitted by a logistic curve model, the logistic growth curve was modeled with the following: y = a/(1 + be^(−kx)). In the equation, x, y, and a represent the growth time (day), leaf area (cm−2) and growth ceiling (cm−2), respectively. The growth time and leaf area were simulated by a logistic curve. The test was optimized by the four-point method and the least squares method. The maximum linear growth rate can be determined as Vmax = 1/4ak. The equation was further derivable to obtain t1 = (lnb − 1.317)/k, t2 = lnb/k, t3 = (lnb + 1.317)/k. In the equation, t1, t2, and t3 represent the initial process (the beginning of the rapid growth of the leaves), the peak period (the peak period of leaf growth), and the end stage (the end period of the rapid growth of the leaves), respectively [24]. The leaf expansion rate (cm−2·day−1) was for a single leaf area/peak period [25]. The leaf expansion rate in this paper was the relative leaf expansion rate in the peak period. It was the time from the initial process to the end stage calculated by the logistic regression equation. The leaf expansion rate was equal to the single peak area growth divided by the growth time. In this experiment, the peak period of CK was 15–30 days, and the leaf expansion rate was R (cm−2·day−1) = (y day 30 − y day 15)/(30 − 15). The peak periods of W, F, and WF were 15–30, 15–35, and 10–30 days, respectively.
The two-factor analysis of variance adopted a fixed mode [26]. The fixed effect linear model was yij = β0 + β1x1ij + β2x2ij + … + βkxkij + eij.
The effect of k treatments with k was fixed within the experimental processing range. Ai and βj are the effects of Ai, Bj: αi = μi − μ, βj = μj − μ. In the equation, μi and μj are the average of the observed values of Ai and Bj, respectively, and Σαi = 0, Σβj = 0. The effect variance of each treatment in the fixed mode was represented by kα2. The expression was kα2 = Σ (μi − μ)2/(k − 1) = Σ i2/(k − 1).

3. Results

3.1. Changes in Leaf Growth Trend

Bivariate correlations of leaf length, width, area, perimeter, expansion rate, and shape index were made in Table 3. Strong correlations were found between leaf length, width, area, perimeter, and expansion rate. The leaf area of Eucalyptus showed an “S” growth curve pattern (Figure 2). The initial growth was slow, and after a period of peak growth, the growth tended to be flat and was finally close to zero increase. The whole leaves grew gently after 40 days, basically reaching the maximum leaf area. After 45 days of treatment, the leaf area of the WF treatment (23.20 cm2) was largest, which was 1.30–1.44 times the leaf area of the other three treatments. The WF treatment was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the other three treatments, and there was no significant difference between the three treatments. The leaf length (9.83 cm) and perimeter (21.99 cm) of the WF treatment were consistent with the leaf area, which was significantly different from the other three treatments. The leaf width of the F treatment (2.81 cm) was the smallest, only 0.77 of that of the WF treatment, which was different from the other three groups. As the leaf growth decreased, the leaf shape index decreased by 30.7%, 28.1%, 23.0%, and 22.8% in the CK, W, F, and WF treatments, respectively. On the 45th day, there was a significant difference in the leaf shape index between the CK (2.26), W (2.28), F (2.93), and WF (2.89) treatments. The leaf expansion rate was a single peak curve growth. The leaf expansion rate was the highest from the 25th to the 30th day (0.87, 0.80, 0.60, and 0.89 cm2/day, respectively, in the CK, W, F, and WF treatments), and the rate on the 45th day tended to be 0.

3.2. Two-Factor Analysis of the Leaf Index in Dry Season Irrigation and Fertilization

The two-factor analysis of growth indicators showed that dry season irrigation affected the height under the branches, while fertilizer affected the remaining growth indicators (Table 4). After 45 days of treatment, dry season irrigation did not have a significant influence on the leaf characteristics of the Eucalyptus (Table 5). The fertilizer mainly controlled the leaf length (F = 15.438 **), perimeter (F = 9.639 **) and shape index (F = 45.287 **). Under the water–fertilizer combination (WF) treatment, the leaf length (F = 5.124 *), area (F = 5.494 *), perimeter (F = 5.420 *), expansion rate (F = 6.409 *), and length × width (F = 5.338 *) had significant effects. The leaf area of each growth period was obtained by a double factor analysis of water and fertilizer (Figure 3). It can be seen from the effect variance analysis chart that a smaller effect is close to the horizontal axis, and the larger the value (ordinate), the greater the influence on the leaf characteristics. Both the water and fertilizer treatments had a more significant effect on early leaf expansion, but the effect gradually decreased later. As the leaves developed, the influence of fertilizer on the leaf characteristics existed in the fluctuation mode. The effect of the dry season irrigation and the water–fertilizer combination on the leaf area, length, width, and perimeter showed a “single peak” growth pattern, but the effect on the leaf shape index was weak and fluctuated in its expansion rate. The water–fertilizer combination effect was more apparent in the leaf area and width, which was highlighted after the 15th day. The leaf shape index was affected only by fertilizer and not by time.

3.3. Leaf Logistic Model Fitting

Setting the expansion time and the area of the leaves at x (day) and y (cm2), the growth regression curve was used to fit the logistic model (Table 6). We obtained four regression equations with R2 values greater than 0.99. The maximum growth limit for the four treatments was the WF treatment (23.604 cm2), which was 1.41 times that of the minimum treatment, the W treatment (16.706 cm2). The maximum linear growth rates were 0.90, 0.84, 0.61, and 0.99 cm2·day−1 for the CK, W, F, and WF treatments, respectively, and the F treatment was the minimum. The initial process ranged from 12.14–16.85 days, while the end stage ranged from 27.91–34.57 days. The earliest initial process and end stage for the WF treatment were, respectively, the 12.14th and 27.91th days. The peak period of the F treatment was the longest (18.95 days), which was the ratio of the remaining three treatments by 1.43, 1.45, and 1.20 times for the CK, W, and WF treatment, respectively. The number of days from the initial process for the fertilizer treatments, F and WF, were advanced, and the number of days in the peak period was expanded. A significance analysis of the regression equation using OriginPro 2016 showed that the four curves were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05).

4. Discussion

4.1. Effects of Water and Fertilizer on Leaf Growth

The leaf growth dynamics of E. urophylla × E. grandis exhibited a logistic growth curve pattern, which was consistent with popular perceptions of leaf growth model [27]. The primordium shows a slow expansion due to the cell proliferation in the early leaf development, and the following rapid expansion mainly because of the cell expansion and cell divisions at the same time [28]. As a “fast growing” species, E. urophylla × E. grandis showed its resource acquisition abilities. During the leaf expansion, the effects of dry season irrigation, fertilizer, and their combination were all positive on leaf area, leaf length, and leaf perimeter. Both dry season irrigation and fertilizer can affect whole leaf expansion. Irrigation can facilitate the transport of fertilizers in the soil to various parts of the tree. Especially, the first post-planting irrigation was the most important control for production [29]. Therefore, we can find that the leaf area of WF (dry season irrigation and fertilizer) treatment was the largest. This may mean that leaf area growth is not promoted when the soil is poor or dry. The impacts of water, fertilizer, and the water–fertilizer combination were significant in the early stage of leaf expansion and weakened in the later stage because of many factors, such as species genes [30]. In this experiment, dry season irrigation had no significant effect on each leaf characteristic due to short-time treatment (nine weeks, a total of only 288 L/tree). The Eucalyptus was still in the early stage of plantation, and the response to water was slowly accumulating. Dry season irrigation is conducive to fertility and has a significant impact on leaf area. The combined effect of water and fertilizer is similar to the study by Albaugh et al. [14], which indicated that the volume, total biomass and maximum leaf area index of Pinus taeda increased after four years of water and fertilizer experiments.

4.2. Leaf Shape Variation

Plants have similar strategies for coping with stress, which include enhancing their water retention, reducing their transpiration rate, and improving their photosynthetic efficiency [31,32]. In this experiment, we found that fertilization had a significant effect on the leaf shape index of the Eucalyptus leaves. The leaf shape index was larger with the fertilizer treatment, which made the leaves slender, but the leaf shape index was smaller without the fertilizer treatment. As planting in the bare ground, all trees would suffer the mechanical hazards from wind. Therefore, all leaves were supposed to have narrow laminas for wind damage [33]. For the trees under fertilization without water treatment, the leaf area, on the one hand, was considered to be promoted with enough fertilizer, while on the other hand, would be narrowed to counteract the negative effects of overheating and high transpiration rates under drought condition [34,35]. Thus, the leaves tend to have longer and narrower laminas, which causes the higher leaf shape index. Another possible reason is that the narrower shape may help absorb humidity directly from fog [36]. While for the trees with both fertilization and irrigation, they enlarged their leaf areas (Figure 2) to get more illumination for photosynthesis. The lengthening rate was faster than that of widening to avoid the overlaps of adjacent blades and physical hazards caused by wind, which also make the leaf shape index larger. In addition, leaf shape index decreased with the leaf growth, which was similar to the findings of Zheng [37]; as the tree age increased, the leaf shape index decreased.

4.3. Leaf Expansion Rate and Model Fitting

The leaf expansion rate is significantly different in dry and humid environments (p < 0.001) [38] and is lower with reduced water resources [39,40]. The WF treatment had the highest leaf spreading rate (0.99 cm2·day−1) and the earliest initial period (12.14 days) and end stage (27.91 days). This pattern of leaf expansion rate is in accordance with the research of Zhu et al. [41], that is, when water and fertilizer are sufficiently available, the larger the leaf and the earlier the peak period end stage. Interestingly, the time at the initial process of the F and WF treatments was earlier than that of the CK and W treatments, and the peak days were longer (2–5 days more). This shows that fertilizer can advance the initial process and promote leaf growth in the peak period. As the fertilizer availability increases, the growth rate and resistance to cavitation increases [42]. Differential fertilization and irrigation showed that Quercus rubra and Quercus prinus had a greater effect on tissue water relations on fertilization than irrigation [43]. Fertilizers can affect the structure of the leaves more than irrigation. Since the effect of fertilizer on leaf area begins from the leaf, the effect of irrigation is slowly enhanced. Therefore, in the early stage of expansion, fertilizer advanced the effect in the beginning, which was consistent with the study above. The peak period of the F treatment was 3 days longer than that of the WF treatment, but the area of the WF treatment was significantly larger; hence, dry season irrigation shortened the peak period of the WF treatment and increased the leaf area [44], conforming to the hypothesis.

5. Conclusions

In this experiment, the areas of Eucalyptus leaves treated with dry season irrigation and fertilizer were measured, showing that both dry season irrigation and fertilizer can affect whole leaf expansion. Leaf area was the largest when water and fertilizer were added at the same time. Dry season irrigation shortened the peak period of leaf growth and increase the leaf area. However, the experiment had a short water replenishment time. If these measures are adopted for the long-term dry season, the productivity of the plantation should be significantly improved. There are still many factors affecting leaf area, which are directly proportional to the soil nutrient utilization rate [45] and habitat productivity [46] and inversely proportional to height [47]. Therefore, there are still many doubts. In fact, most leaves are mostly shaded and are limited only by photosynthesis [48,49], which still strengthened the respiration and tree construction inputs [50].
Biomass and net primary productivity are directly proportional to leaf area [51]. General biomass and leaf area equations are used to assess and simulate forest productivity [52]. The innovation of this research was to study the response mechanism of leaf growth with water and fertilizer treatment in a Eucalyptus plantation during dry season irrigation, which further provided theoretical support for the study of commercial Eucalyptus production.

Author Contributions

F.Y. and J.L. contributed equally to the conceptualization and design of the work; writing—original draft preparation, F.Y., T.V.T. and L.H.; writing—review & editing, F.Y.; software, F.Y. and L.H.; visualization, F.Y.; validation, Q.H.; methodology and formal analysis, F.Y., T.V.T. and L.H.; investigation, F.Y. and T.V.T.; supervision and critical revision of the manuscript, J.L. and X.H.; project administration, Q.H. and Y.S.; and funding acquisition, J.L. All the authors approved the version to be published.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0600201; 2016YFD060020102) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800527).

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Xinsheng Hu for the technical support and analysis and Shili Liu for the composing.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Forests 10 00067 g001 550
Figure 1. Study area with four treatments, was located in Guangzhou City in Guangdong Province, China.
Figure 1. Study area with four treatments, was located in Guangzhou City in Guangdong Province, China.
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Figure 2. Dynamic changes of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, leaf perimeter, leaf shape index, and leaf expansion rate of the four treatments.
Figure 2. Dynamic changes of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, leaf perimeter, leaf shape index, and leaf expansion rate of the four treatments.
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Figure 3. The effect of variance changes of water, fertilizer, and their combination during the leaf expansion. Note: (A) to (F) respectively represent the treatment effects of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, leaf perimeter, leaf shape index, and leaf expansion rate. Notes: Levels of significance are indicated by asterisks: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
Figure 3. The effect of variance changes of water, fertilizer, and their combination during the leaf expansion. Note: (A) to (F) respectively represent the treatment effects of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, leaf perimeter, leaf shape index, and leaf expansion rate. Notes: Levels of significance are indicated by asterisks: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
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Table
Table 1. The four combined treatments. Supplemental irrigation and fertilizer addition was as follows: CK, no irrigation or fertilizer; W—irrigation only; F—fertilizer only; WF—irrigation and fertilizer.
Table 1. The four combined treatments. Supplemental irrigation and fertilizer addition was as follows: CK, no irrigation or fertilizer; W—irrigation only; F—fertilizer only; WF—irrigation and fertilizer.
TreatmentFertilizer (Eucalyptus Fertilizer)Irrigation Time(s)Irrigation Time
CK---
W-8 h/weekOctober to March of the following year
Fbase fertilizer and top dressing--
WFbase fertilizer and top dressing8 h/weekOctober to March of the following year
Note: Continuous drip irrigation can reach 90% of the field water holding capacity for 4 h, drip irrigation twice a week for 4 h each time.
Table
Table 2. On 18 November 2017, all the Eucalyptus trees were investigated and the following growths were obtained.
Table 2. On 18 November 2017, all the Eucalyptus trees were investigated and the following growths were obtained.
TreatmentNumberHeight/cmClear Bole Height/cmCrown Length/cmCrown Width/mGround Diameter/mmDiameter at Breast Height (DBH)/mmBranching Quantity
CK70150.36 ± 8.38 b21.77 ± 1.08 b128.59 ± 8.50 b1.18 × 1.16 b22.72 ± 1.36 b14.73 ± 1.33 b31.56 ± 3.07 b
W84168.37 ± 6.87 b26.65 ± 1.10 a141.71 ± 6.83 b1.23 × 1.24 b24.25 ± 1.15 b15.29 ± 0.90 b35.00 ± 2.53 b
F66454.12 ± 10.78 a21.17 ± 1.10 b432.95 ± 10.73 a2.17 × 2.13 a58.10 ± 1.54 a41.10 ± 1.30 a67.08 ± 3.58 a
WF71438.80 ± 8.67 a22.87 ± 1.15 b415.93 ± 9.04 a2.16 × 2.12 a55.72 ± 1.45 a39.38 ± 1.31 a64.92 ± 2.45 a
Note: The mean ± standard error in the table, and the different letters represent the significant difference between different treatments under the same index (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 3. Bivariate correlations of leaf length, width, area, perimeter, expansion rate and shape index (Pearson correlation coefficient).
Table 3. Bivariate correlations of leaf length, width, area, perimeter, expansion rate and shape index (Pearson correlation coefficient).
IndexWLALPRLeaf Shape Index (L/W)
Leaf length (L)0.644 **0.880 **0.988 **0.749 **0.370 *
Leaf width (W) 0.916 **0.751 **0.918 **−0.452 **
Leaf area (LA) 0.940 **0.933 **−0.086
Leaf perimeter (LP) 0.831 **0.23
Leaf expansion rate (R) −0.259
Notes: Levels of significance are indicated by asterisks: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
Table
Table 4. Analysis of double factors of Eucalyptus growth after 45 days of treatment by F-value test (F value).
Table 4. Analysis of double factors of Eucalyptus growth after 45 days of treatment by F-value test (F value).
Source of DifferenceHeight/cmClear Bole Height/cmCrown Length/cmSN Crown Width/mEW Crown Width/mGround Diameter/mmDiameter at Breast Height (DBH)/mmBranching Quantity
Water0.0138.548 **0.233 0.007 0.251 0.179 0.105 0.046
ertilizer1133.549 **3.699 1127.112 **566.200 **560.166 **614.645 **196.417 **121.021 **
Water × Fertilizer2.787 1.889 2.186 0.204 0.434 1.721 0.399 0.886
Notes: Levels of significance are indicated by asterisks: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
Table
Table 5. Analysis of double factors of Eucalyptus leaf size after 45 days of treatment by F-value test.
Table 5. Analysis of double factors of Eucalyptus leaf size after 45 days of treatment by F-value test.
Source of DifferenceLeaf Length (L)Leaf Width (W)Leaf Area (LA)Leaf Perimeter (LP)Leaf Expansion Rate (R)Leaf Shape Index (L/W)Leaf Length × Width (LW)
Water2.9711.5512.7802.9343.0060.0132.843
Fertilizer15.438 **0.5561.9209.639 **0.01645.287 **2.181
Water × Fertilizer5.124 *3.7465.494 *5.420 *6.409 *0.1445.338 *
Notes: Levels of significance are indicated by asterisks: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
Table
Table 6. Leaf area logistic growth model and characteristic value of the Eucalyptus leaf growth process.
Table 6. Leaf area logistic growth model and characteristic value of the Eucalyptus leaf growth process.
TreatmentRegressive EquationR2 (COD)FVmax/(cm2 · Day−1)t1/Dayt2/Dayt3/DayPeak Days/Day
CKY = 18.064/(1 + 101.652 × exp(−0.199*x))0.9961694.95 **0.9016.6123.2229.8413.24
WY = 16.706/(1 + 110.307 × exp(−0.201*x))0.9961389.47 **0.8416.8523.4029.9513.10
FY = 17.608/(1 + 32.718 × exp(−0.139*x))0.9941166.41 **0.6115.6225.0934.5718.95
WFY = 23.604/(1 + 28.321 × exp(−0.167*x))0.9961976.4 **0.9912.1420.0227.9115.77
Notes: Levels of significance are indicated by asterisks: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yu, F.; Truong, T.V.; He, Q.; Hua, L.; Su, Y.; Li, J. Dry Season Irrigation Promotes Leaf Growth in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis under Fertilization. Forests 2019, 10, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010067

AMA Style

Yu F, Truong TV, He Q, Hua L, Su Y, Li J. Dry Season Irrigation Promotes Leaf Growth in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis under Fertilization. Forests. 2019; 10(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010067

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu, Fei, Thuy Van Truong, Qian He, Lei Hua, Yan Su, and Jiyue Li. 2019. "Dry Season Irrigation Promotes Leaf Growth in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis under Fertilization" Forests 10, no. 1: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010067

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