Insights into the Synthesis Parameters Effects on the Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- the combination of the so-called “oxalic conversion” or “oxalate precipitation” route with green chemistry by using glycerol as a green solvent to prepare CuO-NPs.
- the impact of different proportions of glycerol and oxalate ion precursors (oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate) on the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the green synthesized CuO-NPs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis Process of CuO-NPs
2.3. Characterization Techniques
2.4. Theoretical Background
2.4.1. Estimation of the Average Crystallite Size
2.4.2. Hysteresis Loops Susceptibility Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-ray Structural Analysis and TEM Observations
3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.3. Magnetic Properties of CuO
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxalate Ion Source | Water:Glycerol Volume (mL) | Copper Oxalate Code | Copper Oxide Code |
---|---|---|---|
H2C2O4.2H2O | 60:0 | H0oxa | H0 |
45:15 | H1oxa | H1 | |
30:30 | H2oxa | H2 | |
15:45 | H3oxa | H3 | |
(NH4)2C2O4.H2O | 60:0 | N0oxa | N0 |
45:15 | N1oxa | N1 | |
30:30 | N2oxa | N2 | |
15:45 | N3oxa | N3 |
Samples | H0 | H1 | H2 | H3 | N0 | N1 * | N2 * | N3 * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average crystallite sizes | ||||||||
D(−111) (nm) | 25.08 | 25.62 | 24.49 | 24.49 | 26.35 | 24.86 | 24.21 | 21.47 |
D(111) (nm) | 20.41 | 19.38 | 19.03 | 18.82 | 20.56 | 18.73 | 18.05 | 16.50 |
Daverge (nm) | 22.75 | 22.50 | 21.76 | 21.65 | 23.45 | 21.79 | 21.13 | 18.98 |
Lattice parameters (C 2/c space group) | ||||||||
a (Å) | 4.6841 | 4.6849 | 4.6838 | 4.6840 | 4.6835 | 4.6849 | 4.6843 | 4.6853 |
b (Å) | 3.4274 | 3.4286 | 3.4282 | 3.4280 | 3.4267 | 3.4277 | 3.4277 | 3.4280 |
c (Å) | 5.1293 | 5.1318 | 5.1296 | 5.1304 | 5.1292 | 5.1299 | 5.1292 | 5.1321 |
β (°) | 99.420 | 99.397 | 99.408 | 99.394 | 99.413 | 99.397 | 99.399 | 99.389 |
Sample | Saturation Magnetization: Ms (emu.g−1) | Coercivity: Hc (Oe) | Particle Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
H2 | 0.0005 | 500 | 33.3 |
H3 | 0.0023 | 1200 | 27.4 |
N0 | 0.0014 | 680 | 36.4 |
N1 | 0.0024 | 460 | 28.6 |
N2 | 0.0014 | 540 | 25.2 |
N3 | 0.0025 | 390 | 24.2 |
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Mbarek, F.; Chérif, I.; Chérif, A.; Alonso, J.M.; Morales, I.; de la Presa, P.; Ammar, S. Insights into the Synthesis Parameters Effects on the Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Materials 2023, 16, 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093426
Mbarek F, Chérif I, Chérif A, Alonso JM, Morales I, de la Presa P, Ammar S. Insights into the Synthesis Parameters Effects on the Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Materials. 2023; 16(9):3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093426
Chicago/Turabian StyleMbarek, Fatma, Ichraf Chérif, Amira Chérif, José María Alonso, Irene Morales, Patricia de la Presa, and Salah Ammar. 2023. "Insights into the Synthesis Parameters Effects on the Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles" Materials 16, no. 9: 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093426