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Article

Six New Unsymmetrical Imino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives Substituted at 3-C Position—Photophysical Investigations

by
Sonia Kotowicz
1,*,
Mateusz Korzec
1,
Jan Grzegorz Małecki
1,
Sylwia Golba
2,
Mariola Siwy
3,
Sebastian Maćkowski
4 and
Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
1,3
1
Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland
2
Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
3
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
4
Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2022, 15(19), 7043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197043
Submission received: 25 August 2022 / Revised: 1 October 2022 / Accepted: 4 October 2022 / Published: 10 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Materials)
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Abstract

:
In this research, six novel unsymmetrical imino-1,8-naphthalimides (AzNI) were synthesized. Comprehensive thermal (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical (UV-Vis, photoluminescence), and electrochemical (CV, DPV) studies were carried out to characterize these new compounds. The molecules showed the onset of thermal decomposition in the temperature range 283–372 °C and molecular glass behavior. Imino-1,8-naphthalimides underwent reduction and oxidation processes with the electrochemical energy band gap (Eg) below 2.41 eV. The optical properties were evaluated in solvents with different polarities and in the solid-state as a thin films and binary blends with poly(N-vinylcarbazole): (2-tert-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (PVK:PBD). Presented compounds emitted blue light in the solutions and in the green or violet spectral range in the solid-state. Their ability to emit light under external voltage was examined. The devices with guest-host structure emitted light with the maximum located in the blue to red spectral range of the electroluminescence band (EL) depending on the content of the AzNI in the PVK:PBD matrix (guest-host structure).

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The progress and expansion of organic electronics are possible thanks to the synthesis of the new organic semiconductors [1,2], which have been seeing its most significant development since the second half of the 20th century, and is fueled by application of these materials in a light-emitting diodes (OLED) [3,4,5], field-effect transistors (OFET) [6], and photovoltaic cells (PV) [7,8,9]. New organic molecules—both low molecular weight compounds and polymers/oligomers—with specific thermal, redox, and optical properties are still desired, in particular if a synthesis routes are cheap and efficient and are in accord with the green chemistry approach. The organic semiconductors may contain nitrogen-nitrogen (-N=N-), carbon-carbon (-C=C-) or carbon-nitrogen (-C=N-) double bonds and aromatic heterocyclic rings [10]. Azomethinoimides are organic materials with electron-withdrawing properties [11]. Among the n-type semiconductors, the imides have been widely studied as compounds for applications in organic electronics [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. The ability to self-organize, accompanied by high thermal stability, and chemical and oxidation resistance, render the naphthalimides good acceptor-donor materials [19,20,21,22,23,24]. In addition, the 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives were also used as dyes for cell imaging and as probes or sensors [25,26,27,28,29,30].
In the literature, naphthalimides and their derivatives (substituted at 4- or 3-C position) were applied as active materials in light-emitting diodes. Blue light was registered for the device with the following structure: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/compound/Al based on 4-(2-fenoxi-p-xileno)-N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimide [31]. Another example showed that by changing the aliphatic system with the aromatic one in the imide ring and the substitution of the triphenylamine at the 4-C position yields diodes (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/compound/LiF/Al or ITO/PEDOT:PSS/compound/dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)/LiF/Al) emitting yellowish-green light, whereas the use of the 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP) matrix resulted in a shift of the electroluminescence spectrum to the green spectral range [32]. The red light induced by external voltage was observed for the device with the structure of ITO/MoO3/4,4′,4′′-tri(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine/compund:matrix/2,2′,2′′-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) (TPBI)/LiF/Al, demonstrating thus for the first time the possibility of using 1,8-naphthalimide derivative as red emitters [33]. The electroluminescence ability of the unsymmetrical azomethinoimides was investigated in a diode with the structure of ITO/PVK:compound/Al and in this case the emission of green light was observed [34]. The electroluminescence properties of a device ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK:compound/TPBI/LiF/Al based on the divinylene 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives with fluorene or phenylene core were also investigated. Such diodes emitted green or orange light [35]. The obtained materials with the possibility of color tunability, maximizing at the same time the external quantum efficiency (EQE), and the stability of the device operation is still a topic of current research [16].
In this work, six new azomethino-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives are presented. The influence of the substituent in the 3-C position on thermal, photophysical, and electrochemical properties, including the ability to generate electroluminescence, is discussed. The experimental results were supported by the DFT calculations. Additionally, the properties of two compounds, AzNI-5 and AzNI-6, are discussed in comparison with previously reported symmetrical analogues (with two 1,8-naphthalimide group) [36]. The obtained results may be helpful to design new materials with specific properties, for developing new materials in organic optoelectronics, or as pretenders to biological imaging. The presented results are the result of extensive research on the 1,8-naphthalimide compounds substituted in the 3-C position with the imine linker.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials and Characterization Methods

Based on the publication [34], 3-amino-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide was synthesized. Characterization methods, materials, films, blends, and OLEDs preparations are described in ESI (Supplementary Materials).

2.2. Synthesis Description

Previously synthesized 3-amino-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide (m = 0.296 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in 10 cm3 of methanol and to the dissolved imine the 1 eq of appropriate aldehyde(9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde, 1-naphthaldehyde, 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde, 4-[(2-cyanoethyl)methylamino]benzaldehyde, 4-phenyl-benzaldehyde, 4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzaldehyde) was added. The condensation reaction was carried out for 20 h at room temperature (25 °C ± 1 °C). The obtained powders were filtered, washed with 10 cm3 of methanol and dried at 60 °C (±5 °C) over 2 h.
3-(9-anthracene)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide—AzNI-1
Yield = 41%. Yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 10.05 (s, 1H, -CH=N-); 9.01 (d, J =8.7 Hz, 2H, -CH); 8.88 (s, 1H, -CH); 8.56 (m, 3H, -CH); 8.50 (d, J =7.2 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.23 (d, J =8.3 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.93 (t, J =7.8 Hz, 1H, -CH); 7.93–7.98 (m, 2H, -CH), 7.67–7.61 (m, 2H, -CH); 4.16–4.02 (m, 2H, -N-CH2-); 1.76–1.59 (m, 2H, -CH2-); 1.44–1.20 (m, 6H, -CH2-); 0.88 (t, J =6.9 Hz, 3H, -CH3). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 163.7; 163.6; 162.1; 155.6; 150.8; 140.5; 137.9; 134.6; 132.9; 130.8; 130.3; 130.1; 129.4; 129.2; 129.1; 128.5; 128.2; 126.9; 126.1; 124.9; 124.3; 123.7; 122.5; 31.4; 27.9; 26.6; 22.4; 14.4. FTIR (KBr, v, cm−1): 3052 (C-H aromatic); 2957, 2930 (C-H aliphatic); 1697, 1660 (C=O imide); 1613 (-CH=N- imine). Anal. Calcd for C33H28N2O2 (484.59 g/mol): C(81.79%) H(5.82%) N(5.78%); found: C(81.79%) H(5.81%) N(5.81%).
3-(1-naphthalene)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide—AzNI-2
Yield = 40%. Yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 9.47 (s, 1H, -CH=N-); 9.35 (d, J =8.5 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.52–8.43 (m, 3H, -CH); 8.42 (d, J =2.0 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.31 (d, J =7.2 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.19 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.09 (d, J =7.6 Hz, 1H, -CH); 7.88 (t,J =7.7 Hz,1H, -CH); 7.77–7.62 (m, 3H, -CH); 4.12–4.04 (m, 2H, -N-CH2-); 1.70–1.62 (m, 2H, -CH2-); 1.43–1.25 (m, 6H, -CH2-); 0.87 (t, J =7.0 Hz, 3H, -CH3). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 163.9; 163.7; 150.8; 134.7; 134.0; 133.1; 133.0; 131.7; 131.4; 131.2; 130.4; 129.3; 128.3; 127.0; 126.3; 126.0; 125.1; 124.7; 123.7; 122.6; 31.4; 27.9; 26.6; 22.4; 14.4. FTIR (KBr, v, cm−1): 3051 (C-H aromatic); 2930, 2854 (C-H aliphatic); 1697, 1661 (C=O imide); 1623 (-CH=N- imine). Anal. Calcd for C29H26N2O2 (434.52 g/mol): C(80.16%) H(6.03%) N(6.45%); found: C(80.06%) H(6.05%) N(6.47%).
3-(1-pyrene)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide—AzNI-3
Yield = 52%. Yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 9.91 (s, 1H, -CH=N-); 9.39 (d, J =9.4 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.91 (d, J =8.1 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.61 (m, 1H, -CH); 8.53–8.42 (m, 7H, -CH); 8.37 (d, J =8.9 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.30 (d, J =8.9 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.18 (t, J =7.7 Hz, 1H, -CH); 7.91 (t, J =7.8 Hz, 1H, -CH); 4.15–4.01 (m, 2H, -N-CH2-); 1.75–1.62 (m, 2H, -CH2-); 1.42–1.28 (m, 6H, -CH2-); 0.88 (t, J =6,9 Hz, 3H, -CH3).13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6 or CDCl3, δ, ppm): The product was insufficiently soluble for analysis. FTIR (KBr, v, cm−1): 3043 (C-H aromatic); 2952,2853 (C-H aliphatic); 1698, 1661 (C=O imide); 1624 (-CH=N- imine). Anal. Calcd for C35H28N2O2 (508.61 g/mol): C(82.65%) H(5.55%) N(5.51%); found: C(82.03%) H(5.52%) N(5.42%).
3-(4-[(2-cyanoethyl)methylamino]-4-benzo)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide—AzNI-4
Yield = 65%. Yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 8.70 (s, 1H, -CH=N-); 8.42 (d, J =7.1 Hz, 2H, -CH); 8.35 (s, 1H, -CH); 8.21 (s, 1H, -CH); 7.91–7.81 (m, 3H, -CH); 6.93 (d, J =8.8 Hz, 2H, -CH); 4.13–4.02 (m, 2H, -N-CH2-);3.81 (t, J =6.5 Hz, 2H, -N-CH2-); 3.08 (s, 3H, -N-CH3); 2.80 (t, J =6.6 Hz, 2H, -CH2-); 1.74–1.57 (m, 2H,-CH2-); 1.41–1.26 (m, 6H, -CH2-); 0.88 (t, J =6.6 Hz, 3H, -CH3). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 163.9; 163.8; 162.5; 151.6; 151.4; 134.3; 133.1; 131.3; 129.8; 127.9; 125.9; 125.9; 124.9; 124.1; 123.6; 122.6; 119.7; 112.36; 47.9; 38.4; 31.3; 27.9; 26.6; 22.4; 15.6; 14.2. FTIR (KBr, v, cm−1): 3078 (C-H aromatic); 2954, 2858 (C-H aliphatic); 2246 (C≡C); 1697,1656 (C=O imide); 1629 (-CH=N- imine). Anal. Calcd for C29H30N4O2 (466.57 g/mol): C(74.65%) H(6.48%) N(12.01%); found: C(74.33%) H(6.45%) N(11.94%).
3-(4-phenyl-benzo)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide—AzNI-5
Yield = 49%. Yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 8.93 (s, 1H, -CH=N-); 8.47–8.39 (m, 3H, -CH); 8.30 (d, J =2.0 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.13 (d, J =8.3 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.91–7.85 (m, 3H, -CH); 7.78 (d, J =7.3 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.52 (t, J =7.5 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.44 (t, J =7.3 Hz, 1H, -CH); 4.06 (t, J =7.3 Hz, 2H, -N-CH2-); 1.69–1.59 (m, 2H, -CH2-); 1.40–1.25 (m, 6H, -CH2-); 0.87 (t, J =6.9 Hz, 3H, -CH3). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): The product was insufficiently soluble for analysis. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ, ppm): 8.71 (s, 1H, -CH=N-); 8.55 (d, J =5.8 Hz, 2H, -CH); 8.21 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 1H-CH);8.06 (d, J =7.9 Hz, 2H, -CH);8.00 (s, 1H, -CH); 7.77 (d, J =7.9 Hz, 3H, -CH); 7.69 (d, J =7.7 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.51 (t, J =7.3 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.43 (t, J =7.2 Hz, 1H, -CH); 7.28 (s, 1H,-CH); 4.20–4.15 (m, 2H, -N-CH2-);1.85–1.70 (m, 2H, -CH2-); 1.53–1.29 (m, 6H, -CH2-); 0.96–0.95 (m, 3H, -CH3). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3, δ, ppm): 164.1; 164.0; 161.9; 150.0; 144.8; 140.1; 134.7; 133.6; 132.0; 130.3; 129.7; 129.0; 128.1; 127.0; 127.6; 127.4; 127.4; 127.2; 126.5; 125.1; 124.7; 123.9; 122.8; 113.9; 40.6; 31.6; 28.1; 26.8; 22.6; 14.1. FTIR (KBr, v, cm−1): 3059 (C-H aromatic); 2929, 2857 (C-H aliphatic); 1699, 1658 (C=O imide); 1631 (-CH=N- imine). Anal. Calcd for C31H28N2O2 (460.56 g/mol): C, 80.84; H, 6.13; N, 6.08; found: C, 80.79; H, 6.11; N, 6.08.
3-(4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzo)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide—AzNI-6
Yield = 55%. Yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 8.95 (s, 1H, -CH=N-); 8.48–8.40 (m, 3H, -CH); 8.33 (d, J =2.0 Hz, 1H, -CH); 8.10 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.89 (t, J =7.7 Hz, 1H, -CH); 7.76 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 2H, -CH); 7.66–7.56 (m, 2H, -CH); 7.53–7.41 (m, 3H, -CH); 4.12–4.01 (m, 2H, -N-CH2-); 1.74–1.58 (m, 2H, -CH2-); 1.43–1.22 (m, 6H, -CH2-); 0.88 (t, J =6.8 Hz, 3H, -CH3). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 163.3; 163.7; 162.7; 150.2; 136.2; 134.6; 132.9; 132.3; 131.9; 130.4; 129.6; 129.3; 128.2; 126.4; 126.2; 125.5; 124.9; 123.8; 122.7; 122.5; 92.4; 89.5; 31.4; 27.9; 26.6; 22.4; 14.22. FTIR (KBr, v, cm−1): 3050 (C-H aromatic); 2953, 2929 (C-H aliphatic); 2213 (C≡C); 1699, 1655 (C=O imide); 1654 (-CH=N- imine). Anal. Calcd for C33H28N2O2 (484.59 g/mol): C, 81.79; H, 5.82; N, 5.78; found: C, 81.32; H, 5.68; N, 5.93.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Structural Characterization

The new imino-1,8-naphthalimides (AzNIs) derivatives were synthesized in eco-friendly conditions by condensation reaction. AzNIs with imine bond were obtained as yellow solids, and for two of them, the photos under UV-light (excitation wavelength of 366 nm) were presented (Figure S2 in Supplementary Material). The imino-1,8-naphthalimides are substituted at 3-C position via imine linkage with the naphthalene ring with a 9-anthracene (AzNI-1), 1-naphthalene (AzNI-2), 1-pyrene (AzNI-3), (2-cyanoethyl)methylamino-4-benzyle (AzNI-4), 4-phenyl-benzene (AzNI-5) and 4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene (AzNI-6). The structural formula and synthetic route of the targeted compounds is presented in Figure 1. The 1H NMR spectra were registered (Figure S1) and exhibit the proton of the –C=N– group as a singlet in the range of 8.70–10.05 ppm with a shift toward higher ppm for AzNI-10 with anthracene substituent. The proton signals of the aromatic rings were seen in the range characteristic for these compounds. The proton signals of the -CH3 and -CH2- groups of the (2-cyanoethyl)methylamine substituent (compound AzNI-4) were registered at 2.80 ppm, 3.08 ppm, and 3.81 ppm, respectively. In the case of compounds with anthracene (AzNI-1) and naphthalene (AzNI-2), the signal of the imine proton was weaker shielded for the compound with an anthracene substituent. Additionally, in the FTIR spectra, the absorption band of the imine bond was located at lower frequencies for AzNI-1, which may indicate a better degree of conjugation for this compound [37]. The absorption band observed in the range of 1613–1654 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra was derived from the stretching vibration of the –C=N– group. Presence of the –C≡C– bond vibration in the AzNI-6 compound was noted at 2213 cm−1, and absorption band of the stretching vibrations of the –C≡N bond in the AzNI-4 compound was noted at 2246 cm−1.
Absorption bands of the stretching vibrations of –C=O bonds in the imide ring were observed in the range of 1655–1699 cm−1 and bands of aliphatic groups in the range 2854–28,957 cm−1. The elemental analysis was also performed. Good agreement of the nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen atoms with the theoretical values was found.
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to thermal investigations under nitrogen. Thermal stability was defined using TGA, determining the temperature of 5% weight loss (T5) of the sample during dynamic heating and the temperature of the maximum decomposition rate (Tmax) from the differential curve (DTG). In addition, the percentage of the sample residue after heating to 600 °C was given (Table 1). The phase transition temperatures (Tm, Tc) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) were determined by DSC (heating/cooling rate of 20 °C·min−1 under nitrogen). The data from thermal analysis are collected in Table 1 and in Figure 2.
The T5 was obtained in the range of 283–372 °C (Table 1, Figure 2a and Supplementary Figure S3a). The highest T5 was seen for azomethinoimide with a pyrene substituent (AzNI-3). Azomethinoimides after synthesis were obtained as crystalline materials with a melting temperature in the range of 132–182 °C. Presented imines were molecular glasses with the glass transition temperature (Tg, registered after rapid cooling in the second heating scan). In the second heating scan, the glass transition temperature, “cold crystallization temperature” and melting temperature were observed (Figure 2b), except for AzNI-3 and AzNI-5. These molecules can form a stable amorphous phase, without crystallization and melting during heating above Tg (Figure 2c). The Tm and Tg temperatures were observed in line with the trend for substituents: naphthalene < phenanthrene < anthracene < pyrene (a compound with naphthalene substituent described in our former work [38]). The presence of ethynyl bond (AzNI-6) increased the T5%, Tm and Tg compared with the molecule bearing 4-phenyl-benzyle unit (AzNI-5). It can be interesting to compare AzNI-5 and AzNI-6 with its reported symmetrical analogues [36]. The symmetrical azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides showed higher T5, Tm and Tg temperatures compared with AzNI-5 and AzNI-6, with one exception. The T5 was higher for AzNI-6 (T5 = 359 °C) than for his symmetrical analog (T5 = 285 °C).

3.2. Redox Properties

The electrochemical investigations were performed in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and dry acetonitrile (ACN) solution with three component cells (with platinum electrode (Pt) as a working electrode) using two electrochemical methods: cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The experimentally determined onset of the oxidation and reduction peaks were used for the calculations of the ionization potentials (IP) and electron affinities (EA), which correspond to the HOMO and LUMO energy levels. The ionization potentials value of ferrocene (Fc) was equal to −5.1 eV as provided by findings of P. Bujak, et al. [39]. The electrochemical data based on the dichloromethane investigation are collected in Table 2 and based on the dry ACN in Table S7, and representative voltammograms are presented in Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure S13.
For all compounds, two distinct processes induced by an external voltage are visible. They relate to both the oxidation act (in the positive potential range) and to the reduction act (in the negative potential range). The first process is related to the oxidation of the side substituent part, while in the reduction mainly imine part of the molecule is involved [40]. In the positive potential range (the potential values provided in reference to the mentioned internal standard, namely vs Fc/Fc+ redox couple) anodic peak of irreversible nature is formed as the electron is withdrawn from the molecule’s structure. The lowest Eox value was found in two investigated solutions for AzNI–4 substituted with 4-[(2-cyanoethyl)methylamino]-4-benzo group, which may be related with free electron pair of nitrogen that can be subtracted in the oxidation act. On the other end of the oxidation proneness queue, there is AzNI–3 with a pyrene ring characterized by the highest oxidation potential value as a marker of reluctance of the molecule to lose the electron (Figure 3). The increase in number of aromatic rings in the molecule’s structure is related to the higher oxidation potential as seen in the case of samples where Eox1(onset) is increasing in the order AzNI–4 < AzNI–5 (biphenyl substituent) < AzNI–6 (4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene substituent). Furthermore, the spatial separation of the neighboring phenyl rings also provides an increase in the Eox onset value.
As the system is polarized in the other direction, one may find the reduction act with the reduction onset potential as low as at −1.75 V for AzNI–2 in CH2Cl2 (−1.60 V in ACN)spanning to the −1.26 V for AzNI–1 in CH2Cl2 and −1.42 V for AzNI-4 in ACN (for CV measurements). It seems plausible that in the case of AzNI–2 the 1-naphthalene—substituent lowers Ered1(onset) value, while the 9-anthracene and 4-[(2-cyanoethyl)methylamino]-4-benzo substituent higher this value. The greater number of aromatic rings in the molecule’s structure leads to the lower reductive potential as seen in the case of samples where Ered(onset) is increasing in the order AzNI–5 < AzNI–6 < AzNI–4 (in CH2Cl2).
The electrochemical energy band gaps (Eg) calculated based on the EHOMO and ELUMO values were in the range of 1.92–2.41 eV (values derived from CV in CH2Cl2, 1.87–2.36 eV in ACN). The lowest Eg value was found for azomethine with anthracene substituent (AzNI–1) (1.92 eV), followed by AzNI–4 (1.97 eV), AzNI–3 (2.14 eV), AzNI–6 (2.25 eV), AzNI–5 (2.28 eV) and AzNI–2 (2.41 eV) in dichloromethane solution. In dry acetonitrile the lowest Eg value was found for azomethine AzNI-4 (1.87 eV) and the highest for AzNI-3 (2.36 eV) (Table S7). The changes are connected with shifts of ELUMO value and EHOMO value presenting interplay between molecules dual ability to deliver and take electrons. The lowest optical band gap (Egopt) in three solutions was also observed for AzNI-1 (2.53–2.61 eV) (Table S6). However, the highest optical band gap was seen for AzNI-6 and AzNI-5, with very little values difference between them (3.01–3.07 eV).
The previously described symmetrical azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides [36] demonstrated an easier reduction process (with lower potential) than their unsymmetrical counterparts presented in this work (analogues to compounds with biphenyl (AzNI-5) and 4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene (AzNI-6)). The lower value of the reduction potential influenced the position of ELUMO, lowering it and thus reducing the value of the energy band gap.

3.3. DFT Calculations

Theoretical calculations were calculated using the Gaussian09 program (C.01, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, USA, 2019) and the calculation details are given in the Supplementary Materials (Figure S4 and S5, Table S1–S4). Molecular geometry of the singlet (S) ground state of the compounds was optimized in the gas phase on the B3LYP/6-31g++ level of theory augmented with GD3BJ dispersion correction model. A frequency calculation for the compounds was carried out, verifying that the optimized molecular structure corresponds to energy minimum (only positive frequencies were expected). The calculations were carried out for analysis of the HOMO, LUMO energy levels and UV-Vis and photoluminescence data. Optimized geometries and contours of the molecular energy orbitals are presented in Figure 4 and Supplementary Figure S4 in Supplementary Material.
The calculated HOMO energies do not vary much from the experimental values (cf. Table 2). The largest difference between calculated and experimental values occurs in the compound with 4-phenyl-benzene (AzNI-5, ∆ = 0.32 eV). In the case of LUMO energies, the energy differences are much higher and on average around 1 eV, because the virtual orbitals generally are more difficult to describe theoretically. However, the calculated HOMO and LUMO energies were used only for consistency with geometry optimization. To describe the molecular orbitals in detail, the contribution of the parts of the molecules to a molecular orbital was calculated, i.e., 1,8-napthalimide with aliphatic (–C6H13) chain, imine (–HC=N–) and substituent fragments (R = 9-anthracene, 1-naphthalene, 1-pyrene, (2-cyanoethyl)methylamine, biphenyl and 4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene). The obtained DOS diagrams are presented in Figure S5 and compositions of selected molecular orbitals in the ground state are gathered in Table S1. Electronic structures of these compounds are similar and so are the HOMO orbitals, except for AzNI-5, in which HOMO is localized on both aromatic parts, while LUMO mainly comprises the 1,8-naphtalimide part. Additionally, the case of AzNI-1 LUMO includes the π antibonding orbitals of conjugate bonds (cf. Figure 4 and Supplementary Figure S5 and Supplementary Table S1).
In the S0 state, the compounds display the deviation from planarity and the mean plane angles between 1,8-napthalimide and substituent (R) range from about 30° (AzNI-1) to 50° (Table S2 in Supplementary Material). All molecules are polar and the values of the calculated dipole moment in chloroform solution range from 5.97 D for AzNI-4 to 8.01 D for AzNI-3. The dipole moments of the imines in S (singlet) and T (triplet) excited states are higher than in the ground state. In the excited states, the geometry of the molecules flattens compared to the ground state, although in the case of AzNI-1 the changes in geometry are relatively small.
According to the TD-DFT calculations, the excitation wavelengths resulting in emission (vide infra) have a hybrid nature: locally excited/intra molecular charge transfer (LE/ICT) (Table S3). These compounds exhibit photoluminescence with low quantum yields and TD-DFT method was used to optimize singlet and triplet excited states in chloroform as solvent. Calculated energy differences between the ground and the first singlet excited state of AzNI-1, AzNI-3, and AzNI-4 agree well with the experimental values of emission maxima (Table S4). The deactivation as a result of the internal energy conversion is highly possible because of the relatively small differences in energies of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states (Figure 5 and Table S4). Furthermore, the disagreement between S1 and T1 excited states correspond to the frequencies of the vibrational modes in aliphatic –C6H13 chain and aromatic C–H bonds in the molecules, the energy of these states may be dispersed as a result of the oscillations within the molecules.

3.4. Optical Investigations

3.4.1. UV-Vis Absorption and Emission

The optical properties of the new azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides were tested in various solvents, such as: CHCl3 (chloroform, ε = 4.89), CO(CH3)2 (acetone, ε = 20.56) and CH3CN (acetonitrile, ε = 35.94) solutions in 10−5 mol/dm3 concentration. In addition, studies were performed also for thin films and blends with PVK:PBD matrix (50 wt.%:50 wt.%) with 2 or 15 wt.% AzNI content and obtained on the glass substrate (Figure S12). Photoluminescence (PL) properties were described by the quantum yields (Φ) and fluorescence lifetimes (τ). The obtained spectroscopic data are listed in Table 3 and Table 4, whereas in Figure 6 as well as in Figure S6–S10 the appropriate PL spectra are presented.
Analyzing the collected data, it can be noticed that the substituent in the naphthalene unit influences the electronic absorption properties. For the compounds with condensed aromatic ring substituents (AzNI-1 with 9-anthracene and AzNI-3 with 1-pyrene), two absorption bands are visible in the range from 300 nm to 500 nm (4.13–2.48 eV), while for the other compounds only one absorption maximum (λmax) is seen, between 300 nm and 350 nm (4.13–3.54 eV, Figure 6 and Supplementary Figure S6) in various solvents.
The absorption band with the maximum (λmax) between 318 nm–349 nm corresponds to π–π* transitions in the imide unit [38], while the second band from 374 nm to 415 nm seen in UV-Vis spectra of AzNI-3 and AzNI-1 comes from fused phenyl rings, such as pyrene (AzNI-3) and anthracene (AzNI-1) (Figure 6 and Supplementary Figure S6). The absorption band in the lower energies (3.32–2.99 eV) can be attributed to the charge transfer (CT) between the substitutes and naphthalimide (intra molecular charge transfer/locally excited (ICT/LE) nature) [22,36,38]. A better degree of conjugation for azomethino-1,8-naphthalimide with anthracene substituent was noticeable, confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectra and the position of λmax in the lower energies [38]. Similar behavior was observed for bis-(imino-1,8-naphthalimides) with triphenylamine described in our recent publication [36].
In thin films, the position of λmax was registered between 344 nm (for AzNI-4 with (2-cyanoethyl)methylamine) and 424 nm (for AzNI-1 with anthracene). The compounds AzNI-2 (naphthalene substituent) and AzNI-5 (biphenyl substituent) did not form good quality film on the glass substrates [41]. The bathochromic shift was observed in thin films for compounds with 1-pyrene (AzNI-3, ∆λmax = 15 nm), 9-anthracene (AzNI-1, ∆λmax = 13 nm), and 4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene (AzNI-6, ∆λmax = 21 nm) compared with the chloroform solution. A similar position of λmax in chloroform solution and a thin film was observed in the case of AzNI-4 (with (2-cyanoethyl)methylamino-4-benzene) compound. A bathochromic shift is also observed in the maximum emission band (λem) of the layer relative to the chloroform solution for AzNI-3 (Table 4). This behavior can be explained by the presence of the J-aggregates in the thin film, as confirmed by the absorption and emission spectra [42]. In the absorption spectra of the PVK:PBD blends, only the extensions of the absorption band from the matrix were observed (at λmax= 310 nm and λmax = 344 nm) [43]. The PVK:PBD blends containing 15 wt.% of the AzNI-1 and AzNI-3 showed absorption bands at lower energies, corresponding to the investigated compounds (Table 3).
The presented azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides emitted light in a blue spectral region in the solutions, and only for the compound AzNI-4 was a green emission in chloroform seen. The slight shift of the maximum emission band toward lower wavelength values was observed in AzNI-4 by increasing the solvent polarity (λem= 523 nm in CHCl3 and λem= 511 nm in CH3CN) (Table 4). The calculated Stokes shift varies from 4946 cm−1 to 11,507 cm−1 depending on the compound structure and solvents (Table 4). The compounds generally showed a low emission intensity (Ф at about 0.11–0.51% in acetonitrile or 0.01–4.42% in chloroform). As mentioned in Section 3.3, the emission can be deactivated because of internal energy conversion (ISC). However, in the deactivation of the singlet excited state the PET mechanism can be responsible (the photoinduced electron transfer), owing to the fact that HOMO and LUMO are localized mainly on the substituent and 1,8-napthalimide parts of the molecules (Table S1 and Figure S5) and the PET may occur from HOMO to LUMO of both aromatic fragments with participation of the azomethine linker.
In previous works [37,38,44], it was found that an increase in photoluminescence through the protonation of the imine bond related to the inhibition of the PET process can take place. The non-radiative decay rates outperformed radiation processes (Table 4). The same trend was observed in our previous investigations [44]. In most cases, a lower quantum yield value was seen in a polar solvent, only for AzNI-6 differences were insignificant.
The emission in the solid-state in thin film was visible only for AzNI-3 (with pyrene), AzNI-4 (with (2-cyanoethyl)methylamine) and AzNI-6 (with 4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene) in the green (AzNI-3 and AzNI-4) and violet (AzNI-6) spectral region. The compounds AzNI-3 and AzNI-6 had the highest quantum yields in a solid-state than in the chloroform solution; however, AzNI-4 was characterized by the quenching of the emission in the aggregated state (Ф = 2.74% in film and Ф = 4.42% in chloroform). The emission investigations were also performed for blends (PVK:PBD:AzNI), where the host (PVK: PBD) and the guest (AzNI) structure were created [45]. Transfer of the energy in the host-guest structure may occur, consisting of the transfer of the energy from the host to the guest in the ground state [43,46]. The transfer process may take place according to the resonance (Förster transfer) or exchange (Dexter) mechanism as a non-radiative energy transfer [43]. The Förster energy transfer is a result of dipole-dipole interactions. It can occur between the guest and the host at greater distances than the exchange mechanism. In the case of the Dexter energy transfer, the distance between the guest and the host must be minimal, and their electron clouds must overlap. The triplet-triplet energy transfer is allowed in the exchange mechanism, while in the singlet-singlet, the resonance mechanism [47]. The Förster energy transfer may occur when the host’s photoluminescent band (PL) coincides with the guest absorption spectrum, the distance condition is maintained, and the host emission lifetime is sufficiently long. The energy transfer occurs when the emission intensity of the guest in the presence of the host increases and the host decreases [48]. In a solid-state and in solutions, the overlapping of the PL PVK:PBD matrix with absorption spectrum of the AzNI was visible for compounds with anthracene (AzNI-1) and pyrene (AzNI-3) (Figure S10). In the emission spectra of the PVK:PBD:AzNI blends two bands were seen, one band localized mainly in the PVK:PBD PL spectrum range and the second one localized at higher energies (λem ≈ 470–513 nm) (Figure S10). In the PVK:PBD:AzNI-2 and PVK:PBD:AzNI-5 systems the energy transfer between AzNI and PVK:PBD matrix is rather ineffective, there was no significant increase in the guest emission in the presence of the host. The effective energy transfer can be seen in the case of blends with compounds containing anthracene (AzNI-1), pyrene (AzNI-3), and 2-cyanoethyl)methylamino-4-benzene (AzNI-4) with 2 wt.% content in the matrix AzNI-3 and 15 wt.% content in the matrix AzNI-1 and AzNI-4, for which an increase in the guest emission and a decrease in the matrix emission were observed.
The symmetrical analogues [36] showed a bathochromic shift of the absorption and emission bands, with significant differences in the compound with an ethynyl bond (AzNI-6 in this work). For the asymmetrical structure, a hypsochromic shift of the maximum emission band in the form of a thin layer was obtained by as much as 98 nm in relation to the symmetrical analog and bathochromic shift by 38 nm in a chloroform solution. For the 5,5′-(biphenyl-4,4′-diimine)-bis (2-(2-hylhexyl)-1H-benzo [de] isoquinoline-1,3 (2H)-dione) absorption and emission spectra were registered in the solid-state form, which proves better properties of the layer-forming ability thanks to the presence of the second naphthalimide group.

3.4.2. Electroluminescence

Initial studies to verify the ability of selected compounds to exhibit electroluminescence (EL) were carried out. For this purpose, diodes, in which the obtained compounds acted as active layers, or their component (guest-host structure) were constructed. The prototype devices with the architecture ITO/PEDOT:PSS/compound/Al and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK:PBD:compound/Al were constructed. Glass coated with a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO), and aluminum (Al) acted as electrodes, anode, and cathode, respectively. PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) was used as the ITO smoothing layer as the unevenness of the ITO layer during vacuum evaporation can cause breakdown when higher voltage is applied. PEDOT:PSS was also used as a layer facilitating hole injection, and PVK and PBD acted as a hole and electron conductive material, respectively. The content of the compounds AzNI in the PVK:PBD (50 wt.%:50 wt.%) matrix was 2 and 15 wt %. Electroluminescence spectra were obtained for various values of the applied voltage. The results are collected in Table 5 and EL spectra are presented in Figure 7.
Diodes with the active layer based on a neat azomethinoimides AzNI did not emit light under the external voltage. Diodes with the guest-host structure (PVK:PBD:compound) emitted light from blue to red spectral region, except for the device with AzNI-2 (1-naphthalene substituent) and AzNI-5 (4-phenyl-benzyl substituent) (Table 5), where the EL spectra were not registered. The blue electroluminescence in the case of diodes with 2 wt.% content of AzNI-1 (anthracene substituent, λEL = 513 nm), AzNI-3 (1-pyrene substituent, λEL = 506 nm), and AzNI-6 (4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene substituent, λEL = 506 nm) in the PVK:PBD matrix were observed. The devices with 2 and 15 wt.% content of AzNI-4 ((2-cyanoethyl)methylamine substituent, λEL = 526 nm, and λEL = 551 nm) and 15 wt.% content of AzNI-6 (4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene substituent, λEL = 519 nm) emitted light in green spectral region (Figure 7e–g). The yellow and red electroluminescence was registered for diodes with 15 wt.% content of AzNI-1 (λEL = 620 nm) and AzNI-3 (λEL = 560 nm). The highest intensity of EL was obtained for a device with 2 wt.%.content of azomethinoimide with 4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzene substituent (AzNI-6) in the matrix under 21 V. It was observed that with an increase in the compound’s content in the active layer the bathochromic shift of the λEL take places (blue → red for AzNI-1, blue → yellow for AzNI-3 and blue → green for AzNI-6) with the reduction of the EL intensity. No changes in the λEL position’s dependence on the compounds content in the PVK:PBD matrix were found for the diode with AzNI-4 with (2-cyanoethyl)methylamine, but the increase of EL intensity was seen. Above 26 V, the light-emitting diodes degraded.
The lack of EL of devices containing a neat AzNI compounds in the active layer may result from problems in the carrier transport, the low charge carrier mobility, or the poor ability to create stable coatings. The use of the two-component PVK: PBD matrix allowed for the registration of the EL spectra. Moreover, the LUMO orbital of the AzNI compounds was below the LUMO of the PVK and PBD, while the HOMO oscillated around the HOMO orbital of the matrix (Figure 7a). Such a location of the orbitals may indicate efficient energy transfer from the matrix and the dominance of the Förster mechanism. Based on the absorption and emission investigations, the Förster mechanism is unlikely to exist in PVK:PBD:AzNI-6 configuration. However, in the recombination process in OLED devices, the energy transfer processes and the mechanism of trapping charges may coexist and the presence of these mechanisms may be seen in our OLED structures [49]. To better understand the processes that are taking place in the presented devices, it is necessary to conduct additional research.
The effect of the number of aromatic rings on the electroluminescence spectrum was observed. EL was not observed for a diode based on the compound with 1-naphthalene (AzNI-2), as was previously mentioned. For the compound with anthracene, the EL spectrum was obtained with a maximum in the blue spectral range (2 wt.% content in the matrix), and for the compound with phenanthrene red EL was observed for the 2 wt.% content in the PVK:PBD matrix [38]. The device based on a compound with pyrene showed blue EL. Increasing the number of the aromatic rings did not shift the EL spectrum toward longer wavelengths. The symmetrical analogues [36] to AzNI-5 and AzNI-6 showed EL in green (2 wt.% content in PVK:PBD, λEL = 525 and 259 nm) and red (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/symmetrical analog to AzNI-5/Al,λEL = 675 nm) spectral regions. Devices with AzNI-5 (4-phenyl-benzyl substituent) did not emit light. Comparing the 2 wt.% content of the AzNI-6 (4-(2-phenyleth-1-ynyl)benzyl substituent) in the matrix and its symmetrical analog, a bathochromic shift of the EL spectrum of the symmetrical counterpart was observed, while higher EL intensity was obtained for the asymmetrical structure (AzNI-6) at a lower operating voltage.
In our previous publications [34,36,38,44,45], the electroluminescence study of the imino-imides was also performed. Based on these investigations, the perspective compounds as materials for OLED applications are 1,8-napthalimides with triphenylamine substituent [38,45]. As mentioned in the Introduction, the presence of triphenylamine in the 4-C position in the naphthalene ring and the doping of dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline allowed obtaining a stable yellowish-green light, and in our case, the doping of PVK:PBD also allowed for the recording of EL spectra with the possibility of obtaining different colors [32,38,45]. Most publications on naphthalimides in organic electronics concern compound substituted at the 4-C position in the naphthalene ring to obtain the blue, green, orange, red, and even white emitters in OLEDs [16]. Depending on the substituents on the imide ring and naphthalene ring, diodes of various colors can be obtained. An essential element is also the structure of the organic diode, which is properly designed to obtain clear and time-stable colors. Scientists are also researching compounds showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) as more efficient materials, whereas in the diode structure also the doping materials were used to obtain more stable devices, thus receiving orange and red emitters [5,50].

4. Conclusions

Six new compounds with the imine bond and 1,8-naphthalimide main molecule fragment were synthesized and characterized considering their important properties for optoelectronics. Based on the obtained results from performed investigations, it can be concluded that:
  • crystalline compounds with Tm in the range of 132–182 °C with the possibility of their amorphization were obtained,
  • azomethinoimides were electrochemically active with the low energy band gap (below 2.41 eV),
  • the molecules showed a low PL quantum yield, due to probably the photoinduced electron transfer process and the prevailing non-radiation processes,
  • an energy transfer from the PVK:PBD matrix to AzNI was observed in the blends, unfortunately slightly affecting the quantum yield values. However, the use of the matrix allowed to induction the emission of light under external voltage and the maximum of electroluminescence band from the blue to red spectral region dependent on the compounds content was seen.
Our previous works demonstrated the ability to cancer cellular imaging of the azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides substituted at the 3-C position. Therefore, the biological investigations will be performed for this series of compounds in the next research step.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma15197043/s1, Figure S1: 1H NMR(DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) and 13C NMR spectra (DMSO-d6 or CDCl3, 101 MHz); Figure S2: Photographs of the solid state of AzNIs under daylight and under UV irradiation; Figure S3: (a) TGA thermograms and DSC thermograms of (b) AzNI-5 and (c) AzNI-6; Figure S4: Optimized geometries of the compounds AzNI; Figure S5: Density-of-states diagrams; Figure S6: The absorption spectra of the N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimides derivatives (AzNI-1–6) in the various solvents with the emission spectra of the PVK:PBD matrix; Figure S7: The excitation and emission spectra of the N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimides derivatives (AzNI-2, 3, 4, 6) in the various solvents (λex = 340 nm); Figure S8: The absorption and excitation spectra of the N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimides derivatives (AzNI-1–6) in acetone; Figure S9: The 3D fluorescence spectra of the analyzed compounds in the excitation range from 300 to 500 nm and the collected emissions in the range from 400 to 650 nm in the chloroform (CHCl3), acetone (CO(CH3)2) and acetonitryle (CH3CN). Measurements were performed for equal concentration of each compound (c = 1·10−5 mol/dm3) and under the same measurement conditions; Figure S10: Normalize absorption spectra of a thin films and emission spectra in solutions and blends PVK:PBD:AzNI (and selected a thin films) with emission of the matrix; Figure S11: The dependence of the Stokes Shift on solvent orientation polarizability Δf. Stokes shifts calculated according to the equation Δν = (1/λabs − 1/λem)⋅107 [cm−1]. Δf stands for the orientation polarizability defined as: Δf = [(ε − 1)/(2ε − 1)] − [(n2 − 1)/(2n2 − 1)], where ε and n are the dielectric constants and the refractive index of the solvent, respectively; Figure S12: The demonstrative drawing of obtaining thin layers on the glass substrate; Figure S13: CV of the samples 1-6 (AzNI-1–AzNI-6) (except AzNI-5, sample no5) in 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Bu4NPF6) in dry acetonitrile (ACN) after Ar bubbling, at room temperature; Table S1: Ground and S1 state composition of selected molecular orbitals; Table S2: Calculated, in the chloroform solution, dipole moments and mean plane angles for the imine molecules; Table S3: The calculated electronic transitions corresponding to excitation wavelength in CHCl3 solution; Table S4: Energy differences between excited states; Table S5: Life-time measurements with a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) method; Table S6: The electrochemical band gap and the optical band gap; Table S7: The electrochemical data investigated in acetonitrile. References [51,52,53,54,55,56,57] are cited in the Supplementary Materials.

Author Contributions

Formal analysis, S.K., M.K., J.G.M., S.M. and E.S.-B.; investigation, S.K., M.K., S.G. and M.S..; writing—original draft preparation, S.K., M.K., J.G.M. and S.G.; writing—review and editing, S.K., M.K., S.M. and E.S.-B.; visualization, S.K. and M.S.; supervision, E.S.-B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research activities co-financed by the funds granted under the Research Excellence Initiative of the University of Silesia in Katowice (SK) and National Science Center, Poland, project number 2017/27/B/ST3/02457 (SM).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The GAUSSIAN-09 calculations were carried out at the Wrocław Centre for Networking and Supercomputing, WCSS, Wrocław, Poland, http://www.wcss.wroc.pl (grant number 18, accessed on 20 February 2022). The authors thank H. Janeczek for DSC measurements and K. Bednarczyk for TGA measurements.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Materials 15 07043 g001 550
Figure 1. The synthetic route and chemical structure of N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives Insert: photos of the selected compounds under UV-light with λex = 366 nm.
Figure 1. The synthetic route and chemical structure of N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives Insert: photos of the selected compounds under UV-light with λex = 366 nm.
Materials 15 07043 g001
Materials 15 07043 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) Collected data from the DSC TGA investigations and (b) DSC thermograms of AzNI-1 and (c) AzNI-3.
Figure 2. (a) Collected data from the DSC TGA investigations and (b) DSC thermograms of AzNI-1 and (c) AzNI-3.
Materials 15 07043 g002
Materials 15 07043 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and (b) differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) scans of AzNI-1 and AzNI-3 in positive and negative potential range (v = 0.1 V/s for CV and = 0.05 V/s for DPV, electrolyte 0.1 M Bu4NPF6 in CH2Cl2 with Pt as a working electrode).
Figure 3. (a) Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and (b) differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) scans of AzNI-1 and AzNI-3 in positive and negative potential range (v = 0.1 V/s for CV and = 0.05 V/s for DPV, electrolyte 0.1 M Bu4NPF6 in CH2Cl2 with Pt as a working electrode).
Materials 15 07043 g003
Materials 15 07043 g004a 550Materials 15 07043 g004b 550
Figure 4. Contours of HOMO and LUMO energy levels of studied compounds.
Figure 4. Contours of HOMO and LUMO energy levels of studied compounds.
Materials 15 07043 g004aMaterials 15 07043 g004b
Materials 15 07043 g005 550
Figure 5. Low-lying energy states in AzNI-1, AzNI-3, AzNI-4, and AzNI-6 molecules.
Figure 5. Low-lying energy states in AzNI-1, AzNI-3, AzNI-4, and AzNI-6 molecules.
Materials 15 07043 g005
Materials 15 07043 g006 550
Figure 6. The (a) electronic absorption, (b) excitation, and (c) emission (λex = 340 nm) spectra of AzNI–1 and AzNI-5 in various solvents.
Figure 6. The (a) electronic absorption, (b) excitation, and (c) emission (λex = 340 nm) spectra of AzNI–1 and AzNI-5 in various solvents.
Materials 15 07043 g006
Materials 15 07043 g007a 550Materials 15 07043 g007b 550
Figure 7. (a) HOMO and LUMO energy levels with work function of ITO and Al, (b–g) electroluminescence spectra’s of the tested diodes (insert: photos of the working diodes).
Figure 7. (a) HOMO and LUMO energy levels with work function of ITO and Al, (b–g) electroluminescence spectra’s of the tested diodes (insert: photos of the working diodes).
Materials 15 07043 g007aMaterials 15 07043 g007b
Table
Table 1. TGA and DSC data of the investigated N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimides derivatives.
Table 1. TGA and DSC data of the investigated N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimides derivatives.
MoleculeTGADSC
I Heating ScanII Heating Scan
T5 a
(°C)		Tmax b
(°C)		ResidueTm cTg eTc dTm c
at 600 °C
(%)		(°C)(°C)(°C)(°C)
AzNI-13224112117551135172
AzNI-2315380413226120131
AzNI-33724601018258ndnd
AzNI-4283301,407815824127160
AzNI-5318387214523ndnd
AzNI-6359527501512990151
a T5—temperature based on 5% weight loss. b Temperature of the maximum decomposition rate from DTG curves. c Melting temperature. d Cold crystallization temperature. e Glass transition temperature. nd—not detected. TGA were measured in the range of 25–600 °C, and DSC were measured to 250 °C.
Table
Table 2. The redox properties of the azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides.
Table 2. The redox properties of the azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides.
MoleculeMethodEred1Ered1(onset)Eox1Eox1(onset)ELUMOLUMO aEHOMOHOMO aEg
[V][V][V][V][eV][eV][eV][eV][eV]
AzNI–1CV−1.69 a−1.260.82 a0.66−3.84−2.50−5.76−5.481.92
DPV−1.58−1.340.730.62−3.76−5.721.96
AzNI–2CV−1.88 b−1.750.87 a0.66−3.35−2.46−5.76−5.892.41
DPV−1.92−1.650.780.56−3.45−5.662.21
AzNI–3CV−1.92 a−1.330.95 a0.81−3.77−2.48−5.91−5.542.14
DPV−1.71−1.390.720.62−3.71−5.722.01
AzNI–4CV−1.98 a−1.520.69 a0.45−3.58−2.40−5.55−5.461.97
DPV−1.73−1.410.490.31−3.69−5.411.72
AzNI–5CV−1.86 b−1.730.75 a0.55−3.37−2.45−5.65−6.012.28
DPV−1.85−1.670.730.59−3.43−5.692.26
AzNI–6CV−1.85 a−1.610.74 a0.64−3.49−2.48−5.74−5.862.25
DPV−1.82−1.600.640.49−3.50−5.592.09
EHOMO = (−5.1−Eox1(onset))·|e|, ELUMO = (−5.1 − Ered1(onset))·|e|, Eg = Eox1(onset)−Ered1(onset). Solvent: CH2Cl2 and 0.1 mol/dm3 Bu4NPF6 and platinum wire as a working electrode. a Irreversible process. b Quasi-reversible process. Eox1—the first oxidation process, Ered1—the first reduction process, Ered1(onset)—the onset potential of the first reduction process, Eox1(onset)—the onset potential of the first oxidation process. EHOMO and ELUMO as IP and EA. v = 0.1 V/s for CV and v = 0.05 V/s for DPV. aLUMO and HOMO calculated by DFT.
Table
Table 3. UV-Vis absorption data of synthesized compounds.
Table 3. UV-Vis absorption data of synthesized compounds.
MoleculeCHCl3CO(CH3)2CH3CNFilmBlend PVK:PBDBlend PVK:PBD
λmax (ε × 104) a (nm)2 wt.%b15 wt.%b
AzNI-1----310 sh310 sh
331(2.1)347 sh344 sh344 sh
411(2.5)403(1.7)406(1.9)424-425
- --310 sh310 sh
AzNI–2338(7.5)337(3.6)334(3.6)344 sh344 sh
378 sh375 sh375 sh--
AzNI–3----310 sh310 sh
346 sh337(4.6)--344 sh344 sh
381(3.2)-378(4.9)--383
405(3.0)400 sh400 sh420-405
AzNI–4349(4.3)348(5.7)348 sh344310 sh310 sh
344 sh344 sh
AzNI–5323(5.5)340(3.9)318(24.4)-310 sh310 sh
344 sh344 sh
AzNI–6335(6.3)340(6.1)319(7.1)356310 sh310 sh
344 sh344 sh
Solutions: CHCl3ε = 4.89, CO(CH3)2ε = 20.56, CH3CN ε = 35.94. Concentration of the solutions 10−5 mol/dm3. a ε—absorption coefficient, [dm3·mol−1·cm−1]. b 2 wt.% or 15 wt.% concentration of the compound in the matrix PVK:PBD. sh—shoulder.
Table
Table 4. PL data of the synthesized azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides.
Table 4. PL data of the synthesized azomethino-1,8-naphthalimides.
MoleculeMediumλmaxλemStokes Shift cΦτeffX2kr·106 dknr·106 d
(nm)(nm)(cm−1)(%)(ns)(s−1)(s−1)
AzNI-1CHCl333151110,6422.0014.010.9861.4369.95
41151147610.42----
CO(CH3)24035115244-----
CH3CN40650849460.27----
Blend PVK:PBD a310380;47059423.42;1.56----
Blend PVK:PBD b310380;49459423.26;2.06----
AzNI-2CHCl333851110,0162.459.811.0292.5099.44
CO(CH3)23375069911-----
CH3CN33451010,3320.22----
Blend PVK:PBD a310379;49358734.02;1.41----
Blend PVK:PBD b310379;493 sh55,8733.58----
AzNI-3CHCl338149962071.409.481.1591.48104.01
40550950450.20----
CO(CH3)233751310,180-----
CH3CN37850867700.11----
Film42054755283.52----
Blend PVK:PBD a310392;47867482.50;2.10----
Blend PVK:PBD b310377;49457334.50;1.95----
AzNI-4CHCl334952395334.428.251.0285.36115.85
CO(CH3)23485119166-----
CH3CN34851191660.69----
Film34456611,4022.74----
Blend PVK:PBD a310384;49562162.40;1.70----
Blend PVK:PBD b310380;51359422.60;4.60----
AzNI-5CHCl332351111,3902.6510.891.0692.4389.39
CO(CH3)23405129881-----
CH3CN31850711,7230.32----
Blend PVK:PBD a310378;49258033.70;1.87----
Blend PVK:PBD b310378;494 sh58034.82----
AzNI-6CHCl333550810,1660.4615.681.0690.2963.48
CO(CH3)23405139919-----
CH3CN31950411,5070.51----
Film35641137592.13----
Blend PVK:PBD a310395;47269422.80;2.50----
Blend PVK:PBD b310383;49661483.50;2.10----
csolution = 10−5 mol/dm3, a 2 wt.% of the compound in the PVK:PBD (50:50 wt.%), b 15 wt.% of the compound in the PVK:PBD (50 wt.%:50 wt.%), c Stokes shifts, Δν = (1/λabs − 1/λem)⋅107 [cm−1], The dominant band have been underlined. d kr—radiative decay rates, kr = Ф/τeff, knr—non-radiative decay rates, knr =(1 − Ф)/τeff. sh—shoulder.
Table
Table 5. Electroluminescence intensity of the OLED devices with the maximum of the electroluminescence band (λEL) under external voltage (UEL) applied.
Table 5. Electroluminescence intensity of the OLED devices with the maximum of the electroluminescence band (λEL) under external voltage (UEL) applied.
Devices Parameters
The Active Layer λEL aELMax bUELMax c
(nm)(counts)(V)
PVK:PBD:AzNI-1 2 wt.%513758023
PVK:PBD:AzNI-1 15 wt.%620423322
PVK:PBD:AzNI-3 2 wt.%50630,43026
PVK:PBD:AzNI-3 15 wt.%560393119
PVK:PBD:AzNI-4 2 wt.%526518723
PVK:PBD:AzNI-4 15 wt.%55113,41925
PVK:PBD:AzNI-6 2 wt.%50641,68121
PVK:PBD:AzNI-6 15 wt.%51920,78121
a λEL—maximum of the electroluminescence band, b ELMax—maximum intensity at λEL, c UELMax—external voltage for the maximum electroluminescence intensity.
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Kotowicz, S.; Korzec, M.; Małecki, J.G.; Golba, S.; Siwy, M.; Maćkowski, S.; Schab-Balcerzak, E. Six New Unsymmetrical Imino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives Substituted at 3-C Position—Photophysical Investigations. Materials 2022, 15, 7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197043

AMA Style

Kotowicz S, Korzec M, Małecki JG, Golba S, Siwy M, Maćkowski S, Schab-Balcerzak E. Six New Unsymmetrical Imino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives Substituted at 3-C Position—Photophysical Investigations. Materials. 2022; 15(19):7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197043

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Kotowicz, Sonia, Mateusz Korzec, Jan Grzegorz Małecki, Sylwia Golba, Mariola Siwy, Sebastian Maćkowski, and Ewa Schab-Balcerzak. 2022. "Six New Unsymmetrical Imino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives Substituted at 3-C Position—Photophysical Investigations" Materials 15, no. 19: 7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197043

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