Modelling Compression Strength of Waste PET and SCM Blended Cementitious Grout Using Hybrid of LSSVM Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Computational Approaches
2.1.1. Least-Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM)
2.1.2. Overview of MH Algorithms
2.1.3. A Brief Overview of Employed MH Algorithms
3. Dataset and Modelling
3.1. Descriptive Details
3.2. Computational Modelling
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Parametric Details
4.2. Model Performance
4.3. Discussion of Results
5. Summary and Conclusions
- (a)
- The constructed LSSVM-PSO model attained the most accurate prediction (R2 = 0.9708 and RMSE = 0.0424) during the testing phase. Furthermore, the SA and OBJ creation results show that the suggested LSSVM-PSO has achieved the highest level of performance, indicating its robustness at all levels.
- (b)
- The sensitivity analysis revealed that CS7D is most significant parameter which impacts the long term CS28D of cementitious grouts mixes followed by CS1D, proportion of the SCM, flow, and the content of PET.
- (c)
- The developed LSSVM-PSO secured first rank in predicting the CS28D of cementitious grout. Additionally, the suggested model has superiority as evidenced by its quicker convergence (within six iterations).
- (d)
- The primary advantage of the constructed LSSVM-PSO model is that the optimized hyper-parameters are transferred to the co-ordination of each particle of the swarm, and each particle’s position in the swarm is a solution for the said model. Since swarm sizes of 30 and 100 iterations were used, only 3000 solutions were analysed in order to acquire the appropriate LSSVM hyper-parameter values.
- (e)
- Furthermore, convergence behaviour reveals that the created LSSVM-PSO model converge within 10 iteration count, showing involvement of very minimal computing effort to reach the specified accuracy level. This is another major advantage of the LSSVM-PSO model.
- (f)
- However, one of the limitations of the proposed model is the limitation of particle position by the search space determined by the PSO parameters. Because there is no rule of thumb, a trial-and-error strategy must be conducted to determine the optimal searching space, which is a time-consuming task. Furthermore, while this study was based on a real-life experimental dataset, the variance in the influencing parameters may not be multi-dimensional. Therefore, more large-scale research should be conducted to expand the use of LSSVM-PSO model in estimating the intended output.
- (g)
- Based on these facts, the proposed LSSVM-PSO model can be utilized as a novel alternative for estimating the CS of cementitious grouts. Despite these limitations, the suggested LSSVM-PSO model offers a new alternative tool for estimating CS prediction of cementitious grouts in many construction projects.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | PET | SCM | FLOW | CS1D | CS7D | CS28D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | 156 | 156 | 156 | 156 | 156 | 156 |
Minimum | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.10 | 5.64 | 19.19 | 33.64 |
Mean | 5.00 | 4.62 | 16.30 | 18.66 | 37.20 | 53.74 |
Median | 5.00 | 5.00 | 15.40 | 17.91 | 36.54 | 54.18 |
Mode | 10.00 | 0.00 | 14.00 | 28.22 | 37.54 | 57.91 |
Range | 10.00 | 10.00 | 19.50 | 27.67 | 42.62 | 48.90 |
Maximum | 10.00 | 10.00 | 28.60 | 33.32 | 61.81 | 82.54 |
Standard error | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.61 | 0.76 | 0.90 |
Standard deviation | 3.68 | 4.16 | 4.20 | 7.67 | 9.47 | 11.26 |
Sample variance | 13.55 | 17.27 | 17.62 | 58.81 | 89.62 | 126.89 |
Kurtosis | −1.35 | −1.54 | 0.67 | −1.07 | −0.35 | −0.58 |
Skewness | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.95 | 0.23 | 0.46 | 0.30 |
Parameters | LSSVM-PSO | LSSVM-GWO | LSSVM-SSA | LSSVM-HHO | LSSVM-SMA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NS | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
tmax | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
1,2 | - | - | - | - | |
(Parameter of SMA) | - | - | - | - | 0.20 |
100 and 0.10 | 100 and 0.10 | 0 and 0.10 | 100 and 0.10 | 100 and 0.10 | |
50 and 0.10 | 50 and 0.10 | and 0.10 | 50 and 0.10 | 50 and 0.10 | |
ub and lb for OAs | +1 and −1 | +1 and −1 | +1 and −1 | +1 and −1 | +1 and −1 |
CV Level | LSSVM-PSO | LSSVM-GWO | LSSVM-SSA | LSSVM-HHO | LSSVM-SMA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CV-1 | 0.0424 | 0.0551 | 0.0551 | 0.0578 | 0.0602 |
CV-2 | 0.0430 | 0.0446 | 0.0446 | 0.0612 | 0.0513 |
CV-3 | 0.0437 | 0.0575 | 0.0575 | 0.0652 | 0.0679 |
CV-4 | 0.0453 | 0.0460 | 0.0460 | 0.0662 | 0.0653 |
CV-5 | 0.0430 | 0.0460 | 0.0460 | 0.0670 | 0.0710 |
Standard deviation | 0.0010 | 0.0053 | 0.0053 | 0.0035 | 0.0069 |
Name of Different Indices | Abbreviation | Ideal Value |
---|---|---|
Adjusted coefficient of determination | Adj.R2 | 1 |
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency | NS | 1 |
Performance index | PI | 2 |
Coefficient of determination | R2 | 1 |
Root mean square error | RMSE | 0 |
RMSE to observation’s standard deviation ratio | R | 0 |
Variance account factor | VAF | 100 |
Willmott’s index of agreement | WI | 1 |
Models/Particulars | Adj.R2 | NS | PI | R2 | RMSE | RSR | VAF | WI | Total Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LSSVM-PSO | Value | 0.9889 | 0.9890 | 1.9541 | 0.9894 | 0.0239 | 0.1050 | 98.8981 | 0.9972 | 24 |
Score | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
LSSVM-GWO | Value | 0.9921 | 0.9923 | 1.9645 | 0.9924 | 0.0199 | 0.0875 | 99.2349 | 0.9981 | 40 |
Score | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
LSSVM-SSA | Value | 0.9920 | 0.9923 | 1.9645 | 0.9924 | 0.0199 | 0.0875 | 99.2347 | 0.9981 | 32 |
Score | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
LSSVM-HHO | Value | 0.9397 | 0.9419 | 1.8268 | 0.9422 | 0.0548 | 0.2410 | 94.1911 | 0.9846 | 16 |
Score | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
LSSVM-SMA | Value | 0.9372 | 0.9379 | 1.8184 | 0.9397 | 0.0567 | 0.2492 | 93.7924 | 0.9831 | 8 |
Score | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Models/Particulars | Adj.R2 | NS | PI | R2 | RMSE | RSR | VAF | WI | Total Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LSSVM-PSO | Value | 0.9649 | 0.9677 | 1.8921 | 0.9708 | 0.0424 | 0.1797 | 96.9520 | 0.9920 | 40 |
Score | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
LSSVM-GWO | Value | 0.9463 | 0.9454 | 1.8386 | 0.9553 | 0.0551 | 0.2337 | 94.7355 | 0.9871 | 32 |
Score | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
LSSVM-SSA | Value | 0.9463 | 0.9454 | 1.8386 | 0.9553 | 0.0551 | 0.2337 | 94.7350 | 0.9871 | 24 |
Score | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
LSSVM-HHO | Value | 0.9281 | 0.9401 | 1.8104 | 0.9401 | 0.0578 | 0.2448 | 94.0068 | 0.9844 | 16 |
Score | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
LSSVM-SMA | Value | 0.9244 | 0.9348 | 1.7996 | 0.9370 | 0.0602 | 0.2553 | 93.5441 | 0.9822 | 8 |
Score | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Models/Particulars | Adj.R2 | NS | PI | R2 | RMSE | RSR | VAF | WI | Total Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LSSVM-PSO | Value | 0.9842 | 0.9846 | 1.9403 | 0.9847 | 0.0285 | 0.1243 | 98.4635 | 0.9961 | 40 |
Score | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
LSSVM-GWO | Value | 0.9824 | 0.9825 | 1.9346 | 0.9829 | 0.0303 | 0.1322 | 98.2613 | 0.9957 | 32 |
Score | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
LSSVM-SSA | Value | 0.9824 | 0.9825 | 1.9346 | 0.9829 | 0.0303 | 0.1322 | 98.2610 | 0.9957 | 24 |
Score | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
LSSVM-HHO | Value | 0.9400 | 0.9418 | 1.8263 | 0.9419 | 0.0554 | 0.2413 | 94.1751 | 0.9846 | 16 |
Score | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
LSSVM-SMA | Value | 0.9373 | 0.9375 | 1.8174 | 0.9393 | 0.0574 | 0.2500 | 93.7544 | 0.9829 | 8 |
Score | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Parameters | Actual | LSSVM-PSO | LSSVM-GWO | LSSVM-SSA | LSSVM-HHO | LSSVM-SMA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PET | 0.5111 | 0.5146 | 0.5084 | 0.5084 | 0.5134 | 0.5200 |
SCM | 0.8570 | 0.8575 | 0.8561 | 0.8561 | 0.8620 | 0.8625 |
FLOW | 0.6272 | 0.6313 | 0.6261 | 0.6261 | 0.6353 | 0.6443 |
CS1D | 0.9620 | 0.9647 | 0.9639 | 0.9639 | 0.9709 | 0.9709 |
CS7D | 0.9844 | 0.9871 | 0.9865 | 0.9865 | 0.9914 | 0.9904 |
Models | MAE TR | MAE TS | R2 TR | R2 TS | OBJ_1 | OBJ_2 | OBJ | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LSSVM-PSO | 0.0193 | 0.0328 | 0.9894 | 0.9708 | 0.0117 | 0.0134 | 0.0252 | 1 |
LSSVM-GWO | 0.0144 | 0.0406 | 0.9924 | 0.9553 | 0.0088 | 0.0169 | 0.0257 | 2 |
LSSVM-SSA | 0.0144 | 0.0406 | 0.9924 | 0.9553 | 0.0088 | 0.0169 | 0.0257 | 3 |
LSSVM-HHO | 0.0437 | 0.0466 | 0.9422 | 0.9401 | 0.0279 | 0.0197 | 0.0476 | 4 |
LSSVM-SMA | 0.0448 | 0.0479 | 0.9397 | 0.9370 | 0.0287 | 0.0203 | 0.0490 | 5 |
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Khan, K.; Gudainiyan, J.; Iqbal, M.; Jamal, A.; Amin, M.N.; Mohammed, I.; Al-Faiad, M.A.; Abu-Arab, A.M. Modelling Compression Strength of Waste PET and SCM Blended Cementitious Grout Using Hybrid of LSSVM Models. Materials 2022, 15, 5242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155242
Khan K, Gudainiyan J, Iqbal M, Jamal A, Amin MN, Mohammed I, Al-Faiad MA, Abu-Arab AM. Modelling Compression Strength of Waste PET and SCM Blended Cementitious Grout Using Hybrid of LSSVM Models. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155242
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Kaffayatullah, Jitendra Gudainiyan, Mudassir Iqbal, Arshad Jamal, Muhammad Nasir Amin, Ibrahim Mohammed, Majdi Adel Al-Faiad, and Abdullah M. Abu-Arab. 2022. "Modelling Compression Strength of Waste PET and SCM Blended Cementitious Grout Using Hybrid of LSSVM Models" Materials 15, no. 15: 5242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155242